Anatomy, Histology, Physiology End Module PDF

‫اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ "‬ ‫" ﺑﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪Basics of anatomy , embryology,‬‬ ‫‪histology and physiology‬‬ ‫‪Medicine MTI university‬‬ ‫أرﺟو ﻣن ﷲ اﻟﻌﻠﻲ اﻟﻛﺑﯾر أن ﯾﻛون ھذا اﻟﻌﻣل ﺧﺎﻟﺻﺎ‬ ‫ﻟوﺟﮭﮫ اﻟﻛرﯾم وأن ﯾﻛون ﻋوﻧﺎ ﻟﻧﺎ ﺟﻣﯾﻌﺎ‬...

‫اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ "‬ ‫" ﺑﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪Basics of anatomy , embryology,‬‬ ‫‪histology and physiology‬‬ ‫‪Medicine MTI university‬‬ ‫أرﺟو ﻣن ﷲ اﻟﻌﻠﻲ اﻟﻛﺑﯾر أن ﯾﻛون ھذا اﻟﻌﻣل ﺧﺎﻟﺻﺎ‬ ‫ﻟوﺟﮭﮫ اﻟﻛرﯾم وأن ﯾﻛون ﻋوﻧﺎ ﻟﻧﺎ ﺟﻣﯾﻌﺎ‬ ‫" اﻟﻠﮭم ﻋﻠم ﯾﻧﺗﻔﻊ ﺑﮫ "‬ ‫‪By : mahmoud idrees‬‬ ‫ﺻل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺑﯾب‬ ‫‪By : mahmoud idrees‬‬ ‫‪Page 1‬‬  ‫‪Contents‬‬ ‫‪Anatomy‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪Histology‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪Physiology‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﻣوح طﺑﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻣذﻛرة ﻟﻠﻣذاﻛرة ﻣﻧﮭﺎ وﻟﻛن ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﻣوح اﻟﺗرﺑﺢ ﻣﻧﮭﺎ أو اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل ﻓﯾﮭﺎ ﻷي ﻏرض ﻛﺎن‬ ‫وأﻧﺎ ﻣش ﻣﺳﺎﻣﺢ أي ﺣد ﯾﺳﺗﻐﻠﮭﺎ أو ﯾﻧﺳﺑﮭﺎ ﻟﻧﻔﺳﮫ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻠون اﻻﺧﺿر أﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻣﺗﺣﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺳﻧﯾن اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪By : mahmoud idrees‬‬ ‫‪Page 2‬‬  Anatomy 1) enumerate 3 functions of superfacial fascia ? * reservoir of fats. * facilitate the movements of the skin. * soft bed for vessels and nerves. 2) enumerate 3 functions of deep fascia ? * keep the underlying structure in position. * it forms the interosseous membrane. * bind the muscles into groups and extends between them as intermuscular septa. 3) compare between 3 types of cartilage ? Hyaline cartilage Elastic cartilage White fibrocartilage Properties - Translucent - minimal collagenous - Contain yellow elastic - Contain white collagenous fibers fibers fibers - rich in cartilage cells - rich in cartilage cells - minimal cartilage cells - articular cartilage. - ear pinna. - intervertebral disc. site - costal cartilage. - external audutery meatus - symphysis pups. - larynx , trachea. - epiglottis. - meniscus of knee. By : mahmoud idrees Page 3 4) explain 3 types of bones according to shape with examples ? 1- long bones : have ( medullary cavity , diaphysis , epiphysis and epiphyseal plate ) as : femur & humerus. 2- short bones : mass of spongy bone covered by compact bone as : carpal & tarsal bones. 3- flat bones : formed of 2 layer of compact bone with thin layer of spongy bone in between as : scapula & skull. 5) mention the function of sesamoid bones with 2 examples ? * function : - diminish the friction between the tendon and bone. - modify the pressure on tendons. * examples : - patella. - pisiform. 6) enumerate 4 functions of bones ? - support the body. - protect the underlying structures. - form blood cells in bone marrow. - store the calcium & phosphorus. By : mahmoud idrees Page 4 7 ) mention the blood supply of the long bone ? * epiphyseal artery. * metaphyseal arterty. * nutrient artery. * periosteal artery. 8) mention the growing end of upper limp and lower limp ? * in upper limb : it’s located in the upper end of humerus and lower end of ulna & radius. * in lower limb : it’s located in lower end of femur and upper end of tibia & fibula. 9) compare between 3 types of muscles ? Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles Skeletal muscles Shape Plane and spindle Striated & branched Striated & not branched Control Involuntary Involuntary Voluntary Nerve supply Autonomic fibers Autonomic fibers Somatic fibers Site Wall of blood vessels Heart All over the body , have bony and viscera attachment 10) compare between pale and red fibers ? pale fibers Red fibers Properties Rapid contraction and rapid fatigue Slow contraction and sustained Site Located in Prime mover muscles Located in antigravity muscles which which start the movements continuous contraction Examples Gasteocnemius muscle Soleus muscle By : mahmoud idrees Page 5 11) enumerate 4 types of muscle attachments and it’s examples ? * attachment to bone as biceps muscle. * attachment to deep fascia as tensor fascia lata. * attachment to skin as facial muscles. * attachment to aponeuorosis as external oblique muscle. 12) mention the types of muscle actions ? * prime mover ( agonist ) : start and maintain the movement. * antagonist muscles : oppose the action of agonist muscles. * synergists : support the agonist muscles to prevent unwanted movements. * fixator muscles : stabilize the origin of the agonist muscles. 13) mention the types of fibrous joints ? * sutures : as in skull , the bones linked by sutural ligaments. * syndesmosis : the bones linked by interosseous ligament as inferior tibio-fibular joint. * gomphosis : between teeth and adjacent bones ( sockets ). «ِ ‫ َو َﻻ َﺣ ْول َ َو َﻻ ﻗُ ﱠو َة ﱠإﻻ ِﺑﺎ‬، ‫ َوﷲ ُ ْأﻛ َﺑ ُر‬، ُ ‫ َو َﻻ إﻟَ َﮫ ﱠإﻻ ﷲ‬، ِ ‫اﻟﺣ ْﻣ ُد‬ َ ‫ َو‬، ِ‫ﺳ ْﺑ َﺣﺎنَ ﷲ‬ ُ » By : mahmoud idrees Page 6 14) mention the types of cartilaginous joints ? * primary cartilaginous joints : temporary joints disappears at certain age , no movements allowed as : epiphyseal cartilage. * secondary cartilaginous joints : permanents joints , limited degree of movements allowed as : intervertebral disc. 15) enumerate 4 characters of synovial joints ? * joint cavity. * synovial fluid. * synovial membrane. * fibrous capsule. 16) mention the characters of uniaxial joints ( hinge & pivot ) with examples ? Hinge joint Pivot joint - moving around transverse axis. - moving around longitudinal axis. Characters - allowing flexion and extension only. - allowing rotatory movements. - elbow joint. - atlanto-axial joint. Examples - inter-phalangeal joint. - superior & inferior radio-ulnar joints. By : mahmoud idrees Page 7 17) enumerate 4 factors maintaining stability of the joints ? * shape and fitting of articulating surfaces ( bony element ). * position and strength of ligaments ( ligamentous element ). * strength of surrounding muscles ( muscular element ). * intra-articular pressure. 18) mention the function and 3 sites of serous membrane ? * function : - it facilitate movement of structure lined by it. - minimize friction between the mobile organ and surrounding structures. * sites : - pericardium. - peritoneum. - pleura. 19) mention the special types of arteries and examples ? * end arteries : no anastomosis between adjacent arteries as : splenic and renal arteries. * tortuous arteries : supply the mobile organs as : uterine and facial arteries. * coronary arteries : the arteries which supply the heart. * cerebral arteries : the arteries which supply the brain. 20) enumerate 4 veins without valves ? * SVC ( superior vena cava ) & IVC ( inferior vena cava ). * cardiac veins. * pulmonary veins. * portal veins. By : mahmoud idrees Page 8 21) enumerate the factors which helping venous return ? * in limbs : muscular contraction ,valves , arterial pulsation and deep fascia. * thorax : negative intra-thoracic pressure. * head & neck : gravity. 22) mention 4 characters ,sites and function of arterio-venous shunt ? * characters : - it exists between small arteries and corresponding veins. - proximal to capillary bed. - have thick muscular wall. - has sphincter rich sympathetic supply. * sites : - exposed parts of body. - mucous membrane of alimantary canal. - erectile tissue of penis. * function : - regulation of body temperature. - facilitate the process of absorption. - has role in erection. 23) mention the types of arterial anastomosis ? * end to end anastomosis ( actual ) : the 2 ends connected together forming an arch as palmar arches. * by terminal arterioles ( potential ) : it found between side branches of main arteries as coronary arteries. 24) enumerate 4 tissues without lymphatics ? - spleen. - bone marrow. - nervous system. - eye. By : mahmoud idrees Page 9 25) mention 4 factors helping lymphatic return ? - muscles and valves contraction. - arterial pulsation. - negative intra-thoracic pressure. - peristaltic movement of intestine. 26) mention the site , parts and function of pituitary gland ? * site : found in pituitary fossa below the brain. * parts : - anterior lobe : epithelial in origin , secrete GH , TSH , FSH. - posterior lobe : nervous in origin , secrete ADH , oxytocin. 27) mention the distribution of spinal nerves and their parts ? * distribution : - 8 cervical , - 12 thoracic. - 5 lumber. - 5 sacral. - 1 coccygeal. * parts : - dorsal root : sensory fibers , arise from posterior horn cells , has a ganglion attaches to it. - ventral root : motor fibers , arise from anterior horn cells. - nerve trunk : union of dorsal root & ventral root , have mixed fibers. - 2 rami : ventral ramus & dorsal ramus , have mixed fibers. By : mahmoud idrees Page 10  Embryology 1) mention the site and time of formation of mature male and female gametes ? * site : in gonads ( testis & ovary ). * time of formation : - in male : start at puberty till old age. - in female : start in uterus , then arrested to be continued from puberty till menopause. 2) mention the site and results of fertilization ? * site : in the ampulla of uterine tube. * results : - formation of the zygote. - determination of sex of the zygote ( male or female ). - restoration of diploid number ( 46 ch ). - start of cleavage and migration of zygote. 3) explain how blastocyst can be formed ? * zona pellucida degenerate in the end of 5th day. * fluid passes and form multiple spaces between cells of morula. * those spaces formed together to form a single cavity called blastocele. 4) enumerate 4 structure of blastocyst ? - trophoblast. - embryoblast. - blastocele. - embryonic and abembryonic poles. By : mahmoud idrees Page 11 5) mention the changes that occur during blastocyst implantation ? * trophoblast differentiated into outer syncytio- trophoblast and inner cyto-trophoblast. * formation of amniotic and yolk sac cavities. * formation of double layer embryonic disc. 6) enumerate the types of placenta previa ? * placenta previa parietalis : the margin of placenta near to the internal os. * placenta previa centralis : the center of placenta cover the internal os. * placenta previa marginalis : the margin of placenta covers the internal os. 7) mention the parts and fate of decidua ? * decidua basalis : it’s a part of decidua that lies between the implanted embryo and myometrium. - fate : formation of maternal part of placenta. * decidua capsularis : it’s a part of decidua that covers the embryo , separated it from uterine cavity. - fate : fuse with decidua parietalis which blocking uterine cavity. * decidua parietalis : it’s a part of decidua that lines the rest of uterine cavity. - fate : fuse with decidua capsularis which blocking uterine cavity. : ‫ﻗﺎل رﺳول ﷲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ وﺳﻠم‬. ‫« ﻷن ﯾطﻌن ﻓﻲ رأس أﺣدﻛم ﺑﻣﺧﯾط ﻣن ﺣدﯾد ﺧﯾر ﻟﮫ ﻣن أن ﯾﻣس اﻣرأة ﻻ ﺗﺣل ﻟﮫ‬ By : mahmoud idrees Page 12 8) mention the parts and fate of chorion ? * chrion frondosum : part of chorion , carries well developed tertiary villi that face the decidua basalis. - fate : resist to share in formation of placenta. * chrion laeve : rest of chorion , carries degenerated tertiary villi that covered with decidua capsularis. - fate : degenerates. 9) mention the importance and fate of notochord ? * importance : - temporary axial skeleton of the embryonic disc. during folding it’s a firmness limits the head folding. - - vertebral column is formed around it. * fate : notochord is persist as nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc ( vertebral column and intervertebral disc formed around it ). 10) enumerate the sites that devoided from intra-embryonic mesoderm ? * buccopharyngeal membrane. * cloacal membrane. * site of notochord. * site of neural tube. « َ‫ َﻣﺎ َظ َﮭ َر ِﻣ ْﻧ َﮭﺎ َو َﻣﺎ َﺑ َطن‬، ‫»اﻟﻠﱠ ُﮭ ﱠم إ ﱠﻧﺎ َﻧ ُﻌو ُذ ِﺑ َك ﻣِنَ اﻟﻔِ َﺗ ِن‬ By : mahmoud idrees Page 13 11) enumerate 4 drivatevis of neural crest ? * adrenal gland. * arachnoid and pia matter. * some bone of skull. * the ganglia. 12) enumerate 4 derivatives of ectoderm ? * central nervous system. * neural crest. * otic and lens placodes. * peripheral nerves. 13) mention the time of segmentation of paraxial mesoderm , number of somites and regional classification ? * time of segmentation : first pair appears in the 20th day , then 3 pairs are formed per day till 30th day , then by slow rate till 35th or 40th day. * number of somites : 42 – 44 pairs of somites. * regional classification : - 4 occipital. - 8 cervical. - 12 thoracic. - 5 lumber. - 5 sacral. - 8-10 coccygeal. ‫ ( وﺑﻌد ﻛدة اﺟﻣﻊ اﻻﺗﻧﯾن اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻌدھم‬12 = 8 + 4 ) ‫ اﺟﻣﻊ أول اﺗﻧﯾن ﯾدوك اﻟﺗﺎﻟﺗﺔ‬: ‫ ﻋﻠﺷﺎن ﺗﺣﻔظﮭم ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ وﻣﺗﻧﺳﺎھﻣش‬-. ( 10 = 5 + 5 ) ‫ﯾدوك اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﻌدھﺎ‬ By : mahmoud idrees Page 14 14) enumerate the parts of intra-embryonic coelom ? * pericardium. * pleura. * peritoneal canal. 15) enumerate the derivatives of endoderm ? * lining epithelium of : - respiratory tract. - urinary bladder and urethra. - GIT except beginning and ending. * glandular epithelium : - parenchyma of liver , pancreas , thyroid , thymus , tonsils and parathyroid gland. 16) mention the time and causes of folding ? * time : at the end of 3rd week and complete at the end of 4th week. * causes : - increase of longitudinal length of the embryonic disc due to growth of neural tube and somites lead to cephalo-caudal folding. - expansion of amniotic cavity lead to folding in all directions. 17) enumerate 5 results of folding ? * The embryonic disc changes into cylindrical shape which has a body cavity. * Amniotic cavity surrounds the cylindrical embryo. * Formation of primitive umbilical ring by ventral shifting of the amnio-ectodermal junction. * Formation of the gut that is lined with endoderm. * Formation of the definitive yolk sac which is the part of the yolk sac. By : mahmoud idrees Page 15  ‫ﺗﺟﻣﯾﻌﺔ ﻣﮭﻣﺔ ﻻزم ﺗﺑﻘﻰ ﻋﺎرﻓﮭﺎ‬ * Zona pellucida & the cover of acrosomal region of the sperm is ( Glycoprotein coat ). Enzymes : ^ Acrosomal enzymes ( acrosin & trypsin ) : secrete from sperms / facilitate penetration. ^ Lysosomal enzymes : secrete from cortical granules / prevent polysperms. ^ Proteolytic enzymes : secrete from syncytiotrophoblast / penetrate the endometrium. * epidermis from ectoderm. * dermis from dermatome. * Amniotic cavity temporary communication with yolk sac through neurenteric canal. * Caudal end of Intra embryonic coelom communicate with extra embryonic coelom. * the midgut is connected with definitive yolk sac by : vitelline duct ( vitello intestinal duct ) * The epiblast is the mother layer of all three germ layers. * first pair of somites appear in day 20. * cardiac muscles & gut formed from splanchnic mesoderm. * stomodeum : separate between forebrain bulge and pericardial bulge. * Buccopharyngeal : separate between stomodeum and foregut. * mesoderm of connecting stalk form ( Wharton's jelly ). * site of implantation : upper part of of the posterior wall of the uterus ( near fundus ) * amniotic cavity separate between aminoblast and epiblast. * gonadotropin hormone ( HCG ) : secrete from chorion. * free or floating or absorbing villi : responsible for exchange the nutrients and gases. * gastrulation : transformation of bilaminar disc to trilaminar disc. * notochord persists as nucleus pulposus inside the intervertebral disc. * neurenteric canal appear when the ( floor ) of canal degeneration. By : mahmoud idrees Page 16 * notochordal plate presisting the ( roof ) of the canal * bilaminar disc : week 2 * trilaminar disc : week 3 * Intra-embryonic mesoderm is not present at the following sites: ‫ﺳؤال ﻣﮭم ﺟدا‬ 1. Buccopharyngeal membrane. 2. Cloacal membrane. 3. Site of notochord. 4. Site of neural tube. * adrenal medulla, arachnoid and pia mater from neural crest ( derivatives of ectoderm ). * time of differentiation of the intraembryonic mesoderm : day 17. * segmentation of paraxial mesoderm start at the occipital region. * intermediate mesoderm forms urogenital system. * primitive umbilical ring contains : connecting stock, allantois , umbilical vessels, vitelline vessels and vitelline duct. * late placental barrier contain : endothelium of fetal blood vessels & syncytiotrophblaste. * fetus will gain immunity in week 14. * the fetus starting swallow and movement in month 5 * risky gestational period from week 3 to week 8. ( MCQ ) ‫أھم اﻻﺣداث ﺑﺎﻷﯾﺎم ﺑﺗﺎﻋﺗﮭﺎ‬ 2 cell 》》》 day 1 4 cells 》》》 day 2 16 cells ( morula ) 》》》 day 3 Migrate the morula to uterine cavity 》》》 day 4 Formation the blastocyst 》》》 day 5 Implantation 》》》 from day 7 to day 11 Site of penetration blocked by fibrin clot 》》》 day 9 ( we can see the site of penetration ) By : mahmoud idrees Page 17 Site of penetration covered by endometrium epithelium 》》》 day 11 ( we can't see the site of penetration ) Amniotic cavity appears in 》》》 day 8 Formation bilaminar embryonic disc 》》》 day 8 Appearance of lacunae 》》》 day 9 & 10 multiple spaces appear in the extraembryonic mesoderm 》》》 day 11 & 12 Formation of chorionic vesicle 》》》 day 13 Formation the primary yolk sac 》》》 day 9 Formation of secondary yolk sac 》》》 day 13 Formation the defenitive yolk sac 》》》 during week 4 Formation of connecting stock 》》》 day 13 Formation primary , secondary and tertiary choionic villi 》》》 end of 2 week to end of 3 week. Primary villi 》》》 end 2 week Secondary villi 》》》 middle of 3 week Tertiary villi 》》》 end 3 week Bilaminar disc 》》》 in week 2 Trilaminar disc 》》》 in week 3 Intraembryonic mesoderm divided into paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate 》》》 day 17 Embryonic period 》》》 from week 4 to week 8 First pair of somites appear in 》》》 day 20 Fusion of cranial neuropore 》》》 day 25 Fusion of caudal neuropore 》》》 day 27 Folding 》》》 from end of week 3 to end of week 4 Transmission antibodies to the fetus 》》》 week 14 Intestinal loop returns to the abdominal cavity during 》》 》 month 3 By : mahmoud idrees Page 18  Histology 1) compare between light microscope ( LM ) and electronic microscope ( EM ) according to : 2) enumerate the types of endocytosis ? * phagocytosis : cell engulfs small solid particles. * pinocytosis : cell engulfs fluids. * receptors mediated : endocytosis uptake of solid macromolecules inside the cell. 3) mention the structure function adaptation of the mitochondria ? By : mahmoud idrees Page 19 4) mention the characters of inner mitochondrial membrane ? * has folds “ shelf like projections “. * highly selective to the passage of small molecules. * contain respiratory chain enzymes. * has a drum stick structure. 5) mitochondria stain by …………. ( iron hematoxylin ). 6) give reason : mitochondria have role in initiating cells death ? * due to it release cytochrome c enzyme. 7) old mitochondria are phagocytosed by ……… ( lysosomes ). 8) the unfolded protein breakdown by ……… ( proteasomes ). 9) group of ribosomes linked by mRNA ……….. ( polysomes ). 10) enumerate 4 functions of SER ( smooth endoplasmic reticulum ) ? * lipid synthesis. * glycogen synthesis. * detoxification of the drugs. * regulation of Ca in muscles. 11) compare between transfer vesicle and secretory vesicle ? By : mahmoud idrees Page 20 12) mention the surfaces of golgi saccules ? * convex surface ( cis face ) : receives the transfer vesicles. * concave surface ( trans face ) : from which secretory vesicles bud. 13) compare between SER and RER ? 14) compare between lysosomes and proteasomes ? « َ‫ َﻣﺎ َظ َﮭ َر ِﻣ ْﻧ َﮭﺎ َو َﻣﺎ َﺑ َطن‬، ‫»اﻟﻠﱠ ُﮭ ﱠم إ ﱠﻧﺎ َﻧ ُﻌو ُذ ِﺑ َك ﻣِنَ اﻟﻔِ َﺗ ِن‬ By : mahmoud idrees Page 21 15) enumerate the components of cytoskeleton ? * microtubules. * microfilaments. * intermediate filaments. 16) give reasons : * lysosomal enzymes don’t injury the cytoplasm of the cell ? - due to the lysosomal enzymes secreted in inactive forms. - the PH of the cytoplasm is not suitable for their action. * inner mitochondrial membrane is concerned with ATP production ? - this is due to presence of : ^ oxidative enzymes. ^ drum stick structure which is responsible for ATP production. * ribosomes are not attached to the membrane of SER ? - due to the absence of ribosomal receptors from SER membrane. 17) mention the mode of secretion of the glands ? * merocrine gland : secretions released by exocytosis as in sweet gland. * apocrine gland : secretions released by loss of the apical part of cell as mammary gland. * holocrine gland : secretions released by loss of whole cell as sebaceous gland. 18) enumerate the parts of junctional complex ? * zonula occludens. * zonula adherence. * desmosomes. By : mahmoud idrees Page 22 19) define the basal membrane infoldings and mention their function ? * definition : there are deep invagination of basal cell membrane forming compartment for mitochondria. * function : - increase the basal surface area. - bring ion pump close to the mitochondria. 20) mention the composition and function of basal lamina ? * composition : - lumina lucida : electron lucent , present towards the cell basal membrane , formed of ( laminin , integrin ). - lumina densa : electron dense , present towards the underlying CT , formed of ( glycoprotein , GAGs , collagen IV ). * function : - support the underlying epithelium. - molecular filter. - regulate cell proliferation. 21) give reason : * the basement membrane appeared PAS +ve by LM ? - this is due to glycoprotein content in both lamina lucida & densa of basal lamina. * myoepithelial cells are present around the acini ? - to contract to squeeze the secretion to the duct due to it’s contain contractile filaments. َ ‫ َو َذھ‬، ‫أﺣ َزاﻧِ َﻧﺎ‬ «‫َﺎب ُھ ُﻣو ِﻣ َﻧﺎ‬ ْ ‫ َو ِﺟ َﻼ َء‬، ‫ُور َﻧﺎ‬ ِ ‫ﺻد‬ ِ ُ‫ﯾﻊ ﻗُﻠ‬ َ ‫ َو ُﻧ‬، ‫وﺑ َﻧﺎ‬ ُ ‫ور‬ َ َ‫»اﻟﻠﱠ ُﮭ ﱠم إ ﱠﻧﺎ َﻧ ْﺳﺄﻟُ َك أنْ َﺗ ْﺟ َﻌل َ اﻟﻘُ ْرآن‬ َ ‫اﻟﻌظِ ﯾ َم َر ِﺑ‬ By : mahmoud idrees Page 23 22) compare between types of cell junction ? 23) I cell disease : By : mahmoud idrees Page 24  Physiology 1) enumerate 4 function of cell membrane protein ? * act as receptors. * act as enzyme. * act as identity. * act as carriers. Note : - lipid soluble substance pass from lipid bilayer. - small water soluble substance pass through channels. - large water soluble substance pass through carriers. 2) mention the mechanism of transport of substance across cell membrane ? * carrier independent transport : - simple diffusion. - osmosis. - donnan effect. * carrier dependent transport : - facilitated diffusion. - active transport. - vesicular transport. 3) enumerate the types of channels ? * simple channels : allow passage of small molecules which are water soluble as Na , K , pass by : - selective permeability. - electro-chemical gradient. * gated channels : they control passage of substance in and out of cell by : - voltage gated channels. - ligand gated channels. By : mahmoud idrees Page 25 4) enumerate the factors affecting facilitated diffusion ? * concentration gradient of substance ( the more the more ). * number of carriers ( the more the more ). * affinity between the carrier and substance. * rapidity of change in shape of carrier ( the more the more ). 5) enumerate 4 types of intracellular communication ? * intracellular jap junction. * neural communication. * endocrine communication. * neuro-endocrine communication. 6) give reason : excitable tissue can be stimulated by electrical stimuli ? * because : - they are similar to the natural stimuli inside the body. - they don’t injure the tissues. - their amplitude and duration can be accurately regulated..6) give short account on strength duration curve ? * the stronger the current the shorter it’s duration. * stimuli of very short duration will not excite the nerve whatever it’s intensity. * Rheobase : it’s the threshold intensity of current of very long duration which can be excited. * utilization time : the time nedded by Rheobase to excite. * chronaxie : it’s the time needed by current which is double Rheobase to excite ( it’s a measure of excitability ).. ‫ ﺗﻌرﯾﻔﺎت‬3 ‫رﻛز أﻛﺗر ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺧر‬ By : mahmoud idrees Page 26 7) enumerate the factors affecting the excitability of the nerve ? * increased by : decrease Ca and increase K extracellular. * decreased by : high Ca and low K extracellular and local anesthesia. 8) compare between absolute and relative refractory period ? Absolute refractory period Relative refractory period - occur during ascending limb of the - occur in the rest of descending limb ( 2\3 ) till spike and first 1\3 of descending limb the after depolarization. - the nerve fibre loses completely it’s - the excitability of nerve fibre is decreased ( excitability ( no stimulus however strong not loss ) and ( a stimulus stronger than it can excite the nerve fibre ). threshold can excite the nerve fibre ). 9) enumerate the factors affecting the metabolic rate ? * exercise. * sympathetic stimulation : as adrenaline and noradrenalin. * hormones : as thyroxin. * diet : SDA. 10) mention the conditions that lead to basal metabolic rate ? * post absorptive state : 12h fasting. * restful sleep. * 30 min completely reclining. * mental rest. * comfortable temperature : 20 – 27 c. " ‫" ﻻ إﻟﮫ إﻻ أﻧت ﺳﺑﺣﺎﻧك إﻧﻲ ﻛﻧت ﻣن اﻟظﺎﻟﻣﯾن‬ By : mahmoud idrees Page 27 11) enumerate the ways of heat loss ? * radiation ( 60% ). * conduction ( 3% ). * convection ( 15% ). * evaporation ( 22% ). 12) explain the reaction of body during exposure to heat ? * sweating : acclimatization to hot weather in form of : - increase secretion of sweat. - decrease electrolytes content in sweat. * cutaneous vasodilatation : increase in skin temperature lead to increase heat loss. * no muscle activity. * no chemical thermogenesis. 13) enumerate 3 functions of leptin hormone ? * inhibits food intake. * stimulation of energy expenditure and reversal of obesity. * stimulation of GnRH secretion and ovulation. 14) define the law of laplace and mention it’s equation ? * it’s the law that describe the relationship between : - wall tension ( T ). - distending pressure ( P ). P=T\r - radius ( r ). By : mahmoud idrees Page 28 15) mention the applications of laplace law in cardiovascular system ? * laplace law explain how capillaries can sustain high pressure , the wall tension small due to radius is small ( T = Pr ). * laplace law explain how ventricles of the heart need to generate more tension during contraction to elevate the intra-ventricular pressure , the radius increase so the tension will increase ( T = Pr ). ُ ‫َو َﻣﺎ َﺗ ْوﻓِﯾﻘِﻲ إِ ﱠﻻ ِﺑﺎ ﱠ ِ َﻋ َﻠ ْﯾ ِﮫ َﺗ َو ﱠﻛ ْﻠ‬ ُ ‫ت َوإِ َﻟ ْﯾ ِﮫ أُﻧ‬ ‫ِﯾب‬ By : mahmoud idrees Page 29