Human Anatomy & Physiology Review PDF

With an average weight in adults of approximately 3lbs (1.5kg), what is the heaviest gland in the human body? **Answer:** LIVER What type of tissue, which forms the outer surface of organs, is one of four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective, muscle, and nervous tissues? **Answer:*...

With an average weight in adults of approximately 3lbs (1.5kg), what is the heaviest gland in the human body? **Answer:** LIVER What type of tissue, which forms the outer surface of organs, is one of four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective, muscle, and nervous tissues? **Answer:** Epithelia From the Greek word amugdale---which means "almond"---what's the medical term for the pair of nuclei set deep in the brain's temporal lobes that help us make choices, deal with our feelings, and remember stuff? **Answer:** Amygdala What is the longest type of cell in the body **Answer:** Neuron What does bile do in your body? **Answer:** Emulsify fats in the small intestine How long is the small intestine in an adult? **Answer:** 7 meters Which is the strongest muscle in the human body: the tongue, the jaw, or the tricep? **Answer:** JAW How many muscles does it take to smile? **Answer:** 17 How many teeth are in the mouth of an average adult? **Answer:** 32 What is the human body's biggest organ? **Answer:** SKIN What is the longest bone inthe human body? **Answer:** FEMUR What is the most flexible muscle in the human body? **Answer:** Tongue What's the name for the largest artery in your body? **Answer:** AORTA Which is the rarest blood type in human? **Answer:** AB NEGATIVE What is the hardest substance in the human body? **Answer:** Tooth enamel Which organ takes space from one lung? **Answer:** Heart How many bones are there in the human adult body? **Answer:** 206 Which butterfly-shaped endocrine gland is located in your neck ? **Answer:** Thyroid What is the muscle used for breathing that separates the chest from the abdomen? **Answer:** Diaphragm **ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY** **Overview and Introduction** - Anatomy is the scientific study of the body's structures. - The word "anatomy" comes from a Greek root "ana temnein" that means "to cut apart". - Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic Anatomy is the study of the larger body structures that does not need the aid of magnification. - Microscopic Anatomy is the study of the structures that can only be observed using microscope or other magnification devices. This includes Cytology and Histology. **STANDARD ANATOMICAL POSITION** - A person standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms are hanging to the sides and palms of the hands are facing forward. **Physiology** - Physiology is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life. - Much of the study of physiology centers on the body's homeostasis. **Homeostasis** - The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. - A self-regulating process by which a living organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions **Give the importance of Anatomy and Physiology to various areas of the society** - Healthcare - Education - Public Health Policy - Art and Culture - Research and Innovation **The Human Life** - Functions - Requirements - Homeostasis **Anatomical Terminology** - Directional Terms - Body Planes - Cavities and Serous membranes **Functions of Human Life** **Organization** - The existence of distinct internal compartments The body cells are separated from external environmental threats and keep the cells moist and nourished. - The internal body fluids are separated from the countless microorganisms that grow on body surfaces **Metabolism** - The chemical reactions in the body\'s cells that change food into energy. - Our bodies need this energy to do everything from moving to thinking to growing. - Specific proteins in the body control the chemical reactions of metabolism. - Metabolisms inside our body occur simultaneously and continuously to keep us alive. - **Anabolism**- Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat - **Catabolism**- The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life. **Responsiveness** - The ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments. **Movement** - Human movement includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells. **Development, growth and reproduction** - Development is all of the changes the body goes through in life. Development includes the process of **differentiation**, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body. Development also includes the processes of growth and repair, both of which involve cell differentiation. - **Growth** is the increase in body size. Humans, like all multicellular organisms, grow by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells, and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells. - **Reproduction** is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms. In humans, reproduction is carried out by the male and female reproductive systems. Because death will come to all complex organisms, without reproduction, the line of organisms would end. **Requirements for Human Life** **Oxygen** - oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. - Brain damage is likely within five minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within ten minutes **Nutrients** - Substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival - Water - Energy-yielding and Body-building nutrients (Macronutrients) - Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) **Narrow Range of Temperature** - Deaths occur because the chemical reactions upon which the body depends can only take place within a narrow range of body temperature, from just below to just above 37°C. **Overview of Body Systems** **Integumentary** - **Skin** - Waterproofs, cushions, protects deeper tissue - Excretes salts & urea; pain, pressure - Regulates body temp; synthesize vitamin D **Skeletal** - **Bones, cartilages, ligaments, tendons,joints** - Protects & supports body organs - Framework for muscles & movement - Hematopoiesis; store minerals **Muscular** - **Skeletal muscle (attached to bone)** - Contraction & mobility (locomotion) - Facial expression, posture - Produce body heat **Nervous** - **Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory receptors** - Fast-acting central control system - Responds to external/internal stimuli via nerve impulses (electrical messages) **Endocrine** - **Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries, testes\.....etc.** - Slow -acting control system - Glands produce hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism,\.... etc. **Circulatory** - **Heart, blood vessels, capillaries &blood** - Carries O2 nutrients, hormones, & other substances to and from tissue cells - White blood cells protect against bacteria, toxins, tumors **Lymphatic** - **Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, lymph tissue** - Complements circulatory system by returning leaked fluid back to blood vessels - Cleanses the blood; involved in immunity **Respiratory** - Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs - Keeps blood supplied with O2& and removes CO2 - Carries out gas exchanges through air sacs in lungs **Digestive** - Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus (liver & pancreas) - Breaks food down into absorbable units that enter the blood; indigestible food eliminated as feces **Urinary (Excretory)** - Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra - Eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body (urea &uric acid) - Regulates water, electrolytes, & acid base balance of the blood **Reproductive** - Seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, vas deferens, testis, scrotum - Ovaries, mammary glands, uterus, vagina, uterine tube - Primary function for both sexes is to produce offspring - Male -- testes produce sperm & male sex hormones - Female -- ovaries produce eggs & female sex hormones; mammary **The Language of the Body** **Directional Terms** - These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. - **Superior** (cranial or cephalad) -- toward the head end or upper part of a structure or body; above - **Inferior** (caudal) -- away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; below - **Anterior** (ventral) -- toward or at the front of the body; in front of - **Posterior** (dorsal) -- toward or at the backside of the body; behind - **Medial** -- toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of - **Lateral** -- away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of - **Proximal** -- close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. - **Distal** -- farther from the origin of a body or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. - **Superficial** (external) -- toward or at the body surface. - **Deep** (internal) -- away from the body surface; more internal **Body Planes** - The **sagittal plane** is the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. - The **frontal plane** is the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is often referred to as a coronal plane. ("Corona" is Latin for "crown.") - The **transverse plane** is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross-sections. **Body Cavities** - A body cavity is a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs. Human body cavities are separated by membranes and other structures. - These cavities contain and protect delicate internal organs, and the ventral cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions. - The lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, for example, can expand and contract without distorting other tissues or disrupting the activity of nearby organs. - The dorsal cavity is at the posterior, or back, of the body, including both the head and the back of the trunk. The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the cranial and spinal cavities. The cranial cavity fills most of the upper part of the skull and contains the brain. 1. The mouth is **SUPERIOR** on the surface of the body 2. The toes are **ANTERIOR** to the foot. 3. The brain is **DEEP** to the skull. 4. The popliteus is **POSTERIOR** to the patella. 5. The skin is **SUPERFICIAL** to the bones. 6. The orbital are **SUPERIOR** to the oris. 7. The crus is **DISTAL** to the femur. 8. The pelvis is **INFERIOR** to the abdomen. 9. The brachium is **PROXIMAL** to the antebrachium. 10. The pollex is **LATERAL** to the digits. 11. the chest is **MEDIAL** to the arm. 12. the head is **SUPERIOR** to the abdominal 13. the heart is **ANTERIOR** to the spinal cord