Anatomy Past Paper Questions Answers PDF

SECTION A: UPPER LIMB 1. a. Formation and branches of the brachial plexus The brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1. It has roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. Roots: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 Trunks: Upper (C5-C6), Middle (C7), Lower (C8-T1) Divisions: Ea...

SECTION A: UPPER LIMB 1. a. Formation and branches of the brachial plexus The brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1. It has roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. Roots: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1 Trunks: Upper (C5-C6), Middle (C7), Lower (C8-T1) Divisions: Each trunk divides into anterior and posterior divisions. Cords: Lateral, medial, posterior (named relative to the axillary artery) Branches: Major branches include: Musculocutaneous nerve Axillary nerve Radial nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Diagram: Draw the diagram showing the components as described. b. Erb's and Klumpke's paralysis Erb's Palsy: Caused by damage to the upper roots (C5-C6). Leads to a "waiter's tip" deformity with loss of shoulder abduction, external rotation, and elbow flexion. Klumpke's Palsy: Caused by damage to the lower roots (C8-T1). Leads to "claw hand" deformity due to paralysis of intrinsic hand muscles. 2. a. Axillary artery and its applied anatomy Anatomy: The axillary artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery, starting at the outer border of the first rib and ending at the lower border of the teres major muscle. It is divided into three parts: 1st part: Superior thoracic artery 2nd part: Thoracoacromial and lateral thoracic arteries 3rd part: Subscapular, anterior, and posterior circumflex humeral arteries Applied anatomy: Injury can lead to ischemia in the upper limb. It is often used for catheterization or blood pressure monitoring. b. Clinical relevance of carpal tunnel Compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel results in carpal tunnel syndrome, characterized by pain, numbness, and tingling in the distribution of the median nerve. 3. a. Rotator cuff muscles and their significance Muscles: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, and Subscapularis (SITS muscles) Significance: Provide stability to the shoulder joint and enable movements like abduction and rotation. Commonly injured in shoulder trauma. b. Shoulder joint and its applied anatomy Type: Ball-and-socket synovial joint Articulations: Between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula Applied anatomy: Dislocations are common due to the shallow glenoid cavity. Rotator cuff injuries can impair function. SECTION A: LOWER LIMB 1. Case scenario a. Likely diagnosis: Femoral hernia. b. Two reasons and gender commonly affected: Reasons: Wider femoral canal and weaker pelvic floor. Gender: More common in females. c. Structures bounding the femoral ring: Anterior: Inguinal ligament Posterior: Pectineus and its fascia Medial: Lacunar ligament Lateral: Femoral vein d. How to perform a femoral tap: Palpate the femoral artery. Insert the needle medial to the artery and aim slightly upwards. e. Definitive treatment: Surgical repair of the hernia. 2. a. Popliteal fossa and its applied anatomy Boundaries: Superolateral: Biceps femoris Superomedial: Semitendinosus and semimembranosus Inferolateral and inferomedial: Gastrocnemius heads Contents: Popliteal artery and vein, tibial and common peroneal nerves. Applied anatomy: Popliteal aneurysm or vascular injury can occur here. b. Femoral sheath and its applied anatomy Anatomy: A fascial covering around the femoral artery, vein, and canal (does not include the femoral nerve). Applied anatomy: Femoral hernias pass through the femoral canal. 3. a. Arches of the foot and its applied anatomy Types: Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch Transverse arch Applied anatomy: Flattening leads to flat feet (pes planus). b. Sciatic nerve and its applied anatomy Anatomy: Largest nerve, formed by L4-S3, exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen. Applied anatomy: Injury causes sciatica, characterized by radiating pain along its distribution.