Rip Van Winkle PDF - American Literature

RIP VAN WINKLE I. Author WASINGTON IRVING - 3/4/1783 – 28/11/1859 - The 1st American writes to earn acclaim in Europe - American 1st genuine internationally best-selling author - Advocate for writing as a legitimate profession, protect American writer from copyright...

RIP VAN WINKLE I. Author WASINGTON IRVING - 3/4/1783 – 28/11/1859 - The 1st American writes to earn acclaim in Europe - American 1st genuine internationally best-selling author - Advocate for writing as a legitimate profession, protect American writer from copyright - Round characters: nhân vật chính - Flat characters: nhân vật phụ - Protagonists: chính diện - Antagonists: phản diện. II. The Storie RIP VAN WINKLE (1819) belong early national literature BACKGROUND: - Published in 1819 in the collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon Gent - Became the first book by an American writer to achieve international success - Based on German folk tale - Covered in Dutch culture SETTING: - The story started before American Revolution (began 5-6 years and ended 20 years later), when King George was ruling the colonies. ( cai trị thuộc địa ) -> old England - Set in Dutch American community ( người Mỹ gốc Hà Lan) (Hudson river, Catskill mountain ) - Old village in the Catskill Mountains by Hudson River. ( bên cạnh sông Hudson) - Theme: ▪ Change with continuity. ( thay đổi liên tục) ▪ Population ( dân số ) ▪ Area expansion ( mở rộng) ▪ Standard of living ( tiêu chuẩn sống) ▪ Gaining Independence, Freedom and Democracy ( tự do, dân chủ) ▪ Way of living ▪ People’s conception/perception/awareness ▪ Preservation of tradition ( bảo tồn truyền thống):  The Hudson River and the Catskill Mountain are unchanged ( NATURE) - Radical changes ( Thay đổi căn bản) are necessary to move society to forward ( Xh đi lên) ➔ but must not change old way and transitions entirely. - Changes keep the remain links with the past to make continuity. + Great impacts of the American Revolution upon the small and remote village + A desire for freedom and independence. + American values. PLOT SUMMARY a. Exposition: ( mở đầu ) - Rip was a kind and simple man who lived in a small village under the reign ( trị vì)of King George III of the Great  Britain. b. Rising action: - One day, Rip went hunting up the Kaatskill mountains with his dog. - Rip met a little man in Dutch clothes, who carried a barrel of liquor. ( bình rượu) - Rip saw a group of other strange men who were playing a Dutch game. - In his curiosity, Rip drank the liquor and then fell into a sound sleep. - Getting up the next morning. Rip found his dog disappear and his gun turn rusty.( rỉ rét) - Returning to his old village, Rip realized the American Revolution happened, changing everything completely. c. Climax : ( cao trào) - Eventualy, Rip was recognized by his daughter d. Falling action: - Rip was relieved to know that his wife had died in her anger. e. Resolution: - Rip soon took up his old habit and became famous for his story III. Analysis a. Exposition: American landmarks Significance - Kaatskill mountains → distinctive American identity ( bản sặc đặc trưng ) - Hudson river → make the tale sound true (làm câu chuyện trở nên chân thật) Time setting → witness the American Revolution (1775-1783) - The early Dutch ancestors of the village (chứng kiến cuộc cm Mỹ) - The village pub was named after King Historical events: George III. (before 1775) → Set in Dutch-American culture → American colonies were ruled by the Great Britain RIP Positives Negatives Kind, meek ( nhu nhược), obedient, friendly, Lazy, careless, non responsible husband sociable, simple, easy – going (dễ tính), hen – + Rip was ready attend anybody’s business but pecked (sợ vợ), popular, Helpful his own , family duty, keep his farm -> + never refuse to assist a neighbor even in impossible roughest toil, run their errands ( chạy vặt) + Rip: shrew at home ( chuột chù nhút nhát) + dog will not bark at him Evidence + We know that all the wives in the village + Even though Rip inherits a nice farm from like him because it says he was “a great his parents, his lack of work make it “the favorite”. worst- conditioned farm in the neighborhood”. While he spends time + Rip playing with children in the village, playing with the village children, he doesn’t making toys for them, teaching them to fly seen pay much attention to his own, they’re kites and shoot marbles, telling them “long described as being “as ragged and wild as if stories of Ghost, witches and Indians.” they belonged to nobody” (Rách rưới và hoang dã như chẳng thuộc về ai.) + Rip is so popular in the village that the dog don’t even bark at him. + Rip is also very lazy. He “would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound” +Rip helps all people in the village whenever (Thà chết đói còn hơn làm. Thà chết đói vì they need him. He helps husk corn and builds còn 1 xu còn hơn đi làm mà có 1 bảng stone fences, and “would never refuse to assist Anh). a neighbor in the roughest” work. He gladly Henpecked husband runs errand for the woman and does “little odd + He seems to want to do whatever he can do jobs” that their own husbands don’t want to to avoid being at home. do. + His wife “kept continually dinning in his ears”, which means she complains constantly and nags ( càm ràm) him about being lazy and careless  Represent for American people before the American Revolution ( metaphor)   Metaphor (Rip) : the society of America Rip’s wife ( Dame Van Winke) - Very severe with him and often scalded him and shouted at him making his life difficult. - Hot-tempered, nagging, shrewish ( đanh đá), sharp-tongued, dominated, conservative (bảo thủ)  Metaphor: British monarchy ( chế độ quân chủ) in which the power was on the queen's hand. ( nữ hoàng) Strict domination of Bristish rule, typified the strict domination of the British monarch to the colonial New England Henpecked husband => represent for the portray of the American ( chân dung đàn ông Mỹ) during the Britain Domination b. Rising action Foreshadowing - Rip went hunting with his gun → the broke of American Revolution - Old men in antique Dutch → Rip's old-fashioned appearance 20 years later clothes → temptation( cám dỗ) of escape and freedom - The barrel of liquor → the American war with drastic changes - The thunder in the mountain c. Changes of the progress/ Changes of continuity (mang tính kế tục, tất yếu) Every changes in the village = Great changes in American society In the village In the American society (1775 – 1783) - The village was larger with more rows of - The American territory ( lãnh thổ) expanded from 13 states houses to 50 states - There were more people in the village - The A population exploded with the waves of immigrants - The Union hotel ( name )replaced the and refurees from multi nations village Inn - All states were united and the name of US was born - There was flag with stars and stripes - A gained its national identity with its independence , - The villagers talked about politics democracy and liberty - Mrs. Van Dam Winkle died - A had their civil rights to vote in the election - A escaped from strict domination of the British monarchy to establish representative government, the first prersident ( George washington) d. Constancy of history ( sự bền vững lịch sử ) The Catskill Mountain & Hudson River. - These ones remain unchanged because they are the historical witness of A.R, ▪ they should be preserved. ▪ constant values of history ▪ evoke patriotism ( khơi dậy lòng yêu nước ) - The significance of these geographical names in folk tales. ▪ make the story believable. ( make the tale sound true ) ▪ preserve historical events & victory. ▪ raised up national pride & patriotism The American values/desire. + The American’s live for freedom Rip was satisfied to cost 20 years of his freedom + Easy adaptability (make friends) Rip took up his habit and told his credible story to everyone - Rip last 20 years, was satisfied of his life for his freedom → desire for freedom of American. - Rip adapt himself to the new circumstance: took up his old habits, become popular. → Adaptability to new circumstances  INTERNAL & EXTERNAL CONFLICT Internal conflict External (Person -against – person conflict) st 1 : ( Rip & his family )He really wants to find the His wife and he often argue and his wife always family members ( Rip found the way to his own nagging. ( cằn nhằn)He’s uncomfortable and leave the house after returning ) house with his dog to live in the mountain he felt very happy when he found his family  He can’t bear, he decided to leave >< When he found, he met his daughter but his wife problem later on. died -> He felt happy in deliverance ( vui vì giải thoát) ➔ Rip go to the Catskill Mountain to hunt and fall 2nd : ( Rip & his friends) When he returned to the asleep for 20 years village, they heard that their friends died because of was, his heart was died away ( chết lặng), feel alone >< He felt proud and happy at the same time because he was the only person survived of the war He was the only remainder and tell story before the war to next generation. THEME Freedom First, Rip gains freedom from his wife when he wakes up and learns that she has died. Before he enters the mountains and takes his 20-year nap, Rip's wife is constantly bothering him about working. Rip also gets freedom from the work that his wife wanted him to do. Now that he's older and his wife is gone, Rip no longer has the responsibilities he used to have. ( Rip) Another way the theme of freedom is shown in this story is the freedom that American people gain from England after Revolutionary war. Before Rip’s nap, the Americans are colonists under England’s rule. When Rip wakes up, he learns that the people fought a war against England and won the right to be their own country with their own government. ( American ) - Freedom from his wife - Freedom from work ( his wife wanted him to do) - Freedom of American ( after revolutionary war ) Societal Change and Resistance ( phản pháng ) As Rip sleeps in the mountains, he undergoes a profound ( sâu sắc) transformation of his own. He awakens to find that two decades have passed, and the world around him has changed drastically due to the American Revolution. The village he returns to is no longer the sleepy Dutch settlement he left behind. It has changed into a bustling ( nhộn nhịp), politically engaged community, symbolizing the broader societal changes in the wake of the revolution. Rip's inability to adapt to these changes highlights a tension between individualism and the pressures of conformity to societal norms. ( tuân thủ chuẩn mực xh) The Symbolism of the Supernatural ( siêu nhiên) the author employs elements of the supernatural to convey deeper themes. Rip's encounter with Henry Hudson's ghostly crew (đội quân ma quái ) and his mysterious sleep symbolize his detachment from (tách biệt) the historical events and societal transformations of his time. This supernatural element adds an enchanting layer ( sự mê hoặc) to the story while serving as a metaphor for Rip's passive resistance to change and his escape from the burdens of history. Timelessness and Transience ( vượt thời gian & nhất thời )  The story's setting, featuring the timeless Hudson River and the unchanging Catskill Mountains, posed with the transient nature of human existence, underscores the theme of timelessness and transience. Nature, depicted as constant and indifferent, stands in total contrast to the ephemeral human experience ( phù du). Rip's twenty-year sleep emphasizes the ephemeral nature of life and the flow of time, serving as a reminder of the impermanence of all things. ( sự vô thường) Thiên nhiên vì vĩnh hằng >< con người thì nhất thời LITERARY DEVICE a. Irony ( trớ trêu, nghịch lý): It is very ironic that. even though Rip is a sorry, lazy man, he is such a likeable character. He is the typical character that we, the readers, would usually hate, but because of Irving's word choice we like him so much. b. Simile: ( so sánh) "for he would sit on a wet rock, with a rod as long and heavy as a Tartar's lance, and fish all day without a murmur." direct comparison: like, as, as if, such c. Personification: ".he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged. d. Imagery: The nature element of "Rip Van Winkle" is extremely descriptive. The first three paragraphs are describing the setting in the Catskill mountain. e. Foreshadowing: ( điềm báo ) The thunder in RVW f. Symbols Rip's gun becoming rusty over the course of his sleep symbolizes the passage of time. Nature symbolizes Rip's escape from his home life. The changes that Rip sees symbolizes the coming of new generations. g. Nature Element: Romantic Element: authors related nature and the country with good and happy things. The woods were where Rip always went to escape his bad home life and relieve his stress. Supernatural Element: There is no possible way that someone can sleep for twenty years and still be alive. The liquor that Rip drinks has this effect on him, making the story have a supernatural element. Questions for short answer: 1. Why did the Hudson River and the Catskill Mountains remain unchanged despite the flow of time? - First of all, they are the geographic location, the identification and the root of the country. Secondly, they are the links to connect the past and the present. Finally, they still stand here and they can witness what happened during the war. Therefore, they are the symbols of longevity of history. 2.What did Rip lose and gain after the revolution? - He lost 20 years of his life. It means 20 years of youth. Moreover, he also lost his friends. - He gained freedom from his wife and from citizens. 3.How did Rip adapt himself to the new society? - American dream: freedom from any control: + 1 night means a short time + 20 years mean a short time => everything can change quickly, fast of a war 4. What is the American value reflected in the way Rip adapted himself to the new society? - ability of the people to adapt to live in new life, a new environment - individuality: find the ways to live in a new environment and find the decision to be happy in a new environment THE TIDE RISES, THE TIDE FALLS (1879) I. Author - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) * His Position: - - The most popular and the best-known Brahmin poet of his day. - The first American to translate Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy and was one of the Fireside Poets from New England. * His writing style: full of melody, versatility, and sentimentality. - Broadly-known for many lyric poems known for their musicality - Often presenting stories of mythology and legend. * His works: - Evangeline (1847), The Song Of Hiawatha (1855), The Courtship Of Miles Standish (1858),Voices Of The Night (1839), My Lost’ Young (1855), The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls (1880). II. Poem “The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls” As a Representative of Life ( biểu tượng của sự sống ): This poem presents the perspective( góc nhìn) of an old traveler( lữ khách ) who is standing on the verge of death. ( bờ vực của cái chết).The poet presents the never-ending rise and fall ( lên xuống ko ngừng ) of the tides in contrast with the finite journey of the traveler ( hành trình hữu hạn) -> to show the mortality of life.:sự hữu diệt của cuộc đời The constant rise and fall of the tides emphasize the reoccurring cycle of life in the universe (vòng tuần hoàn tái diễn của sự sống), where people are born, go through different phases of life ( trải qua thăng trầm cuộc đời) and then silently leave (lặng lẽ ra đi). Also, time washes away the spots of their existence ( tự huỷ diệt sự tồn tại của chính họ). However, what stays in the minds of the readers is the impacts of the transience of life and eternity of the tides. ( cuộc sống phù du >< thuỷ triều vĩnh cửu) - Form: Lyric poem - Structure: - Rhyme scheme: {aabba aacca aadda} - Explicit meaning: This poem presents the never-ending rise and fall of the tides in contrast with the finite journey of the traveler to show the mortality of life. - Impression: ‘The refrain: “The tide rises, the tide falls” echoes the endless rise and fall of the tide. - Tone ➔ poet’s attitude or attitude toward the idea is expressing in the poem. - Mood ➔ atmosphere that surrounds a scene. Tone and mood are interactive beau both involve feelings. ➔ Mood : Sober and Melancholy ➔ Tone : Calm and accepting. - Major theme: Death Natural world and Human lifetime Death is a part of life and it is unavoidable. Natural world is ever-lasting and powerful while human existence is limited and transient. ( vĩnh hằng và mạnh)  The poem comprises emotions of a traveler ( calm and accepting), who witnesses the constant rise and fall of the tide, which symbolically shows the progression of life. The rising symbolized the beginning of life, and the falling tides signify the end of mortal life. Stanza Analysis The tide rises, the tide falls, ➔ “ the tide rises, and tide falls” The twilight darkens, the curlew calls ➔ The refrain ( điệp ) and the title of the poem ( tiêu Along the sea sands damp and brown đề ) The traveler hastens toward the town ➔ The statement is simple and one that the speaker And the tide rises, the tide falls.” makes without any space for doubt. -> attitude : calm and accepting Thủy triều lên, thủy triều xuống, ➔ revealing the theme of the cycle of human Hoàng hôn tối dần (chạn vạn), chim choắt life, which is birth-death and rebirth kêu; ➔ Metaphors : the twilight ( chạn vạn) Dọc theo bãi cát ẩm ướt và nâu trên biển ➔ The twilight – darkens ( create brown color of sky Người lữ hành vội vã đi về phía thị trấn, = the old age →sad and gloomy (metaphor) -> Và thủy triều lên, thủy triều xuống. Human life gradually comes to an end. ➔ The call of the curlew = feel lonely and homesick → the call of death + curlew : a type of shorebird that would live by the rising and falling tide. ( sống nhờ thuỷ triều ) ➔ Damp and brown +The sea sand + damp means wet (ẩm ướt) and brown means dark color -> evoke the image of a cold grave, everyone has to lay down into that grave permanently & peacefully one day. ( ngôi mộ) ➔ The traveler : typifies human being who is on the journey of his lifetime ( chuyến hành trình của cuộc đời) ➔ hastens toward the town: People are close to death and are going to their final resting place ( vội vã đi về nơi an nghỉ cuối cùng) ➔ The extended metaphor of ‘ rising’ and ‘ falling’ tide is compared to life and death, the continually of time Darkness settles on roofs and walls, Main idea : the power of nature But the sea, the sea in darkness calls; Shift of time ( chuyển đổi tgian): twilight — The little waves, with their soft, white hands, darkness →the urge of death Efface the footprints in the sands, Metaphor : “darkness”: inevitable of death -> And the tide rises, the tide falls. cái chết ko thể tránh khỏi Bóng tối phủ lên mái nhà và tường nhà, Personification: Nhưng biển, biển trong bóng tối vẫn gọi mời; + “The call” of the sea: the urge of an unavoidable Những con sóng nhỏ, với đôi bàn tay trắng mềm mại, death Xóa nhòa dấu chân trên cát, “the hands” of little and soft sea waves -> wipe Và thủy triều dâng lên, thủy triều rút xuống. away the traveler’s footprint. Footprints: human existence → it will be disappeared and forgotten after death( chết là hết) → human existance :Very fragile and transient ( nhất thời) ➔ Paradox ( đối nghịch) : little wave >< efface the footprints : represent the power of nature, they are very strong and powerful than human  and human have to accept it as well as accept the rule of life ➔ Nature is ever-lasting, powerful and constant eternal while human lifetime is limited and transient, mortal. → Life and death comes naturally and inevitably like the rise and fall of the tides. Poet’s mood: hopeless and accepting The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls Stamp and ➔ Main idea : hint of the traveler fate ( gợi ý về neigh, as the hostler calls; số phận của lữ khách) The day returns, but nevermore Returns the ➔ Metaphor: traveller to the shore, + “The morning”: rebirth and full of energy, a And the tide rises, the tide falls. new life ( sự tái sinh) Buổi sáng đến; những con ngựa trong chuồng ➔ The steeds ( ngựa) : typify new journeys in Dậm chân và hí vang, khi người coi ngựa gọi; human life-time → means of transportation Ngày trở lại, nhưng đâu rồi, hôm nay lữ khách ➔ Onomatopoeia ( từ tượng thanh): stamp, Và thủy triều lên, thủy triều xuống. neigh, call ( dậm , hý , gọi)→ symbolize an energy birth →Emphasize: a new day, noisy, busy and speedy (the life still keeps going on. ) ➔ The image of the lively horse represent for the routine of life but no longer return or exist the traveler. ➔ People cannot never exist forever.even though, some one die, the life still keeps going following its constant cycle. ➔ The repletion of rise and fall → unlimited of nature >< limited human life → life keeps moving forward despite of somebody’s death. ➔ Using round sound ( âm round ) throughout the poem ( xuyên suốt bài) -> long lasting, never ending ( ngân dài, ko hồi kết) -> CIRCLE OF LIFE. HOPE IS THE THING FEATHERS (1861) Literary Lesson: Figurative language I. Author: - Emily Dickinson (1830- 1886) in Massachusetts. - By the 1860s, Dickinson lived in almost complete isolation from the outside world but still maintained some relationships through letters. It is only after her death that her poetry was discovered and published. Since their publication, Dickinson has become recognized as one of the strongest voices in American poetry.  * Themes of Dickinson's Poetry - Her poetry focuses on her inner struggles. Throughout her poems, she questions God and writes of her own struggles with faith, particularly in her sufferings. In addition, her poems also focus on her confusion with self-identity. Though she lives alone, she becomes someone through her writing. However, if no one is reading the poems, is she really a person? - Dickinson often feels imprisoned in her own body. Furthermore, Dickinson often relates this question of self to her questions of God. What role does God play in defining self? What situations does He create for people? - Finally, Dickinson often writes on the power of words. The strongest voice Dickinson has is her own; however, this voice is really only seen in her poetry. Poetry becomes her language and her way to communicate with the outside world. She also shows a strong relationship between nature and her poetry. Often times, nature becomes a symbol in her writing to explain the complexity of her relationships. * Writing Style - Dickinson's poems are usually lyrics, short poems with a single speaker who expresses thoughts and feelings. Although the poems are usually written with 'I,' this does not mean it represents - Dickinson, just the speaker of the poem. Many of Dickinson's poems do not have titles but are now recognized by the first few lines of the poem. Finally, she usually follows a specific writing pattern, common meter, which is alternating lines of eight syllables and then six syllables. It is important while reading her poems to listen to the syllables and accented words to find the pattern. II. The Poem - ABCD EFEF GHHH o Alternative iambic trimeter and iambic tetrameter o Lack of title : using the first line to be the title , which is familiar in Dickinson poem Bird vs Hope When we hear the sound of bird , is sth very relax and optimistic. when we mention the little bird , which is sth very small in the sky ,we cant see very clearly , which means tthat they are very strong and powerful , full of energy to flying in the sky regardless of how bad the weather is , they are still happy, optimistic in the journey. Hope give us motivation and free belief to keep going in order to conquer the tough time as well as raise spiprit Those things are full of energy and strength which can help human overcome the obstacles in life Literary devices: - Metaphor compared hope with “feathers”/ “bird” which shows how it sings and gives courage to the spirit of a person. - Personification “Hope” _ “And sing the tune without the words” Dickenson considers hoping a preacher that keeps on preaching and never stops. It sings its silent song in the hearts of the men to fill them with spiritual power. In other words, she has personified hope in this poem. - Imagery images for the sense of sight such as, “bird”, “feathers”, “storm”, “land” and “sea.” - Symbol Emily has used many symbols to show the powerful impact of hope in our lives. “Chilliest Sea” and “storm” symbolize struggles during trying times when hope is still there.  - Alliteration /h/ sound in “we have heard it in the chilliest land” where this sound has created a musical quality in the line. - Consonance the sound of /th/ in “the tune without the words” and the sound of /t/ in “that could abet the little bird.” - Assonance /i/ in “I’ve heard it in the chilliest land Stanza Literature Devices “Hope” is the thing with feathers - That 1. What is HOPE compared to?→ Little bird perches in the soul - 2. What is the allegory (ngụ ý) of hope as it (sing the And sings the tune without the words - tune without the words)”? And never stops - at all - → Like a real friend, the partner with us, but always in our soul like a close friend, invisible but can feel it 3. What is the inherit quality of hope? → Hope, faithful, selfless, persistent, dedicated (Hy vọng, chung thủy, vị tha, bền bỉ, tận tâm) (Never think about myself, just only think about you) 4. Why do you think Dickinson choose a bird to embody hope? A BIRD: “Feathers”→ soft, light but strong in fly, the feathers keep a little birds warm, fly up ▪ HOPE: → invisible, quiet but very persistent, raise us up, inspires us is the way without words  And sweetest - in the Gale - is heard 1. Where can hope be found? - → It can be found in the darkest times and through many And sore must be the storm - That different storms. Hope is as my best friend, it always stands could abash the little Bird That kept so by my side and although hope fights for us, it never asks many warm - anything in return. 2. What is the metaphorical meaning of the “the gale” and “the storm”? → Metaphorical images show the difficulties and challenges, trouble, problem in our lives. 3. What is the effect of the superlative comparison adjective “sweetest”? →More hardship, emphasize→ can involve the value of hope→ the darkness moment, the difficult moment so there is HOPE which appearing overcome any suffering in our life 4. What can hope do for us in line 8? “That kept so many warm” → Give us strength, hopeful, self-confidence, save us throughout the difficult situations.  Role of hope: Is very important Give us a lot of determination /confidence Help us overcome the difficulty/trouble I’ve heard it in the chillest land - 1. What is the metaphorical meaning of “the chilliest And on the strangest Sea - land” and “the strangest sea”?  Yet - never - in Extremity, It →They are the challenge to hope and lonely situation asked a crumb - of me. →The values of Hope is the more suffer in our life, moments of desperation. 2. How important is the idea of suffering to this poem? → Selfless (think about any people but never think for itself) Crumb - the smallest thing => hope asked nothing even though crumb did a smallest, hope does not want to ask anything More metaphor: "hơp" vs " little bird" Little birds can fly People have hope - ==> optimistic 3. What is the most wonderful thing about hope? Hope is compared with the little bird, it is small but powerful, never stops, and always exists in our minds. It gives us the power to overcome difficulty such as chillest land, the strangest sea, the storm. It give us a lot of motivation but it never ask anything even though a "crumb" 4. What can we learn from hope? →We should ever never give up HOPE. THE SCARLET LETTER I. Author Position: The greatest American writer of Dark Romanticism The greatest American novelist, dark romantic and short story writer. The pioneer of literature of American identity Much of Hawthorne’s writing centers on New England featuring moral metaphor with an anti Purian inspiration. Writing style: - Master of the allegorical and symbolic tales. - His writing centers on New England, featuring moral messages and deep psychological complexity with an anti- Puritan inspiration. - Themes about history, morality, religion and inherent sin of humanity. - Moral messages and deep psychological complexity. LITERARY LESSON - Symbolism: a concrete object used to present an idea more abstract and broader in scope and meaning- often moral, religious, philosophical concept or value. II. The stories a. Summary: - The novel is set in a village in Puritan New England. The main character is Hester Prynne, a young woman who has borne a child out of wedlock. Hester believes herself a widow, but her husband, Roger Chillingworth, arrives in New England very much alive and conceals his identity. He finds his wife forced to wear the scarlet letter A on her dress as punishment for her adultery. After Hester refuses to name her lover, Chillingworth becomes obsessed with finding his identity. - When he learns that the man in question is Arthur Dimmesdale, a saintly young minister who is the leader of those exhorting her to name the child’s father, Chillingworth proceeds to torment him. Stricken by guilt, Dimmesdale becomes increasingly ill. Hester herself is revealed to be a self- reliant heroine who is never truly repentant for committing adultery with the minister; she feels that their act was consecrated by their deep love for each other. Although she is initially scorned, over time her compassion and dignity silence many of her critics. - In the end, Chillingworth is morally degraded by his monomaniacal pursuit of revenge. Dimmesdale is broken by his own sense of guilt, and he publicly confesses his adultery before dying in Hester’s arms. Only Hester can face the future bravely, as she prepares to begin a new life with her daughter, Pearl, in Europe. Years later Hester returns to New England, where she continues to wear the scarlet letter. After her death she is buried next to Dimmesdale, and their joint tombstone is inscribed with “ON A FIELD, SABLE, THE LETTER A, GULES.” Summary Chapter 2: - The crowd outside the prison grows restless waiting for Hester Prynne to appear. The faces in the crowd are grim, yet familiar, since Puritans gathered often to watch criminals be punished. The narrator says that the Puritans considered religion and law to be almost identical. b. Analysis Summary of chapter 2 Section 1: Hester is led out of the prison with a child in her arms and letter A on her dress.  Section 2: Standing on the scaffold, Hester encounters the merciless eyes from the crowd and the stern judgement of the Puritans. Section 3: To endure her time on the scaffold, Hester thinks about her youth spent in England and then realizes her harsh reality. Character: Hester - Hester is described beautifully and impressively. She is tall,” glossy black hair”,” deeply black eyes”, “perfect elegance on large scale and nice grace”. Specially, she is “lady-like dignity”. This beauty shows her identity. In spite of being a sinner, she is still a vibrant individual in front of community. She doesn’t show any expression of shame. Constantly, she is still impressive, show her pride and beauty. - About the action: She steps forward with a naughty smile, certain state, passed through the portion of her ordeal and desperate, recklessness of her mood. All prove that she is very strong, brave and fearless. She doesn’t fear anything because it is true love, she is willing to struggle in front of the public. - According to Calvimistic Dortrine: everyone has an elate sin since he was born/ only God salvation can save his soul. - According to Determinism: everyone has his own fate and people can’t escape from his fate. Question for Analysis: SECTION 1: (Từ đầu→line 45) 1. What is the nature of the Puritan laws as seen in the image of the town- beadle? Sword = staff of office: sovereignty of Puritan laws The town- beadle (thầy tư tế) like a black shadow emerging in to sunshine. Sovereignty Puritan laws ( quyền tối cao độc lập) Like: Simile “Grim and gristly’’: Rigid, cruel, threatening “With a sword by his side and a staff of fire in his hand” →He symbolizes the black shadow of the Puritan laws and religious authority, severe, rigid and inhuman. (Ông ta là hiện thân của một bóng đen của luật pháp Thanh giáo và thẩm quyền tôn giáo, nghiêm khắc, cứng nhắc và vô nhân đạo.)  →For the Puritan, sin is a deliberate violation against a religious principle. Thus, they view sin as a threat to community that should be punished and suppresented. (Đối với Thanh giáo, một tội nhân bị coi là mối đe dọa đối với cộng đồng cần bị trừng phạt và đàn áp để thanh lọc xã hội.) 2. How does Hester show natural dignity as she steps out of the prison? → She walks into the sunlight on her own in her natural dignity and by her free will. → She looks around the public with her unembarrassed glance.  She rejected the arms of the beadle, walking into the sunlight on her own, in her natural grace and dignity ➔She wants to show that she was not ashamed about what she did, she was not a sinner. 3. How does Hester receive letter A? → it is beautifully embroidered and decorated by herself. → it becomes a part of who she is and a sign of her secret love. → She makes it change from a symbol of sin and ignominy to a spell of her own identity. → Cô ấy làm cho nó thay đổi từ một biểu tượng của tội lỗi và dị thường thành một câu thần chú về danh tính của chính cô ấy.  By embroidering the letter, Hester transforms letter A as a badge of shame into a symbol of Individuality ➔ it means herself, her ability to protect her love, her ability struggle against the public. 4. What effect does the scarlet letter have on Hester? - Letter A has “ the effect of a spell” talking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity” and enclosing her in a “halo” of her own identity which could not be shamed due to its fantastic beauty and elegance.  It becomes an Armor protecting her from the public outrage and indignation. 5. What does letter A symbolize to Hester? → Letter A symbolizes Hester’s identity, beautiful, dignified trang nghiêm, and strong-minded. To Hester: Letter A is a symbol of Armour, Art, bearing her own identity. Letter A is also a symbol of her own identity or her self-protection. To Puritants: Letter A is a kind of prison grim punishment they put into Hester. To the town people: The scarlet letter A stands for a badge of ignomity and scorn. Adultery - badge of sin and ignominy sự nhục nhã. To Dimmesdale: Letter A is the Agony sự đau đớn cực độ of his hidden sin.  SECTION 2 1. What is the townspeople’s attitude towards Hester as a sinner? Compare with that of the public in your country to an adulteress. → Hester has to suffer the public scornful remarks, disgusting attitude, and merciless manner. → Hester phải hứng chịu những lời chê bai khinh bỉ, thái độ ghê tởm và tàn nhẫn của công chúng. 2. How terrible is the scaffold to the offender kẻ phạm tội? → It devilishly has the sinner’s face exposed for shame and for outrage in public. → Thật quỷ dị khi bộ mặt của tội nhân bị phơi bày vì xấu hổ và phẫn nộ trước công chúng. →It subjects Hester to constant humiliation and punishment. → Nó khiến Hester phải chịu sự sỉ nhục và trừng phạt liên tục. 3. The scaffold as a symbol To Hester: the scaffold symbolizes her forced public shame To the offender the most devilish effect of the scaffold is having the sinner’s face exposed for shame and for outrage in public. To public: the scaffold is symbol of sin and penitence. To the Puritant: the scaffold is a symbol of punishment. The Scaffold symbolize to the Puritant ➔ carry out the Puritants authority, it takes the role of the Supreme Court that punish the sinners. ➔ symbolizes stricts discipline and hypocrisy - To Dimmesdales: the scaffold stands for a place of his reconciliation. (hòa giải) SECTION 3: 1. Who is Hester compared with when she stands on the scaffold in front of the crowd? - Divine Maternity: Virgin Mary - a symbol of purity and virginity. 2. How does Hester react to defend herself? - She sustains herself to encounter the public contumely, and tries to hold her shriek of rage. 3. How does Hester endure her time on the scaffold? What and whom does she see in her reminiscence? - Hester avoids the harsh reality by withdrawing into her own mind, living with the recollections of her native village and her beloved relatives in England.  4. How does letter A give the ambivalence about Hester’s identity? - The letter splits her identity into a public self that the Puritans dominate and a private self she tries to control. 5. Pearl as a symbol - Pearl to Dim is the freedom of breaking the law. The girl is the symbol of his hidden sin and his Agony which tortures him day and night. - Pearl to the community is shame because she commit Adultery. A visible secret in Hester’s sin of adultery. Under their eyes, Pearl is God’s way of punishing Hester. - Hester sees Pearl as an embodiment of a living scarlet letter in the flesh, an Angel, a source of her survival and sanity. Themes 1. Sin and punishment - Hester Prynne is forced to undergo public punishment and ignomilny while Dimmesdale goes free due to his social status and influence. This is a strong criticism on the Puritan laws. 2. Public judgement and individual guilt - Public judgement on a person’s guilt tend to be under mass effect, especially when it is guided by a group of authority. 3. Feminine bravery - Hester identifies the scarlet letter as a symbol of her own dignity phẩm giá and character of which she is always well aware. Literary devices Elements Themes Sin, Knowledge, and the Human Condition The Nature of Evil Identity and Society Female Independence Guilt Nature vs Society Empathy Foreshadowing Dimmesdale as a weak character Hester’s eventual acceptance of the scarlet letter  Metaphors Convey the rebellious nature of Hester Prynne's presence outside of the prison. Imagery The light reflecting from Hester’s hair woman of sin but purity Letter A Black shadow town beadle from the prison Symbolize Holding Pearl in her arm The sin The Letter Darkness, therefore, is a symbol of the concealment of sin, and light becomes a symbol of truth and acceptance of guilt Allegory Symbolizes the views of the author on sin, guilt, and judgment in Puritanical New England. Irony Ironically, Hester Prynne, who is on the Puritan scaffold because she has committed the sin of adultery, While is Dim is escape from his guilt and people still acclamation him Hester transform letter A as a shame badge into a symbol of individuality A is Adultery. if people get the shame of adultery , they have to wear the letter A. Which is very shame and always want to hide it. But the way author describes very different such as in the fine red cloth, elaborate embroidery, fantastic flourishes of the gold thread. the way of describe letter A seem to be special in order to emphasize this is not a shame. because she bravely accept the letter A and the scorn of neighbor , so it is her individuality or her ability. A for the Puritan From the law of the puritan, wear the letter A as Adultery punishment.for people , the town people , when they see those whose wear the letter A, they automatically know that this guy get punishment and penal , It is like the shame of adultery. Scaffold as a symbol of sin and shame : puritan set the rule that sinners have to wear the letter a on their chest for the rest of their lives Scaffold is like a penal machine that those guilty receive their punishment at that place. Hester stood on that scaffold to receive the punishment for her adultery. Pearl as a symbol of : For hester, pearl is a result of true love , the motivation that help her overcome hard society , is also her pride and valuable as the name “ pearl” For Dimedale , It hidden sin.because only he know that where the adultery of hester come from. For community , pearl is result of the sine as well as shame  THE GIFT OF THE MAGI (1905) I. Author O. Henry (September 11, 1862- June 5, 1910) Was born under the name William Sydney Porter. American short-story writer whose tales romanticized the commonplace- in particular the life of ordinary people in New York City. He gathered ideas for his column by loitering in hotel lobbies and observing and talking to people there.→ technique he used in his writing career. He was sentenced to 5 years in prison. His works: -14 stories published under various pseudonyms (bút danh) - 381 short stories. - Some of his best and least known works are Cabbages and King (1904) and The Four Million (1906) - O. henry stories were considerably playful, and are also known for their witty narration and frequently have surprise endings. - Coincidence (sự trùng lặp) is something that O. Henry enjoyed using in his work along with the surprise endings. → kept the readers’ attention and kept the suspense (hồi hộp) up for the entire story. - The O. Henry Award is a prestigious (uy tín) annual prize named after Porter. II. Stories - Literary Lesson: Irony - Theme: +Love and sacrifice (sự hi sinh): a true love means giving rather receiving. Happiness means making the person you love happy. +Wise and foolish in love: love sometimes makes one become foolish. The wisest in love are those who know the value of self-giving love. +Role-playing +Love worth more than all of the material possessions money can buy. - Tone: sincere and loving. - Literary devices: +simile: “Jim stopped inside the door as immovable as a setter at the scent of a quail”. +metaphor: “The next 2 hours tripped by on rosy wings” +personification: “...her heart had simply craved and yearned over them without the least hope of possession” +imagery: “beautiful combs, pure tortoise shell, with jeweled rims”. +allusion: “...I have lamely related to you the uneventful chronicle of two foolish children in a flat who most unwisely sacrificed the greatest treasures of their house. They are the magi” +irony: the irony of the story is when Jim gave Della her present and they were combs for the hair that she had sold. +foreshadowing: an example of foreshadowing is when Della asked for Jim’s watch and he did not answer her, it led us to think he had sold the watch. +the symbol of the story is the Magi. - Character: both characters are the protagonist. There is no antagonist. - Main conflict: (external conflict) the main conflict of the story that Della and Jim each do not have money to buy presents so they both sell their prized possessions you get each other gifts, only to find out they bought each other gift that go with the items they sold. PLOT DEVELOPMENT Exposition Rising Action Climax Falling Action Resolution Della only has Della sells her hair Jim found out Della Della found out Jim The poor couple sold $1.87 to buy her to buy a chain for sold her hair to get sold his watch the greatest treasures husband a Christmas her husband Jim, to him a chain for his to buy her combs for in their house to give present match his watch watch her hair gift. They are the wise and she is for Christmas. magi heartbroken. - Analyzing: ❖ The tragic setting: 3. The effect of the opening of the story: - The story begins on Christmas Eve. - The repetition of “one dollar and 87 cents” → to emphasize Della’s problem: she did not have enough money to buy her husband a gift with 1 dollar and 87 cents. - The author create a false effect with ‘1 dollar and 87 cents” → ironic effect in important role of money. 4. Poor living condition that this young couple suffered: - “Shabby little couch” (chiếc ghế tồi tàn): this couple have to pass the extremely cold winter without mattress (nệm) bed. - “Furnished flat”: old, cheap furniture → they dit not have any property for their own. - “mendicancy squad”, “beggar description” - “letter-box which no letter would go” → they did not have money to buy stamp and envelop (bì thư) to send a letter. - Being paid $30 → $20: they had to cut off their expenditure. - $1,87 : she had by bulldozing (kỳ kèo) cent by cent every month. 5. Contradiction between their poverty in living conditions and richness in love: - When Jim came home, Della hug him warmly → show her love openly, warmly. - “attended to her cheeks with the power rag”: to hide her own problems →sensity, thoughtful - “fine and rare and sterling” (đẹp, hiếm và có giá trị) = something = Jim → metaphor: for her, Jim is considered as a treasure in her life, which is fine, rare and sterling. - The metaphor of the color gray in the sentence: “she stood by the window and looked out dully at a gray cat walking a gray fence in a gray backyard” → frustration, sadness, depression. ❖ The process of conflicts in Della: 1. “Her eyes were shinning brilliantly”: when she think of her plan to sell her hair in order to by gift for Jim. → Happy, excited. - “Her face had lost its color within twenty seconds”: she lost important thing with her (hair). 2. Two possession of this couple: - Jim’s gold watch - Della’s hair - “ had the queen of Sheba............ just to see him pluck at his beard from envy” → Hyperbole - She hurry to rush down to the street: + “on went” repeat x 2→ her hurrility + “fluttered out”: lao vội ra đường →if she hesitated (do dự) for a second, she would change her mind. - “$20”: before she always bulldoze but when she cut her hair, she did not bulldoze. →she did not want to last her regret and longer. ❖ Her feeling while looking for Jim’s present: - “rosy wings” →metaphor → her excitement - “It was like him” → simile: simple, value and quietness (thanh nhã và quý giá giống như anh vậy). - The platinum fob chain cost 21 dollars → she has 87 cents lelf. - She want to by a gift that deserve (xứng đáng) for him. ❖ The second conflict aroused in Della when she came home: - “if Jim does not kill me” → she afraid that she would be ugly in Jim’s eyes → reduce his love for her. - She was frightened when waiting Jim came home: “she turned white for just a moment”. - Jim is just 22 years old: he looked thin & serious. - His coat now is very old, raggy & shabby. - When came home, he was not welcome by his wife as usual (“Jim stopped inside.............................. on his face”). - The only expression of Jim: peculiar = unusual, expression on his face. →She felt guilty when selling her hair without asking Jim for permission → she became talkative. ❖ Jim’s foolishness: - Jim’s reaction to Della + “you’re cut off your hair?”: câu hỏi tu từ, ngờ vực - Jim looked for her hair → he is so foolish - Della wanted to emphasize that her hair can be sold out but her love for Jim is internal. ❖ The climax: - Jim sold his watch to get money to buy a gift for Della - The gift from each other turn out to be useless. “they are too nice to use just at present” → Irony  ❖ Solution - Della: wait for her hair long again. - Jim: save money to take the gold watch back to him. →Their passionate love enforces each character to make sacrifice that sacrifice makes each gift priceless. - The bittersweet ending: their gift would not have been useless if they had not give up their most treasure possessions. Theme and conflict a. What conflict the author facing at the beginning The conflict is that he can not decide which road will he take and that why he stand so long which mention in line “ long I stood, look down one as far as I could” to show the conflict in his decisions. b. What did traveller imply “ oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way lead on to way If he choose the 2nd road , which can be lead to further in this ways , if he has any trouble or problem, he can not return to the 1st road. “ oh” refrer to regret of author. c. What did traveller imply “ I shall be telling this with a sign “ he wasn't sure about the second road, which he has taken because he was the first ones who step in to discover it.. he didn't know whether his decision was right or wrong. If he fail then he will definitely want to go back to the 1st path. He is telling with a sigh, a sigh for the first path, implicitly expressing regret at not being able to return to the first path anymore. d. He is not sure about the 2nd because he is the first one who take this road. He don’t know whether this decision is right or wrong. If he fail, he will want to return to the 1st path. His concern in the sentence is expressed in a sigh, which expresses regret at not being able to return to the first path anymore. If he choose the second path, it is impossible to choose again, and sometimes in the process of discovering the second path, he will encounter obstacles, and then he will have the thought of returning to the first path. e. Difference he chose the path which is less traveled, emphasizing that he chose the second path. The difference with the others because he was the first to discover that road, the beginning was very challenge. differences related to the poet's life. because from the beginning he was very successful (owner of 5 farms) but he is very turn to another field that becoming a poet, it is very difficult and risky because this is a new field that he had not ever take part in. Making a difference because he don't want to follow the success of family's farming career, he choose a different field. f. The regrets for the 1st road because when he write this poem, he had reflected a lot of things, but he still choose this title for the poem. He regret, think about the 1st for such a long time , even for the rest of his life. This is mainly because this road is very successful and familiar , it connect to his life. Especially, whenever we have trouble or obstacles in life, we will remember what we didn’t choose. The poem theme: Every human being will have to face many choices in their life, they must decide for themselves, take responsibility and live for that choice.Oppotunity is equally provided, you have to decide yourself THE ROAD NOT TAKEN I. Author: ROBERT FROST (1874- 1963)  Was an American poet, whose personal life was plagued by grief and loss. His first book of poetry, A Boy’s Will, was published in 1913. In 1924, he won the first of four Pulitzer Prizes for the book New Hampshire Frost frequently wrote about settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. His poem show universal thoughts, and feeling which underline the picture so vividly sketched. One of America’s rare public literary figures, almost an artistic institution. II. Lesson: 1. Robert Frost And A Summary of The Road Not Taken "The Road Not Taken" is an ambiguous poem that allows the reader to think about choices in life, whether to go with the mainstream or go it alone. If life is a journey, this poem highlights those times in life when a decision has to be made. Which way will you go? The ambiguity springs from the question of free will versus determinism, whether the speaker in the poem consciously decides to take the road that is off the beaten track or only does so because he doesn't fancy the road with the bend in it. External factors therefore make up his mind for him. Robert Frost wrote this poem to highlight a trait of, and poke fun at, his friend Edward Thomas, an English- Welsh poet, who, when out walking with Frost in England would often regret not having taken a different path. Thomas would sigh over what they might have seen and done, and Frost thought this quaintly romantic. In other words, Frost's friend regretted not taking the road that might have offered the best opportunities, despite it being an unknown. Frost liked to tease and goad. He told Thomas: "No matter which road you take, you'll always sigh and wish you'd taken another." So it's ironic that Frost meant the poem to be light-hearted, but it turned out to be anything but. People take it very seriously.  It is the hallmark of the true poet to take such everyday realities, in this case, the sighs of a friend on a country walk, and transform them into something so much more. All of Robert Frost's poems can be found in this exceptional book, The Collected Poems, which I use for all my analyses. It contains all of his classics and more. It's the most comprehensive collection currently on offer. "The Road Not Taken" is all about what did not happen: This person, faced with an important conscious decision, chose the least popular, the path of most resistance. He was destined to go down one, regretted not being able to take both, so he sacrificed one for the other. Ultimately, the reader is left to make up their own mind about the emotional state of the speaker at the end. Was the choice of the road less travelled a positive one? It certainly made "all the difference," but Frost does not make it clear just what this difference is. 2. What Is the Main Theme of "The Road Not Taken?" The main theme of the "The Road Not Taken" is that it is often impossible to see where a life- altering decision will lead. Thus, one should make their decision swiftly and with confidence. It is normal to wonder what the outcome would have been if the other road, the road not taken, was the road chosen. But to contemplate this hypothetical deeply is folly, for it is impossible to say whether taking the other road would have been better or worse: all one can say is that it would have been different. 4. What Is the Central Message of "The Road Not Taken?" "The Road Not Taken" suddenly presents the speaker and the reader with a dilemma. There are two roads in an autumnal wood separating off, presumably the result of the one road splitting, and there's nothing else to do but to choose one of the roads and continue life's journey. The central message is that, in life, we are often presented with choices. When making a choice, one is required to make a decision. Viewing a choice as a fork in a path, it becomes clear that we must choose one direction or another, but not both. In "The Road Not Taken," Frost does not indicate whether the road he chose was the right one. Nonetheless, that is the way he is going now, and the place he ends up, for better or worse, was the result of his decision.  This poem is not about taking the road less travelled, about individuality or uniqueness. This poem is about the road taken, to be sure, as well the road not taken, not necessarily the road less traveled. Any person who has made a decisive choice will agree that it is human nature to contemplate the "What if..." had you made the choice you did not make. This pondering about the different life one may have lived had they done something differently is central to "The Road Not Taken." The speaker opts, at random, for the other road and, once on it, declares himself happy because it has more grass and not many folk have been down it. Anyway, he could always return one day and try the 'original' road again. Would that be possible? Perhaps not, life has a way of letting one thing leading to another until going backwards is just no longer an option. But who knows what the future holds down the road? The speaker implies that, when he's older he might look back at this turning point in his life, the morning he took the road less travelled, because taking that particular route completely altered his way of being. 5. What Is the Structure of "The Road Not Taken?" This poem consists of four stanzas, each five lines in length (a quatrain), with a mix of iambic and anapestic tetrameter, producing a steady rhythmical four beat first-person narrative. Most common speech is a combination of iambs and anapests, so Frost chose his lines to reflect this: Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both This simple looking poem, mostly monosyllabic, has a traditional rhyme scheme of ABAAB which helps keep the lines tight, whilst the use of enjambment (where one line runs into the next with no punctuation) keeps the sense flowing. The whole poem is an extended metaphor; the road is life, and it diverges, that is, splits apart– forks. There is a decision to be made and a life will be changed. Perhaps forever. 6. What Is the Mood and Tone of "The Road Not Taken?" Whilst this is a reflective, thoughtful poem, it's as if the speaker is caught in two minds. He's encountered a turning point. The situation is clear enough - take one path or the other, black or white - go ahead, do it. But life is rarely that simple. We're human, and our thinking processes are always on the go trying to work things out. You take the high road, I'll take the low road. Which is best?  So, the tone is meditative. As this person stands looking at the two options, he is weighing the pros and cons in a quiet, studied manner. The situation demands a serious approach, for who knows what the outcome will be? All the speaker knows is that he prefers the road less travelled, perhaps because he enjoys solitude and believes that to be important. Whatever the reason, once committed, he'll more than likely never look back. On reflection, however, taking the road "because it was grassy and wanted wear" has made all the difference, all the difference in the world. 7. What Are the Poetic Devices Used in "The Road Not Taken?" In "The Road Not Taken," Frost primarily makes use of metaphor. Other poetic devices include the rhythm in which he wrote the poem, but these aspects are covered in the section on structure. a. What Is the Figurative Meaning of "The Road Not Taken?" Frost uses the road as a metaphor for life: he portrays our lives as a path we are walking along toward an undetermined destination. Then, the poet reaches a fork in the road. The fork is a metaphor for a life-altering choice in which a compromise is not possible. The traveler must go one way, or the other. The descriptions of each road (one bends under the undergrowth, and the other is "just as fair") indicates to the reader that, when making a life-altering decision, it is impossible to see where that decision will lead. At the moment of decision-making, both roads present themselves equally, thus the choice of which to go down is, essentially, a tossup–a game of chance. The metaphor is activated. Life offers two choices, both are valid but the outcomes could be vastly different, existentially speaking. Which road to take? The speaker is in two minds. He wants to travel both, and is "sorry" he cannot, but this is physically impossible. b. What Is the Literal Meaning of "The Road Not Taken?" Literally, "The Road Not Taken" tells the story of a man who reaches a fork in the road, and randomly chooses to take one and not the other. c. What Is the Symbolism of "The Road Not Taken?" The road, itself, symbolizes the journey of life, and the image of a road forking off into two paths symbolizes a choice. As for color, Frost describes the forest as a "yellow wood." Yellow can be considered a  middle color, something in-between and unsure of itself. This sets the mood of indecision that characterizes the language of the poem. Frost also mentions the color black in the lines: And both the morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Clearly, this is to emphasize that both roads appeared untouched, not having been tarnished by the foot of a previous traveler. The poet is the first to encounter this dilemma. d. What Is the Point of View of "The Road Not Taken?" The point of view is of the traveler, who, walking along a single path, encounters a fork in the road and stops to contemplate which path he should follow. 8. How Do the Two Roads Differ in "The Road Not Taken?" The two roads in "The Road Not Taken" hardly differ. The first road is described as bending into the undergrowth. The second road is described as "just as fair," though it was "grassy and wanted wear." At this, it seems the second road is overgrown and less travelled, but then the poet writes: Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no steps had trodden black. So, again, the roads are equalized. Yet, as if to confuse the reader, Frost writes in the final stanza: I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. With that, we are left to wonder how Frost knew the road he took was the one less traveled by. But Frost likely left this ambiguity on purpose so that the reader would not focus so much on condition of the road, and, instead, focus on the fact that he chose a road (any road, whether it was that which was less traveled by or not), and that, as a result, he has seen a change in his life. Insight Discussion  + Why did the Hudson River and Catskill Mountains remain unchanged despite the flow of time? Hudson River and Catskill Mountain is geographical location which can not change by time and represent for the location of the village. It means that despite a lot of change after revolution ( population, living standard..)but the culture and tradition stand still and we have to preserve them The links between the past and the present because those thing changed but based on evidence we can realize the past + What did Rip lose and gain Lose : Lose his young age , he feel lonely when return home Gain : Gain freedom and feel happiness after revolution The winning of America , he now a free citizen of American His wife die , he got rid of her domination and it mean that the American get rid of Matriarchy + How did Rip adapt himself Resumed his old walk and habits. he want identified and confirm the identity after a lot of change Making friend among rising generation , because all of his old friend was died in the war Got freedom by his wife domination. Told story to stranger that he witnessed the war + America value from Rip Flexible -> turn the sadness into happiness, advantages Individuality -> Overcome the obstacles himself Adaptability -> Easy to intergrate in a new context, new generation THE SCARLET LETTER A Discussion 1. Attitude of the town people toward Hester as a sinner By the detail of mocking Hester at the market place, which show the harshness and comtempt of the town people toward her. Because the market is the crowded place, where contain all ages from young child to the elderly. In the line 55 also show off the disdain of the town people toward her sins. 2 vs 5. Appearance : The way of describing letter A very special : 4. fertility connect with the letter A In term of romantism Because fertility is the source of life as compare with pearl, which is her true love, her motivation.. Letter A vs Pearl also her pride and beautiful. It like the image Hester hold Pearl in her arms. In dark side, Letter A vs Pearl are related to adultery. 6. Hester compared as Divine Maternity The image of Hester holding Pearl in her arms and standing on a scaffold to receive punishment, emphasizes the image of sinless motherhood. In order to affirm the right to be a mother of Hester, motherhood is not guilty, she is willing to protect her child. Motherhood is not a sin and the child born is not guilty. Narrator show the respect for the action of Hester by holding infant bravely to protect them by the bad words of the town people 7.What hester use as a shield against the puritan judgment She endures all the insults and contemptuous glances from everyone because if she resists, it means what the people of the town want to see. She thought of the past as a way to free herself. But those pasts are gone and only the child and the humiliation remain. 1. Theme and conflict g. What conflict the author facing at the beginning The conflict is that he can not decide which road will he take and that why he stand so long which mention in line “ long I stood, look down one as far as I could” to show the conflict in his decisions. h. What did traveller imply “ oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way lead on to way If he choose the 2nd road , which can be lead to further in this ways , if he has any trouble or problem, he can not return to the 1st road. “ oh” refrer to regret of author. i. What did traveller imply “ I shall be telling this with a sign “ he wasn't sure about the second road, which he has taken because he was the first ones who step in to discover it.. he didn't know whether his decision was right or wrong. If he fail then he will definitely want to go back to the 1st path. He is telling with a sigh, a sigh for the first path, implicitly expressing regret at not being able to return to the first path anymore. j. He is not sure about the 2nd because he is the first one who take this road. He don’t know whether this decision is right or wrong. If he fail, he will want to return to the 1st path. His concern in the sentence is expressed in a sigh, which expresses regret at not being able to return to the first path anymore. If he choose the second path, it is impossible to choose again, and sometimes in the process of discovering the second path, he will encounter obstacles, and then he will have the thought of returning to the first path. k. Difference he chose the path which is less traveled, emphasizing that he chose the second path. The difference with the others because he was the first to discover that road, the beginning was very challenge. differences related to the poet's life. because from the beginning he was very successful (owner of 5 farms) but he is very turn to another field that becoming a poet, it is very difficult and risky because this is a new field that he had not ever take part in. Making a difference because he don't want to follow the success of family's farming career, he choose a different field. l. The regrets for the 1st road because when he write this poem, he had reflected a lot of things, but he still choose this title for the poem. He regret, think about the 1st for such a long time , even for the rest of his life. This is mainly because this road is very successful and familiar , it connect to his life. Especially, whenever we have trouble or obstacles in life, we will remember what we didn’t choose. The poem theme: Every human being will have to face many choices in their life, they must decide for themselves, take responsibility and live for that choice.Oppotunity is equally provided, you have to decide yourself IP VAN WINKLE Washington Irving + 1819 + American short story writer + Rip Van Winkle includes a lot of imagery, humor , and satire (hình ảnh, hài hước và châm biếm) + From german or dutch folkfore. + It reflects the tension between traditional rural communities and the emerging modern urban society, as well as the nostalgia for a simpler past that was perceived to be lost in the face of rapid modernization and industrialization. ( Nó phản ánh sự căng thẳng giữa các cộng đồng nông thôn truyền thống và xã hội đô thị hiện đại mới nổi, cũng như nỗi nhớ về một quá khứ đơn giản hơn được cho là đã mất đi trước sự hiện đại hóa và công nghiệp hóa nhanh chóng.) E TIDE Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ES, THE +1842 E FALLS + Longfellow wrote many lyric poems known for their musicality + many form including hexameter and free verse + The poem is often interpreted as a meditation on the transience of human life and the cycle of death and rebirth.( Bài thơ thường được hiểu là một bài thiền về sự ngắn ngủi của cuộc đời con người và vòng luân hồi của cái chết và sự tái sinh.) Meaning: The poem is often interpreted as a meditation on the transience of human life and the cycle of death and rebirth. The rising and falling tide represent the cycles of life, where everything must eventually pass away, including human life. The poem suggests that the tide will continue to rise and fall, long after the poet and the reader have passed away, expressing a sense of awe and humility in the face of an eternal natural process. Another interpretation of the poem is that it is a reflection on the idea of the journey of life, with the tide representing the passage of time. The poem suggests that the traveler has left the beach at low tide and will not return, symbolizing the inevitability of change in life.( Bài thơ thường được hiểu là một bài thiền về sự ngắn ngủi của cuộc đời con người và vòng luân hồi của cái chết và sự tái sinh. Thủy triều lên xuống tượng trưng cho chu kỳ của cuộc sống, nơi mà mọi thứ cuối cùng phải qua đi, bao gồm cả cuộc sống của con người. Bài thơ gợi ý rằng thủy triều sẽ tiếp tục lên xuống, rất lâu sau khi nhà thơ và người đọc đã qua đời, thể hiện cảm giác kính sợ và khiêm tốn trước một quá trình tự nhiên vĩnh cửu. Một cách giải thích khác về bài thơ là nó phản ánh ý tưởng về hành trình của cuộc đời, với thủy triều đại diện cho thời gian trôi qua. Bài thơ gợi ý rằng lữ khách đã rời bãi biển khi thủy triều xuống và sẽ không quay trở lại, tượng trưng cho sự thay đổi tất yếu của cuộc đời.) +The topic of "The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls" is the cyclical nature of life and the transience of human existence in relation to the eternal forces of the natural world, specifically the tides. The poem explores the idea that no matter how important our lives may seem, the natural world continues on, indifferent to human existence and mortality. Longfellow uses imagery of the ocean tides rising and falling to symbolize the passage of time, with the tides serving as a representation of the cyclical nature of life. The beach in which this is set represents the human world and the traveler symbolizes a single person in this world. The traveler leaves the beach, but the tides continue to rise and fall, indicating that time marches on without regard for human actions or emotions. (Chủ đề của "Thủy triều lên, thủy triều xuống" là bản chất chu kỳ của cuộc sống và sự tồn tại nhất thời của con người trong mối quan hệ với các lực lượng vĩnh cửu của thế giới tự nhiên, cụ thể là thủy triều. Bài thơ khám phá ý tưởng rằng bất kể cuộc sống của chúng ta có quan trọng đến đâu, thế giới tự nhiên vẫn tiếp tục, không quan tâm đến sự tồn tại và cái chết của con người.  Longfellow sử dụng hình ảnh thủy triều lên xuống đại dương để tượng trưng cho thời gian trôi qua, trong đó thủy triều là đại diện cho tính chất chu kỳ của cuộc sống. Bãi biển trong bối cảnh này tượng trưng cho thế giới con người và người du hành tượng trưng cho một người duy nhất trên thế giới này. Du khách rời bãi biển, nhưng thủy triều vẫn tiếp tục lên xuống, cho thấy rằng thời gian cứ trôi đi mà không quan tâm đến hành động hay cảm xúc của con người.) TRẮC NGHIỆM Unit 1: Rip Van Winkle (Washington Irving) 1. What was Rip Van Winkle's one personality flaw? A. He couldn't relax B. He couldn't carry on a conversation with anyone C. He was mean to his wife D. He would help everyone else before attending to his own business 2. What happened to Dame van Winkle after Rip’s disappearance A. She moved from the area to start a new life B. He declared him dead and remarried C. She died D. She divorced him 3. What was the first difference that Rip noticed when he approached the village after his nap? A. His house is abandoned B. The inn has changed names C. He doesn't recognize people and the people are dressed differently D. There are more houses than before he slep 4. Washington Irving's The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon Gent includes 6 chapters reflecting German and English subjects False 5. When Rip returned, he saw a flag with stars and stripes on it. He had never seen any thing like it because … A. It’s an American flag and there was no United States of America when he fell asleep B. He was always too busy goofing off to take notice of his surroundings C. Flags were invented while he was sleeping D. England changed its flag while he was sleeping 6. What were the strangers playing when Rip Van Winkle first saw them in the amphitheatre? A. Darts B. Ninepins C. Baseball D. Football 7. What are Rip and Dame Van Winkle’s children like at the beginning of the story? A. Kind and gentle B. Ragged and wild C. Quiet and shy D. Smart and snobbish 8. Dame Van Winkle can best be described as A. Domineering B. Passionate C. Indifferent D. Shy 9. One night that Rip spent for his sleep in the mountain means 20 years of the American Revolution True 10. What happened to Rip at the end of the story? A. He built a cabin for himself and his dog high up in the mountains B. He returned to his home to live out the rest of his life as before C. He moved into the hotel and became a partner in the business D. He moved in with his daughter and her husband 11. What made Rip Van Winkle fall asleep in the mountain? A. He had put in a hard day’s work B. He had hunted hard all day C. He had hit his head while hunting D. He had sampled the strangers’ liquor 12. Irving is largely credited as the first American man of … Letters 13. Which type of figurative language is used in the following line? “He said the sound of their balls was like distant peals of thunder” Simile 14. Which quality is not used to describe Rip? A. Simple B. Arrogant C. Hen-pecked D. Good-natured 15. When Rip saw the first stranger, what he was the stranger carrying? A. A gun B. A knife C. A barriel D. A swong 16. Irving set his stories in the United States and his stories were based on German legends or folklore True 17. Most of Washington Irving’s work includes a lot of imagery, satire and … Humor 18. When Rip awoke after a sleep, his gun was missing and he couldn’t find it False 19. What was the condition of Rip Van Winkle’s farm? A. He had bought his neighbor’s farm to double the size of acreage B. It was falling apart and not much grows on it any more C. It was the most prosperous in the area D. He grew more crops than any other farmer in the area. 20. The group of people who had settled in Hudson valley region were English men False  Unit 2: The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow) Question 1.What literary device is used in this line? My love is like a red rose A. simile B. metaphor C. comparison Question 2.What is the literary device used in the bold words in this sentence? “He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the clack on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling.” A. onomatopoeia B. imagery C. personification Question 3.What rhyme scheme can you find out in this example? Upon a nice mid-spring day, Let's take a look at Nature's way. Breathe the scent of nice fresh air, Feel the breeze within your hair. The grass will poke between your toes, Smell the flowers with your nose. Clouds form shapes within the skies, And light will glisten from your eyes A. ABABCDCD B. ABABCCDD C. AABBCCDD Question 4. The theme is included in the expostion of the story. False Question 5. The little waves, with their soft, white hands A. hyperbole B. paradox C. personification Question 6. Which literary device is used to make a strong impression or make an emphasis on what the writer or the poet wants to talk about in extravagant statements? A. repetition B. hyperbole C. alliteration Question 7. Both Tone and Mood involve feelings of the poet, which are often revealed in each poem. True Question 8. The Climax is the moment when the readers feel most excited and curious about the solution to the conflicts in the story True Question 9. The narrator in the story is always the writer. False Question 10. What meter of this stanza? That I did always love I bring thee Proof That till I loved I never lived-Enough- A. iambic trimeter B. iambic dimeter + iambic trimeter C. iambic dimater Unit 3: Hope is the thing with feathers (Emily Dickinson) 1. In spite of her fame, only few of her poem were published when she was alive.. True. False 0. Her poems include some unconventional poetic rules of the time.. True. False 0. In the lines Yet − never − in Extremity, It asked a crumb − of Me. Extremity" in the poem means _____.. a far-away place. a comfortable environment. severe hardship 0. Emily has relationships with many people around her. True. False 0. What word can be used to fill in the blank in this sentence? In general, Emily has become widely acknowledged as an ………… poet when she has changes in the forms of poetry. innovative 0. What is the extended metaphor in this poem?. Hope is compared to a bird. A tune is compared to the soul. Feathers are compared to a bird 0. A lot of Emily’s poems were discovered by her sister after her death. True. False 0. Her poems always have regular meters. True. False 0. And sweetest − in the Gale − is heard− And sore must be the storm− That (1) could abash the little Bird That (2) kept so many warm "That" (1) replaces the word:....... and "That" (2) replaces the word:..... the storm; (2) the little Bird 0. Emily was famous during her lifetime. True. False 0. What do her poems typically lack? titles 0. What is unconventional in her poems besides unconventional punctuation? capitalization 0. The poet uses the word “gale” and “storm” as metaphors. What might these words represent?. bad weather. time of success and growth. hardship 0. What are the typical themes in many of her poems? death and...... immortality 0. In the lines: Yet − never − in Extremity, It asked a crumb − of Me. "It" refers to Hope.. True. False Unit 4: The Scarlet Letter (Nathaniel Hawthorne) 1. How does Arthur Dimmesdale die?. He falls dead from the scaffold. He is killed by Roger Chillingworth. He dies kissing Pearl. He dies running away with Hester 0. The themes in many of Nathaniel’ works are often related to … of humanity sin 0. Which of the following symbols represents Hester’s sexual sin?. Hester’s sewing skill. The Scarlet Letter. Dimmesdale’s book. Hester’s long flowing hair 0. What does Dimmesdale do before he dies?. He holds Pearl and Hester. He still keeps his secret.. He confesses publicly. He smiles happily 0. To the public, the scaffold is the symbol of …. the Puritan law. punishment and humiliation. sin and shame. confession 0. One of the typical literary techniques used in Hawthorne is symbolism. True. False 0. Which of the following does not take place in The Scarlet Letter?. Chillingworth tortures Dimmesdale. Dimmesdale is becoming sick. Hester gives a birth to a daughter. Hester and Dimmesdale run away to a better place 0. Which character committed sexual sin with Hester Prynne?. Arthur Dimmesdale. Roger Chillingworth. Governor Bellingham 0. Hester is always strong enough to encounter the merciless comments of the townspeople.. True. False 0. How do Hester and Dimmesdale plan to escape their suffering?. By committing suicide. By killing Chillingtown. By going live with the Native Americans. By boarding a ship bound for Europe 0. Which of the following does not die over the course of the novel?. Arthur Dimmesdale. Roger Chillingworth. Hester Prynne. Pearl 0. How does Hester wear her scarlet letter?. With sorrow. With happiness. With shame. With pride and defiance 0. How does Chillingworth figure out who Pearl’s father really is?. Hester tells him one day in the woods. he never finds out. Chillingworth becomes Dimmesdale’s doctor and guesses his secret. Dimmesdale tells him 0. Man