Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Slides 1.1 – 1.39 Lecture Slides in Po...

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Seventh Edition Elaine N. Marieb Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation Slides 1.1 – 1.39 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function – the study of (ology) nature (physio) Both are always related – structure determines function. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.2  Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Anatomy means to cut (tomy) apart (ana). Figure 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.3  Anatomy – Levels of Study Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Figure 14.4 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.4  Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.5  Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering - waterproof Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury Excretes salts and urea in sweat Helps regulate temperature - homeostasis Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors Figure 1.2a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.6  Organ System Overview Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals Figure 1.2b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.7  Organ System Overview Muscular Only 1 function – to contract or shorten Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Three main types – skeletal, smooth, cardiac Figure 1.2c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.8  Organ System Overview Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Figure 1.2d Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.9  Organ System Overview Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones into the blood that target distant organs Growth Reproduction Metabolism – food use by cells Figure 1.2e Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.10  Organ System Overview Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Hormones Nutrients Wastes Figure 1.2f Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.11  Organ System Overview Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Houses cells involved in immunity Figure 1.2g Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.12  Organ System Overview Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Figure 1.2h Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.13  Organ System Overview Digestive Breaks down food beginning in the mouth and ending in the small intestine Allows for nutrient absorption into blood to be sent to the body Eliminates indigestible material Figure 1.2i Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.14  Organ System Overview Urinary Eliminates harmful nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes - salts Figure 1.2j Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.15  Organ System Overview Reproductive Production of offspring Figure 1.2k Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.16 Necessary Life Functions Organ systems do not work in isolation but work together to promote the well-being of the entire body Slide 1.17  Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Inside remains distinct from outside – skin and cell membranes Movement Locomotion Movement of substances within the body Responsiveness - irritability Ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react Slide 1.18  Necessary Life Functions Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Breakdown of macromolecules Production of energy - ATP Making body structures Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.19  Necessary Life Functions Excretion Elimination of waste from digestion and metabolic reactions from the body Reproduction Production of future generation – cellular or organismal level Growth Increasing of cell size and number Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.20  Survival Needs All must be in appropriate amounts – too little or too much is harmful Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids (fats), vitamins, and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions such as making ATP Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.21  Survival Needs Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Most reactions take place only in an aqueous solution Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Breathing and gas exchange depends on Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.22  Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.23  Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural (nervous) and hormonal (endocrine) control systems Receptor Type of sensor that responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information (input) to control center Information flows along the afferent pathway to the control center Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.24  Maintaining Homeostasis Control center Determines set point level Analyzes information received Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response (output) to the stimulus Information flows along the efferent pathway from the control center Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.25  Feedback Mechanisms Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.26  Feedback Mechanisms Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.27  The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures Anatomical Position Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.28  Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.29  Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (cont) Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.30  Body Landmarks Anterior – Ventral Front Figure 1.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.31  Body Landmarks Posterior – Dorsal Back Figure 1.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.32  Body Planes and Sections Plane – imaginary line through the body or organ Three types of planes Sagittal section – made lengthwise, longitudinal Midsagittal, median section – If cut made down meridian plane Frontal section – cut made lengthwise plane that divides into anterior and posterior – AKA coronal section Transverse section – cut made along horizontal plane that divides into superior and inferior – AKA cross section Slide 1.33  Body Planes Figure 1.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.34  Body Cavities Two subdivisions of dorsal body cavity Cranial Spinal Figure 1.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.35  Body Cavities Ventral Body Cavity Superior thoracic cavity separated by the inferior abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity sometimes divided into superior abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity Figure 1.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.36  Abdominopelvic Quadrants The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into four ~ equal quadrants named according to their relative positions Figure 1.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.37  Abdominopelvic Regions The abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into nine separate regions by four planes Figure 1.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.38  Abdominopelvic Major Organs Anterior view of the ventral body cavity showing superficial organs Figure 1.8c Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 1.39