Anaphy-Lesson-1-Reviewer.docx

Lesson 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM **INTRODUCTION** **Human anatomy-** is the study of the body's structures. **Anatomy-** comes from the Greek root means "to cut apart". **AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (ANATOMY)**  **Gross anatomy** is the study of the larger structures of the body. Macro- means "large,"...

Lesson 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM **INTRODUCTION** **Human anatomy-** is the study of the body's structures. **Anatomy-** comes from the Greek root means "to cut apart". **AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (ANATOMY)**  **Gross anatomy** is the study of the larger structures of the body. Macro- means "large," thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. **Microscopic anatomy** is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices. The study of the smaller structures of the body. **Regional anatomy** is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen. **Systemic anatomy** is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system. (Cardio vascular system etc.) **HUMAN ANATOMY-** is the study of the body's function. **PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-** study of changes associated, resulting from diseases or injury. **HOMEOSTASIS-** "homeo" similar "stasis" balance, equilibrium. Is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. Body's attempt to maintain stable. **NEGATIVE FEEDBACK-** regulate to maintain. A mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point. 3 Basic components 1. Receptor / Sensor- receive the signal, monitors a physiological value. This value is reported to the control center. 2. Control Centre-receiver and interpreter. 3. Effector- responder or causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range. **POSITIVE FEEDBACK-** to increase or intensifies the change or output rather than reversing it. Positive feedback is normal only when there is a definite end point. (e.g when bleeding, blood increases to clot and stop the blood to come out.) **THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION** **\ ** Chemical Level- atom bond to form molecules Cellular Level- molecule combine to form the fluid or organelles Tissue Level- similar cells form a body tissue Organ Level- two or more tissues to form organs System Level- two or more organs work closely together Organismal Level/Organism- Most Complex  An **Organism** is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.  Metabolism- all essential chemical processes **Anabolism** is the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances **Catabolism** is the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules.  Responsiveness- ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions (e.g increased body temperature, can cause the responses of sweating) Movement- includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells. Growth and Development **Growth** is the increase in body size(height and weight) **Development** is all of the changes the body goes through in life.(e.g learn new skills) Reproduction- the ability to produce or reproduce or process by which new organisms are generated **BASIC PROCESSES** Respiration- fundamental process of life involving energy production. Digestion- is the mechanical and chemical process to convert nutrients. Circulation- is the internal movement to distribute oxygen Excretion- elimination of digested food. Language of Anatomy Anatomical Position - Standing upright - Head and eyes directed straight - Upper limbs at the side - Upper limbs slightly away from trunk - Palms facing forward - Thumbs pointing away from the body Directional Terms Anterior/ Ventral- front of the body Posterior/Dorsal- back of the body Superior/Cranial- towards the top Inferior/Caudal- towards the bottom Medial- towards the midline Lateral- farther from the midline Proximal- towards the trunk Distal- farther from the trunk Superficial- closer to the surface of the body Deep- farther from the surface of the body Body Planes Frontal/Coronal Plane- divides front and back Sagital/Median Plane- divides left and right Transverse Plane- divides lower and upper Subdivision of Posterior and Anterior Cavities Dorsal Cavities Cranial Cavity- Brain Vertebral/ Spinal Cavity- spinal cord Anterior Cavities Thoracic Cavity-  is the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, and it is enclosed by the rib cage. Superior mediastinum- thymus, trachea, esophagus etc. Pleural Cavity- lungs Pericardial cavity- heart Diaphragm- separator or divider Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity- Liver, stomach, pancreas,kidney,small and large intestines etc Pelvic Cavity- urinary bladder, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries etc. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants Quadrants- 4 Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) ---------------------------- --------------------------- Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Regions-9 Right Hypochondriac Region Epigastric Region Left Hypochondriac Region ---------------------------- -------------------- --------------------------- Right Lumbar Region Umbilical Region Left Lumbar Region Right Iliac Region Hypogastric Region Left Iliac Region Membranes of the Anterior Body Cavity A **serous membrane** (also referred to a serosa) is one of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.  Lungs Membrane is consist of Visceral Pleura(the inner), Pleura Cavity(in between) and Parietal Pleura(outer) X-ray -- can depict a two-dimensional image of a body region and only from a single angle. Computed Tomography(CT)- medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)- medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body **Positron emission tomography (PET)-** medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues **Ultrasonography**-application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs **DEFINTION OF TERMS** **abdominopelvic cavity** division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the abdominal and pelvic viscera **anabolism** assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules **anatomical position** standard reference position used for describing locations and directions on the human body **anatomy** science that studies the form and composition of the body's structures **anterior** describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as ventral **anterior cavity** larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as ventral cavity **catabolism** breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules **caudal** describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as inferior **cell** smallest independently functioning unit of all organisms; in animals, a cell contains cytoplasm, composed of fluid and organelles **computed tomography (CT)** medical imaging technique in which a computer-enhanced cross-sectional X-ray image is obtained **control center** compares values to their normal range; deviations cause the activation of an effector **cranial** describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as superior **cranial cavity** division of the posterior (dorsal) cavity that houses the brain **deep** describes a position farther from the surface of the body **development** changes an organism goes through during its life **differentiation** process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function **distal** describes a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body **dorsal** describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as posterior **dorsal cavity** posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to the posterior body cavity **effector** organ that can cause a change in a value **frontal plane** two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions **gross anatomy** study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also referred to macroscopic anatomy **growth** process of increasing in size **homeostasis** steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain **inferior** describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column); also referred to as caudal **lateral** describes the side or direction toward the side of the body **magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)** medical imaging technique in which a device generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the internal structures of the body **medial** describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body **metabolism** sum of all of the body's chemical reactions **microscopic anatomy** study of very small structures of the body using magnification **negative feedback** homeostatic mechanism that tends to stabilize an upset in the body's physiological condition by preventing an excessive response to a stimulus, typically as the stimulus is removed **normal range** range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center **nutrient** chemical obtained from foods and beverages that is critical to human survival **organ** functionally distinct structure composed of two or more types of tissues **organ system** group of organs that work together to carry out a particular function **organism** living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life **pericardium** sac that encloses the heart **peritoneum** serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs found there **physiology** science that studies the chemistry, biochemistry, and physics of the body's functions **plane** imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body **pleura** serous membrane that lines the pleural cavity and covers the lungs **positive feedback** mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus **positron emission tomography (PET)** medical imaging technique in which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and physiological functions in tissues **posterior** describes the back or direction toward the back of the body; also referred to as dorsal **posterior cavity** posterior body cavity that houses the brain and spinal cord; also referred to as dorsal cavity **pressure** force exerted by a substance in contact with another substance **prone** face down **proximal** describes a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body **regional anatomy** study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions **renewal** process by which worn-out cells are replaced **reproduction** process by which new organisms are generated **responsiveness** ability of an organisms or a system to adjust to changes in conditions **sagittal plane** two-dimensional, vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides **section** in anatomy, a single flat surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut through **sensor** (also, receptor) reports a monitored physiological value to the control center **serosa** membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serous membrane **serous membrane** membrane that covers organs and reduces friction; also referred to as serosa **set point** ideal value for a physiological parameter; the level or small range within which a physiological parameter such as blood pressure is stable and optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis **spinal cavity** division of the dorsal cavity that houses the spinal cord; also referred to as vertebral cavity **superficial** describes a position nearer to the surface of the body **superior** describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper; also referred to as cranial **supine** face up **systemic anatomy** study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems **thoracic cavity** division of the anterior (ventral) cavity that houses the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea **tissue** group of similar or closely related cells that act together to perform a specific function **transverse plane** two-dimensional, horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions **ultrasonography** application of ultrasonic waves to visualize subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs **ventral** describes the front or direction toward the front of the body; also referred to as anterior **ventral cavity** larger body cavity located anterior to the posterior (dorsal) body cavity; includes the serous membrane-lined pleural cavities for the lungs, pericardial cavity for the heart, and peritoneal cavity for the abdominal and pelvic organs; also referred to as anterior body cavity **X-ray** form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases; used in medicine as a diagnostic aid to visualize body structures such as bones