ANAPHY-UNIT-2-LEC (1).pdf

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND METABOLISM Lecture by: Ms. Jamie Therese Go, BSBIO Back Next Back Next  Learning Objectives...

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND METABOLISM Lecture by: Ms. Jamie Therese Go, BSBIO Back Next Back Next  Learning Objectives Define matter, mass, and weight Distinguish between elements and atoms, and state the 4 most abundant elements in the body Define solubility Describe the structural organization and major functions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Describe the roles of nucleotides in the structures and functions of DNA, RNA, and ATP Define metabolism Back Next Back Next  The Chemical Basis of Life - Chemicals compose of the structures of the body and the interactions of chemicals with one another - Chemicals are responsible for the body’s functions Back Next Back Next  Basic Chemistry MATTER MASS WEIGHT Amount of matter in an Gravitational force Anything that occupies object acting on an object of a space and has mass given mass Back Next Back Next  Element: simplest type of matter which has a unique chemical property Elements and Atom: smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of Atoms that element, composed of atoms of only one kind Back Next Back Next Back Next  ATOMIC STRUCTURE 3 major types of subatomic particles A. Neutron: no electrical charge B. Proton: one positive charge C. Electron: one negative charge Back Next Back Next  MOLECULES & COMPOUNDS - A molecule consists of two or more different types of atoms, such as two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom combining to form water. Thus, a glass of water consists of a collection of individual water molecules - A compound is a substance resulting from the chemical combination of two or more different types of atoms. Back Next Back Next  Solubility: ability of a substance to dissolve in another Solubility & Dissociation: breaking up of a compound into simpler constituents that are usually Dissociation capable of recombining under other conditions Back Next Back Next ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 01 Carbohydrates 00 02 Lipids Are organic molecules composed primarily of Are major group of organic molecules carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that are relatively insoluble in water 03 Proteins 04 Nucleic Acids Are organic molecules that contain carbon, Are large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus together by covalent bonds Back Next Back Next 1. CARBOHYDRATES Monosaccharide ❑ They are the building blocks of carbohydrates ❑ They are also called as simple sugars Back Next Back Next 1. CARBOHYDRATES Disaccharides ❑ They are composed of 2 monosaccharides bound together through a dehydration reaction Back Next Back Next 1. CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharides ❑ They are long chains of monosaccharides ❑ 3 important polysaccharides 1. Glycogen- also known as animal starch 2. Starch- energy storage molecules in plants 3. Cellulose- important structural component of plant cell walls Back Next Back Next Back Next ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 01 Carbohydrates 00 02 Lipids Are organic molecules composed primarily of Are major group of organic molecules that carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are relatively insoluble in water 03 Proteins 04 Nucleic Acids Are organic molecules that contain carbon, Are large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus together by covalent bonds Back Next Back Next 2. LIPIDS (The major classes) FATS ❑ They are mostly triglycerides ❑ This is the major type of lipid ❑ Triglycerides constitute 95% of the fats in the human body ❑ Triglycerides constitute 2 different building blocks: 1. Glycerol 2. Fatty acid Back Next Back Next 2. LIPIDS (The major classes) PHOSPHOLIPIDS ❑ Similar to triglycerides, except that one of the fatty acids bound to the glycerol is replaced by a phosphate- containing region Back Next Back Next 2. LIPIDS (The major classes) EICOSANOIDS ❑ Group of important chemicals derived from fatty acids ❑ They are made in most cells and are important regulatory molecules ❑ They have a role in response to tissue injuries Back Next Back Next 2. LIPIDS (The major classes) EICOSANOIDS ❑ Includes: 1) Prostaglandins 2) Thromboxane 3) Leukotrienes Back Next Back Next 2. LIPIDS (The major classes) STEROIDS ❑ They are lipids that have 4 ring like structures ❑ Steroids differ in chemical structure from other lipid molecules, but their solubility characteristics are similar ❑ Important steroid molecules include: 1) Cholesterol 2) Bile salts 3) Reproductive hormones Back Next Back Next 2. LIPIDS (The major classes) FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS ❑ Their structures are not closely related to one another, but they are non polar molecules essential for many normal body functions Back Next Back Next Back Next Back Next ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 01 Carbohydrates 00 02 Lipids Are organic molecules composed primarily of Are major group of organic molecules that carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are relatively insoluble in water 03 Proteins 04 Nucleic Acids Are organic molecules that contain carbon, Are large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus together by covalent bonds Back Next Back Next 3. PROTEINS ❑ All proteins are organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound together by covalent bonds ❑ Most proteins also contain some sulfur ❑ Enzymes are protein catalyst that speed up chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy Back Next Back Next 3. PROTEINS ❑ Proteins have many important functions in the body: 1) Regulate body processes 2) Act as transportation system 3) Provide protection 4) Help muscles contract 5) Provide structure and energy Back Next Back Next Back Next ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 01 Carbohydrates 00 02 Lipids Are organic molecules composed primarily of Are major group of organic molecules that carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are relatively insoluble in water 03 Proteins 04 Nucleic Acids Are organic molecules that contain carbon, Are large molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen bound hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus together by covalent bonds Back Next Back Next 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS ❑ They are large molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus ❑ There are two types of nucleic acids: A. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) B. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) Back Next Back Next 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS ❑ The basic building blocks of DNA and RNA are called nucleotides ❑ Nucleotides are composed of a monosaccharide, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group Back Next Back Next  METABOLISM Back Next Back Next  METABOLISM - Metabolism is the total of all the reactions that occur in the body - It consists of catabolism and anabolism - Catabolism: includes the energy- releasing process by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. - Catabolism of nutrients begins during digestion when large molecules, such as polysaccharides and fats, are broken down for absorption by the small intestine. Back Next Back Next  METABOLISM - Anabolism includes the energy- requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules - Anabolism occurs in all the body cells as they divide to form new cells, maintain their own intracellular structure, and produce molecules, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and extracellular matrix molecules, for export Back Next Back Next  METABOLISM - Large nutrient molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, are broken down by digestion into smaller molecules, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, which are absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood - These smaller molecules are taken into cells where they are catabolized, and the energy from them is used to combine adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) to form ATP Back Next Back Next  METABOLISM ADP + Pi + Energy → ATP Back Next Back Next Back Next Reference Book Back Next Back Next  END OF LECTURE Back Next Back Next