Anatomy and Physiology Lecture Outline PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 1 The Human Organism Lecture Outline Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Eleventh Edition Cinnamon VanPutte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 1 The Human Organism Lecture Outline Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Eleventh Edition Cinnamon VanPutte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: investigates body structure the term means to dissect Physiology: investigates processes and functions Human Physiology: studies the human organism Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2  ANATOMY INCLUDES Human Anatomy Animal Anatomy Plant Anatomy RELATED EMBRYOLOGY, COMPARATIVE ANA, COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY SUBDIVISIONS GROSS/ MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY SYSTEMIC CYTOLOGY APPROACH REGIONAL HISTOLOGY Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Structural and Functional Organization 1 Six levels from chemical to organism: 1. Chemical: smallest level atoms, chemical bonds, molecules 2. Cellular: cells: basic units of life compartments and organelles examples of organelles: mitochondria, nucleus Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 4 Structural and Functional Organization 2 3. Tissues: group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release four broad types: Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 5 Structural and Functional Organization 3 4. Organs: two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 6 Structural and Functional Organization 4 5. Organ-System: group of organs contributing to some function for example, digestive system, reproductive system Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 7 Structural and Functional Organization 5 6. Organism: all organ systems working together includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria BJI/Blue Jean Images/Getty Images Figure 1.1 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 8 Structural and Functional Organization 6 BJI/Blue Jean Images/Getty Images Figure 1.1 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 9 Organ Systems of the Body 1 Figure 1.3 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 10 Organ Systems of the Body 2 Figure 1.3 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 11 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 12 Terminology and the Body Plan Anatomical position: person standing erect with face and palms forward all relational descriptions based on the anatomical position, regardless of body orientation ©Eric Wise Figure 1.6 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 13  ANATOMICAL POSITION S tanding erect H ead facing forward A rms at the side with palms facing forward F eet slightly apart T oes facing forward Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  FUNDAMENTAL POSITION Used to initiate motion The difference with anatomical position: Palms are facing midline When initiating a motion, all motions come from midline (i.e, during walking) Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  POSITIONAL TERMS SUPINE = lying on back, facing upward PRONE = lying on front, facing downward Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 17 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 18 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Directional Terms 1 Superior: above Inferior: below Anterior: front (also: ventral) Posterior: back (also: dorsal) Note: In four-legged animals, the terms ventral (belly) and dorsal (back) correspond to anterior and posterior in humans ©Eric Wise Figure 1.6 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 19 Directional Terms 2 Medial: close to midline Lateral: away from midline Proximal: close to point of attachment Distal: far from point of attachment Superficial: structure close to the surface Deep: structure toward the interior of the body ©Eric Wise Figure 1.6 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 20 Directional Terms 3 ©Eric Wise Figure 1.6 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 21 ANATOMICAL TERM DEFINITION SUPERIOR Up INFERIOR Down ANTERIOR Front POSTERIOR Back Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. ANATOMICAL TERM DEFINITION PROXIMAL Nearest DISTAL Distant MEDIAL Toward the midline LATERAL Away from the midline Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. ANATOMICAL TERM DEFINITION DORSAL Back VENTRAL Belly SUPERFICIAL Toward/on the surface Away from the DEEP surface/internal Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  Cephalo = “head” Cauda = “tail” Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. ANATOMICAL TERM DEFINITION SUPERIOR INFERIOR ANTERIOR POSTERIOR PROXIMAL DISTAL MEDIAL LATERAL SUPERFICIAL DEEP Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  MEDIAL to the eyes The nose is ___________ LATERAL to the nose The ears are ___________ Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  LATERALto the heart The lungs are ___________ MEDIAL to the lungs The heart is ___________ Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  SUPERIOR The eyes are ___________ to the nose INFERIOR to the nose The mouth is___________ Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. The muscles are ___________ to organs The arms are ________to the chest The heel is _______ to the toes The neck is _________ to the arms The skin is ________ to the muscles The big toe is on the _____ side of the foot The hips are ______ to the shoulders Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. The wrist is _________ PROXIMALto the hand The elbow is ________ PROXIMAL to the wrist PROXIMALto the elbow The shoulder is _________ DISTAL to the shoulder The elbow is ________ The wrist is __________ DISTAL to the elbow Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. The skin is ___________ SUPERFICIALto the ribs The ribs are ___________ SUPERFICIALto the lungs DEEP to the ribs The lungs are ________ The ribs are________ DEEP to the skin Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Body Regions Upper limbs: upper arm, forearm, wrist, hand Lower limbs: thigh, lower leg, ankle, foot Central region: ©Eric Wise head, neck, trunk Figure 1.7a Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 35 Body Parts and Regions 1 ©Eric Wise Figure 1.7a Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 36 Body Parts and Regions 2 ©Eric Wise Figure 1.7b Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 37 Body Planes 1 Sagittal plane: separates the body into right and left parts Parasagittal Midsagittal Median plane: a sagittal plane along the midline that divides body into equal left and right halves Transverse plane: a horizontal plane that separates the body into superior and inferior parts. Frontal plane: a vertical plane that separates the body into anterior and (a) ©Eric Wise; posterior parts. Figure 1.9 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 38 PLANE OTHER NAME Sagittal plane Longitudinal plane Median plane Mid-sagittal plane Transverse plane Horizontal/axial plane Frontal plane Coronal plane Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 39 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 40 Body Planes 2 (a) ©Eric Wise; (b,c,d) ©R. T. Hutchings Figure 1.9 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 41 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. Subdivisions of the Abdomen Figure 1.8 Access the text alternative for slide images Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 48 Planes of Section Through an Organ Longitudinal section: along its long axis Cross (transverse) section: right angle to the long axis Oblique section: across the long axis at an angle other than a right angle Figure1.10 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 49 Body Cavities 1 Dorsal Body cavity: Encloses the organs of the nervous system Cranial cavity: Contains the brain Vertebral cavity/canal: Contains the spinal cord Figure 1.11 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 50 Body Cavities 2 Ventral Body cavity: Contains the majority of internal organs (viscera) Divided into: Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Figure 1.11 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 51 Body Cavities 3 Thoracic cavity: space within chest wall and diaphragm contains heart, lungs, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea Mediastinum: space between lungs contains heart, thymus gland, esophagus, trachea Figure 1.11 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 52 Body Cavities 4 Abdominal cavity: space between diaphragm and pelvis contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys Pelvic cavity: space within pelvis contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, part of large intestine Figure 1.11 Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 53 Serous Membranes 1 Line trunk cavities, cover organs in the ventral body cavity. Structure: visceral serous membrane covers organs parietal serous membrane lines the walls of the cavities cavity - a fluid-filled space between the membranes Figure 1.12 Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 54 Serous Membranes 2 Serous membranes are named after the cavities they are in. Cavity Name Membrane Name Pericardial cavity - Pericardium around the heart Pleural Cavity - Pleura around lungs Peritoneal Cavity - Peritoneum around abdominopelvic cavity and its organs Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 55 Pericardial Cavity Pericardium visceral pericardium covers heart parietal pericardium thick, fibrous pericardial cavity reduces friction Figure 1.13a Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 56 Pleura and Pleural Cavity Pleura visceral pleura covers lungs parietal pleura lines inner wall of thorax pleural cavity reduces friction adheres lungs to thoracic wall Figure 1.13b Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 57 Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity Peritoneum visceral peritoneum Covers & anchors organs in the abdomen, including the intestines double layers called mesenteries parietal peritoneum lines inner wall of abdominopelvic cavity peritoneal cavity reduces friction Figure 1.13c Access the text alternative for slide images. Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 58  PERICARDIUM PLEURA PERITONEUM Visceral Heart Lungs Intestines Thick, lines inner lines inner fibrous wall of wall of Parietal lining of the thorax abdominop heart elvic cavity Cavity Reduces friction around the organs they surround Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 59