AnaPhy Blood PDF

Laryn AnaPhy TYPES OF WBC Lesson: Blood 1. NEUTROPHILS BLOOD 2. EOSINOPHILS transport of gasses, nutrients, and waste 3. BASOPHILS product...

Laryn AnaPhy TYPES OF WBC Lesson: Blood 1. NEUTROPHILS BLOOD 2. EOSINOPHILS transport of gasses, nutrients, and waste 3. BASOPHILS product 4. MONOCYTES transport of processed molecules 5. LYMPHOCYTES regulatory molecule regulation of pH and osmosis Hematopoiesis maintenance of body temp. process that produces formed elements protection against foreign substances in fetus HEMATOPOIESIS occurs in clot formation several tissue, including the liver, thymus, transport oxygen spleen, lymph, nodes, and red bone marrow contains heme and globin after birth, HEMATOPOIESIS confirmed normal pH of the body is 7.35-7.45 primarily to red bone marrow, but some wbc produced in lymphatic tissues PLASMA on adult, it is on bone marrow 55% total blood pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells Hemocytoblast 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% others A.K.A stem cells blood are derived from a single population PLASMA FORMED ELEMENTS of cells 45% of total blood cells and cells fragments Erythrocytes erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes A.K.A RBC disk shape with thick edges Three Types of Plasma Proteins nucleus is lost during development 1. ALBUMIN (anucleus) maintain water balance live for 90-120 days 58% of plasma proteins transport O2 to tissues most abundant type of protein lack of organelles when decreases can cause edema contains hemoglobin (manas) Anucleus 2. GLOBULINS ○ no nucleus helps immune system 38% of plasma proteins Hemoglobin 3. FIBRINOGEN carries oxygen 4% of plasma protein contains one iron atom aids in clot formation 1. OXYHEMOGLOBIN Three Form Elements of the Human Body hemoglobin with an O2 attached 1. PLATELETS 2. GLOBIN PROTEIN 2. WBC attached to a heme molecule 3. RBC 3. CHEMICAL SYMBOL OF IRON Fe+ 4. IRON center of hemoglobin 1  Laryn and also the globin chain and all those 5. BICONCAVE globin will breakdown in amino acids, the RBC shape that can flex flex heme group breakdown will be converted to normal shape of RBC biliverdin to bilirubin and others the iron(the RBC contains iron) so some iron Production of Erythrocytes from the RBC is being recycled, so once the Decreased blood O2 levels cause kidneys to biliverdin convert to bilirubin will produce the bilirubin and the liver excretes the increase production of the hormone bilirubin by the intestine and small quantity erythropoietin. (ex. yung pasyente nag of the bilirubin is excreted as part of a urine blood loss automatically the body will sense or feces. (ang primary reason kung bakit na pababa yung dugo sa katawan, the dilaw ang urine natin dahil sa Urobilin and kidney now will produce your bakit ang poop natin ay yellow dahil sa erythropoietin or your EPO it will Stercobilin - feces) increase your hemoglobin or hgb/hb). Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes. Leukocytes Increased erythrocytes cause an increase in White blood cells (WBC) blood O2 levels. Lack hemoglobin Larger than erythrocytes Red Blood Cells Production Contain a nucleus Decreased blood oxygen it will stimulate Functions: the kidney, Juxtaglomerular apparatus to ○ Fight infections produce the erythropoietin (EPO), it will ○ Remove dead cells and debris by stimulate the Red bone marrow to produce phagocytosis (it will engulf yung the Red blood cells (RBC), so since the dead cells and debris para malinis). RBC produce the red bone marrow the hemoglobin will increase and now it will Types of Leukocytes Increased blood oxygen. Granulocytes: contain specific granules and include neutrophils,eosinophils,and Fate of Old Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin basophils (NEB - Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils) Old red blood cells are removed from blood by macrophages in spleen and liver 1. Neutrophils: Hemoglobin is broken down - Most common Globin is broken down into amino acids (because in blood vessels sila ang Hemoglobin’s iron is recycled pinaka marami) Heme is converted to bilirubin (sometimes - Remain in blood for 10 to 12 hours other patients may suffer from Jaundice) then move to tissues Bilirubin is taken up by liver and released - Kapag mataas ang neutrophils into small intestine as part of bile (the means may bacterial infections function bile is tinutunaw niya yung mga - Kapag mababa ang Neutrophils it is fats nanakain natin and bile is being called Neutropenia produced by the liver and being stored by - Neutrophils is also called the ligand bladder. Segmenters - Phagocytes Hemoglobin Breakdown Macrophage breakdown hemoglobin > heme group will now occur or will form 2  Laryn 2. Eosinophils: (primary granulocytes for another term for platelets is allergy) Thrombocytes Reduce inflammation The primary function of the platelets Destroy parasites is called Clotting Both Eosinophils and Basophils is responsible for Parasitism or mga Blood Loss uuod, tumataas ito kapag may When blood vessels are damaged, blood parasitism and allergy can leak into other tissues and disrupt 3. Basophils: normal function. Least common Blood that is lost must be replaced by Release histamine and heparin production of new blood or by transfusion. Both Eosinophils and Basophils is responsible for Parasitism or mga Preventing Blood Loss uuod, tumataas ito kapag may parasitism and allergy The compensatory mechanisms of the body includes: 1. Vascular spasm: Agranulocytes temporary constriction of the no specific granules blood vessel (para mapigilan ang blood loss) 1. Monocytes: Vascular spasm is an Largest sized white blood cells immediate but temporary Produce macrophages constriction of blood vessels Need to be converted into that results when smooth macrophage,need niya makapag muscle within the wall of the phagocytosis. cell contracts. 2. Lymphocytes: The constriction can close Immune response small vessels and stop the Several different types (T cells and flow of blood. B cells) It is stimulated by chemicals Lead to production of antibodies released by cells of the damaged blood vessel wall Types of White Blood Cells and platelets. 1. PLATELETS 2. Platelet plugs: Platelets are minute fragments of can seal up small breaks in cells, each consisting of a small blood vessels amount of cytoplasm surrounded by Platelet Plug Formation cell membrane ○ Very important in They are produced in the red bone maintaining the marrow from large cells called integrity of the megakaryocytes. (megakaryocytes damaged blood will form the platelets) vessels. Small fragments break off from the ○ The formation of megakaryocytes and enter the blood platelet plug can be as platelets. described as a series Platelets play an important role in of steps. preventing blood loss. ○ Platelet adhesion occurs first, when 3  Laryn platelets stick to the 5. Fibrin forms a network that traps blood exposed collagen in (clots) the damaged blood vessel wall. Clot Formation Control ○ After platelets adhere Clots need to be controlled so they don't to collagen, they spread throughout the body. become activated, (yung clot dapat nasa affected side lang siya change shape, and kasi pag nag pa lipad lipad siya sa different release chemicals. sides of the body ang tawag dun is Emboli, ○ In platelet but if your clot is only in the particular area aggregation, it is called Thrombi. Emboli is more fibrinogen forms dangerous kasi it can cause different bridges between complications). fibrinogen receptors Anticoagulants: (numerous platelets), ○ prevent clots from forming resulting in a platelet ○ Example: heparin and antithrombin plug. ○ Injury causes enough clotting ○ Platelet adhesion > factors to be activated that Platelet release anticoagulants can't work in that reaction > Platelet particular area of the body. aggregation 3. Blood clotting (coagulation) Clot Retraction and Fibrinolysis Blood can be transformed Clot retraction: from a liquid to a gel ○ condensing of clot Clot is a network of ○ serum in plasma is squeezed out of thread-like proteins called clot fibrin (trap blood cells and ○ helps enhance healing fluid). Also depends on Fibrinolysis: clotting factors. ○ process of dissolving clot Clotting Factors: ○ plasminogen (plasma protein) ○ proteins in plasma breaks down clot (fibrin) ○ only activated Blood Grouping following injury ○ Injury or surgery can lead to a blood ○ made in liver transfusion ○ require vitamin K Transfusion reactions/Agglutination: ○ clumping of blood cells (bad) Steps in Clot Formation (namumuong dugo 1. Injury to a blood vessel causes inactive Antigens: clotting factors to become activated due to ○ molecules on surface of erythrocytes exposed connective tissue or release of Antibodies: thromboplastin ○ proteins in plasma that bind to 2. Prothrombinase (clotting factor) is formed specific antigens and acts upon prothrombin Blood groups: 3. Prothrombin is switched to its active form named according to antigen (ABO) thrombin 4. Thrombin activates fibrinogen into its active form fibrin 4  Laryn ABO Blood Groups an Agglutination Reaction because the Anti-A antibody in the recipient combine with the Type A antigen, on the red blood cell in the donated Blood. Blood Donor and Recipient According To ABO Blood Types There are two types of antigens that may appear on the surface of the red blood cells (type A and B antigen). Blood Type Receive Donate ○ Type A blood has type A antigens, O O A, B, AB, O type B blood has type B antigen, and type AB blood has both A A, O antigens. B B, O Type O blood has neither A or B antigens The types of antigens found on the surface AB A, B, AB, O of the red blood cells are genetically O are universal donor because they determined. have no antigens Antibodies against the antigens are usually Type AB are universal recipient present in the plasma of blood. Type O can only receive Type O Plasma from type A blood contains anti-B Cross Match ang ginagawa para antibodies, which act against type B malaman kung match yung Blood antigens; plasma from type B blood Type na isasalin sa'yo, karaniwan contains anti-A antibodies. ang MedTech ang gumagawa nito. Type AB blood plasma has neither type of Ang nurse naman ang nagddouble antibody, and type O blood plasma has both check bago I transfer ang blood sa anti-A and anti-B antibodies. patient. In Caucasians in the United States, the distribution is type 0, 47%; type A, 41%; type B, 9%; and type AB, 3% Rh Blood Group Among African-Americans, the distribution Rh positive means you have Rh antigen is type O, 46%; type A, 27%; type B, 20%; 95% to 85% of the population is Rh+ and type AB, 7% Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy Agglutination Reaction Antibodies only develop if an Rh- person is Image 1: Type A blood donated to a Type A exposed to Rh+ blood by transfusion or recipient do not cause Agglutination from mother to fetus because of the antibody in the recipient do ○ Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy not combine with the Type A antigen, on the ○ The main problem: If the mother red blood cell in the donated blood kaya Rh-, and the father is Rh+ walang reaction kasi parehong blood type ○ If the mother is Rh- and the fetus ang binigay. Rh+ the mother can be exposed to Image 2: Agglutination Reaction. Type A Rh+ blood, fetal blood leaks through blood donated to a Type B recipient causes 5  Laryn the placenta and mixes with the malaki ang chance na mamatay ang mother's blood. second child. Pwedeng mag-cause to ng pagkalaglag ng bata sa Diagnostic Blood Tests susunod na pagbubuntis, Complete Blood Count dahil naghahalo yung Rh- ○ provides information such as RBC blood sa Rh+ blood ng fetus count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and kapag ipinanganak na. WBC count ○ First time this occurs mother's blood ○ Pa'no malalaman kung anemic ang produces antibodies against antigens pasyente? ○ Any repeated mixing of blood Hindi sa BP, sa hemoglobin causes a reaction Kapag ang hemoglobin ng Safe kapag unang anak, pero pasyente ay mababa kapag nag-cause ‘to ng automatic ang term ay transfusion sa mother na Rh- Anemic by doing the CBC kung Rh+ ang unang anak or Complete Blood Count. pwede ‘to mamatay. Hematocrit ○ % of total blood volume composed Hemolytic Disease of Newborn of RBC Hemoglobin ○ determines amount of hemoglobin ○ low hemoglobin indicates anemia Prothrombin Time ○ time it takes for blood to begin clotting (9 to 12 seconds) ○ It access extrinsic pathway ○ Reading assignment what is extrinsic, intrinsic, common pathway. This condition: occurs when mother White Blood Cell Count produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross ○ Total number of white blood cells placenta and agglutination and hemolysis of ○ Kung mataas ang WBC called fetal erythrocytes occurs Leukocytosis Can be fatal to fetus ○ Kung mababa ang WBC called How it can manage: Prevented if mother is Leukopenia treated with RhoGAM which contains ○ Leukocytes: antibodies against Rh antigens. High white blood cell count ○ If the mother is Rh- and the Father is caused by infections and Rh+, the baby should be Rh+ para leukemia (the cancer in the hindi mamatay yung susunod na blood) ipagbubuntis since there is maternal ○ Leukopenia: mixing of blood ng negative of Low white blood cell count mother and positive of the baby caused by radiation, binibigay nito ang RhoGAM than chemotherapy drugs, tumors, gives within 1st 72 hrs viral infections intramuscularly or iniinject siya via ○ Erythrocytosis: the muscle, kapag hindi nabigay to Polycythemia (other term) 6  Laryn But this is only used in pathological diseases Kapag mataas ang Red Blood Cell (RBC) ○ Erythropenia Kapag mababa ang Red Blood Cell (RBC) ○ Thrombocytosis Thrombocythemia (other term) Kapag mataas ang Platelets ○ Thrombocytopenia Kapag mababa ang Platelets White Blood Cell differential count: ○ Determines the % of each 5 kinds of Leukocytes 1. Neutrophils: 60 to 70% 2. Lymphocytes: 20 to 25% 3. Monocytes: 3 to 8% 4. Eosinophils: 2 to 4% 5. Basophils: 0.5 to 1% Blood Typing 7