Aman_Sir_English_Grammar_printable_Book_by_StarBhai (1).txt

CLASS NOTES GRAMMAR --- For All Competitive Exams. \_ SSC/BANK /CDS INDA etc 1 | | | | o Agar book mein kol major dikkat nahi ho toh please | book ko return na karein kyunki bhale hi Amazon, etc i. pr delivery apke llye free show ki jaati hai lekin t obviously seller ko yani mujhe amazon etc ko har Tl order ki delivery fees deni hoti hai. Agar aap book \| ' rakhte hain to one way delivery charges (approx Rs I | 80) dene hote hain or return karte hain to 2 way ; | delivery charges (Rs 160) dene padte hain. \\ Unnecessary returns se bhut jada loss hota hai. lrl | | | © Maine iss book ko bnane mein bhut time and efforts I | 1 Igaye hain isliye agar aap book ke contents se \| | satisfied hain to Amazon pe book ka positive review tA. jarur post karein. NN SC or --- nee SS a ee --- et 2 SS eS ees SS I NE Se eens ome ------ = eau or INDEX NC ra S.NO TOPIC PAGE NUMBER \\ G 1 Basics 1-35 If I 2 Pronoun 36-85 \] jl 3 Adjective 86-115 \| i 4 Main Verb 116-132 \| I 5 Modals 133-142 Tl i 6 Noun 143-162 \| 7 Adverb+Inversion+ 163-189 \| Present Subjunctive Mood \| I 8 Article 190-201 \| 9 Subject Verb Agreement 202-216 \| HF 40 Tense 217-241 \| ! 11 Conjunction 242-253 \| ! 12 Preposition 254-280 \| ! 13 Advance Verb 281-300 \| 44 Question Tag 301-307 \| I 45 Superfluous 308-314 \| 46 Conditionals 315-321 \| 47 Voice 322-338 \| ; 18 Narration 339-347 \| | \|\| 2 Copyright © AVSEC CLASSES LLP \| T \| Note :- The copyright of this book belongs solely with AVSEC T \| CLASSES LLP. Copying this book or any part of the book will be punishable under the copyright act 2012. No part of the \| \| book may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any \| \| means like electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or Tl otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval systems without \| \\ the prior permission of the AVSEC CLASSES LLP. All } disputes subject will be proceeded in Jaipur Jurisdiction only. yp S Y sy ee Seana --- ee ee 3 Basics CHAPTER PARTS OF SPEECH Nouns ---\_--------- e A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or, idea. "Acts as subject / object" E.g. Mohan bought a book. NY NY NY, V Sub(N) Verb Article objCN) Explanation: - Iss sentence mein Noun hai, kyunki ye ek person ka naam hai Aur Book \| bhi Noun hai kyunki yeh ek thing ka naam hai. Pronoun: e --- & pronoun is a word used in place of a Noun. E.g. He bought a book, Vv NY; NV; Sub verb objCN) Explanation:- Iss sentence mein \| He \| ek pronoun hai kyunki, yeh ek Noun ki jagah aaya. hai; aur \| Book \| ek Noun hai jo ki ek thing ka naam hai. ! Bought} Action ko represent kar raha hai and iske 1, II, 111 form bhi hote hai, isliye yeh ek Verb hai. Verb: e A verb expresses action or being. E.g. Rahul stole a\_ ring. NY Vv NY Sub verb Article Obj CN) Explanation: - Iss sentence mein stole, ek verb hai kyunki yeh action ko represent kar rahi ek noun hai kyunki yeh ek name of person hai. \| noun/pronoun hi bante hai. Adjective: e An adjective gualifies a noun or pronoun. E.g. Mohan bought a big house. Vv VY wv Sub verb Adj obj CN) eee AMAN SIR ENGLISH a 4 Explanation: - Iss sentene mein \|Big \|, adjective hai kyunki yeh NounCHouse) ko guali! f 7\~. 5 vaha hai ya isko describe kar raha hai. Mohan) subject hai kyunki bought, verb ka bee antj hai. \| Bought, verb hai kyunki wahi action ko represent kar rahi hai aur iske 1, 11, 1! for, ; , object hai kyunki action ka effect usi par pad rha hai. hi hote hai. \| House, Adverb: 2 An adverb qualifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. E.g. Rohan walks slowly. Vv Vv N7 Sub verb Adverb Explanation: - Iss sentence mein \|slowly, ek adverb hai kyunki wo verb '(walk)' ko qualify yq subject hai kyunki Action verb 'walk', ka doer wahi hai. describe kar rahi hai. \| Rohan, Note: - Jab action ya verb ka transfer hoga tab object aayega sentence mein. Agar action transfer nahi hoga toh object nahi aayega. Conjunction: A conjunction joins words, phrases or clauses. E.g. Ram and Shyam are playing cricket. Vv vv N7 N7 NZ Sub conj Sub(N) HV MV object (N) Explanation: - Iss sentene mein \|And, ek conjuction hai kyunki wahi Ram aur shyam ko jodne Ram and Shyam \|, dono subject ka kaam kar rahe hai kyunki and; ka kaam kar raha hai. conjunction ne unhe join kar rakha hai. Preposition: Relates a Noun or pronoun with other words of the sentence. Or A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence. Function of preposition: - e Sentence mein new information add karne ke liye jode jane wale Noun ya Pronoun ko connect karna. Eg. \| saw Rajesh in a Park. Vv N7 VY wv Sub V Object pre. Noun(Pre.O) L\_\_t Explanation: - Iss sentene mein: ek preposition hai kyunki wahi other words of sentence CA park) ko N. ka object s, oun (Rajesh) se relate karne ka kaam kar raha hai. And \[Park, preposition Cin) anne ka kaam kar raha hai yaani wahi preposition \_ka object hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH lau 2 5 bought a ' stall yesterday. Se Sr esse ssussensnsnenns E.9. stnancanaeeeneerererenne NY CommonC(Nn) Eex}x planations \~ According 9 to fo sesnenssee of sentence football yahan par 'common Noun' banega, E.g. Elephant is my favorite animal, VY Proper CN) Explanation: - Iss sentence mein elephant 'proper noun' hai kyunki yahan ise specific kiya jaa rha hai. E.9. \| saw an elephant yesterday, NY Common(N) Explanation: - According to sense of sentence 'elephant' yahan par 'common noun' hai. How to find error by using types of Nouns A slice of /piece ofV E.9. Mohan had eaten only \| one lx bread before he went to office. Explanation: - Yahan 'Bread' ek 'material noun' hai Jo ki uncountable category mein aata hai isliye one ki jagah 'a slice of or 'a piece of ka use karenge. Uncountable Noun ke liye one, two, three, five etc, jaise word nahi use kiye jaate hai.. Despite several hardships, He did not leave the path of \| An « Honesty, Explanation: - Yahan 'an' nahi ayega kyunki, honesty abstract noun hai Jo ki uncountable ki category mein jayega toh iske liye countable word (One, A, An, Two, Five etc.) use nahi kiye Ja sakte hai, Function of Noun:- It can be a subject/object/prepositional object/subject complement/object complement. E.g. Rohan broke a chair. V NY NY Sub(N) verb object(N) Vv V Proper common Explanation: - Iss sentence mein Rohan ek Noun hai jo ki subject banne ka kaam kar raha hai. Chair bhi ek Noun hai jo ki object banne ka kaam kar raha hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH Is 6 interjection: j An interjection is a word used to express emotions or feelings EQ. Hurray! We Won the Match. V Vv VV Inter}. sub Verb object CN) Explanation: - Iss sentence mein \|Hurray, Interjection hai kyunki wahi sentence mein 'joy' wali feeling ya emotion ko express kar raha hai. subject hai kyunki wahi Action verb (won), ka doer hai. \| Match) object hai kyunki Action verb\_Cwon) ka effect usi par pda hai. Types of Noun Proper Noun: --- Names of people, Books, places or organizations are proper Noun, Note: - Proper nouns always starts with a capital letter. Eg. Ram, Delhi, Bible, Taj Mahal, etc. 2. Common Noun:- According to Cambridge dictionary, A common is defined as 'A Noun that is the name of a group of similar things, such as "Table" or "Book" and not of a single person, place or thing'. \* a Eg. Student, City, Book, Monument etc. 3. Collective Noun: - Collective nouns are nouns used to describe a group of people, Animals, Or things as one unit. Eg. Team, Jury, Gang, Bevy, A gaggles of geese, A troop of monkeys, A band of monkeys, A band of musicians, A crew, & family etc. 4. Material Noun: --- A material Noun denotes the matter or substances of which things are produced or made. It is also called Eg: Iron, copper, sand, milk, water etc. S. Abstract noun: - Abstract nouns are naming words that you cannot see, smell, touch or perceive by any of your five senses. Eg. Honesty, Bravery, Love, Hate, etc. Common Noun and Collective Noun: - Countable Noun Proper, Material and Abstract Noun: - Uncountable Noun NOTE: - Noun ke types ko differentiate karne ke liye pehle dekhenge ki wo countable hai ya uncountable hai. If, Countable ---» Common ya collective noun hoga. Uncountable ---» Material Noun ya Abstract Noun ya proper Noun hoga. AMAN SIR ENGLISH ml 7 =\> Tea--- Material Noun ei. Explanation: - Tea, material noun hoga kyunki ise count nahi kiya jaa sakta bh ee a nai, ko count karte hai jaise \| cup tea, S cup tea etc. na ki tea ko count karte hai \*, Hum log Cur Chair ---» Common Noun Explanation: - Chair ko count kiya ja sakta hai isliye yeh common Noun hoga. Aur ch et Ur chair top kisi collection ka naam hai nahi J jo collective noun banneegga9ag. , Toh Toh ' ; chair' ? common noun hi ba nega, Ink ---» Material Noun Explanation: - 'Ink' Material Noun hoga kyunki yeh ek liquid hai aur isko count bhi nahi \" 1YQ jaa sakta hai, Toh 'ink' material Noun hoga. Song --- Common Noun Explanation: - 'Song' common noun hoga kyunki isko count kiya ja sakta hai Music --- Abstract Noun Explanation:- 'Music' Abstract Noun hoga kyunki isko count nahi kiya jaa sakta hai only feel kiya jaa sakta hai toh yeh 'Abstract Noun' ke under aayega. Air --- Material Noun Explanation:- Air ka volume cm\* mein measure kiya Jaa sakta hai. Iski existence bhi hai toh yeh 'material Noun' hai. Star --- Common Noun Explanation: - 'Star' common noun hoga kyunki isko count kiya jaa sakta hai. Football ---» Common/proper Noun - According to sense of sentence 'football' can be both common and proper xplanation: noun. Elephant ---\> Common/proper Noun - According to sense of sentence 'elephant' can be both common and proper Explanation: noun. Note: - kisi noun ko plural banakar usko collective noun nahi banaya ja sakta hai, collective noun banane ke liye ek new word dena hoga. For example- Common Common Collective Player (SL) Players (PL) Team (New word) Judge CSL) Judges (PL) Jury (New word) E.9. Football is my favorite game. NY Proper CN) 2 E. xpl} anatioFy n: ---\_---s--- Accordin. g to sense of sentence football yahan par 'proper Noun' ban raha hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH 8 shed kunal. E.g. The teacher puni V sub(N) \_ verb object(N) Vv proper Common Explanation: - Iss sentence mein teacher ek common noun hai jo ki subject banne ky aay,. kar raha hai a ur Kunal ek proper noun hai jo ki object banne ka kaam kar raha hai. var 'Bia (what) aur kisko Cwhom), se question karne par jo answer aaye y, Hint: » r) ------ bbject hoga. - It relates a noun/pronoun with other words of the sentence Eunction of preposition: It is used to add additional information in a sentence. E.g. Ajay plays cricket with kunal. Vv vv Vv sub Verb Object pre. Noun (Pre.O) Vv NY L\_\_f Proper Proper Explanation: - Iss sentence mein 'with' preposition, Noun (Kunal) ko other part of sentence se relate karne ka kaam kar rahi hai. E.g. Ajay plays cricket with kunal in the Park. Vv N7 N7 Pre P.OCN) Pre ---P.OCN)-\> proper N7 Proper Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 2 prepositions aayi hai aur dono ke object alag-alag hain With' preposition Noun Ckunal) ko other parts of sentence se relate kar rahi and 'iv' preposition noun (Park) ko other part Ckunal) se. aPronnoounu:n : ---- It i; s used i; n place of noun. It can be a subject/object/prepositional object/subject complement/ object complement etc. in a sentence. Eg. Aman bought a bag for Aarti. NV; NY ZN NV S riick verb o. bj pre p.o(N)-\> proper noun Proper(N) Common CN) AMAN SIR ENGLISH 9 Eg.He bought it for her. NN EN AS Ng Sub verb obj pre P.O Ay NY V Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Explanation:- Iss sentence mein \| He, it and Her teeno pronoun hain kyunki ye Noun (Aman, Bag and Aarti) ki jagah use kiye gaye hain. wie? Subjection complement:-A subject complement is a word or phrase that appears after a linking verb in a sentence and is closely related to the sentence 'subject? ---\> Identifying, Defining or describing it. «i? Function of Subject complement: - A subject complement's job, along with a linking verb, is to clarify the subject of a sentence. E.g. Aman is singing a song. Vv Vv v Sub(N) HV MV object(N) Vv V Proper Common Explanation: - Iss sentence mein linking verb nahi hai toh subject complement bhi nahi aayega. E.g. Rohan was a Doctor. Vv Vv. VV. sub(N) LV subject complementCN) v Vv Proper common. Explanation: - Iss sentence mein Doctor, subject complement. hai kyunki ye linking verb: ke baad aaya hai aur subject (Rohan) ko identify kar raha hai. Note: - 'Linking verb' mein Action nahi hoti hai. Eg. Aman is a Teacher. Vv Vv Sub LV subject complement Vv Proper Explanation:- Iss sentence mein teacher, ek subject complement ka kaam kar raha hai kyunki ---------------------) ye linking verb ke baad aaya hai aur subject ko identify/describe kar raha hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH "Ea 10 ee Extra hints r= = Agar "Be" form of verb ke baad M.V ho toh uss samay "Be" H.V. hogi, = Agar "Be" form of verb ke baad MV nahi ho toh uss samay "Be" M.V. ya Linking vers --- Jab "Be" forms HV ho toh tense identify karne mein help milegi. hogy = Jab "Be" MV hota hai to uss samay action nahi hota hai aur wo kisi ke bare meiy a May deta hai. For example- He is a teacher. NY M.V/L.V Explanation:- Iss sentence mein "Be" MV ya L.V hai toh wo 'He' ke bare mein jankari 4 : raha hai, Aur koi Action nahi ho raha hai. V; V2 V; Vel Viting = Vs /Vimein s/es Go went Gone Going Goes Eat te Eaten Eating Eats V, ko base form of verbs bhi kehte hai. Eg. He is/was/will be playing cricket with us. VV NY NY VY v Sub MV obj(N) Pre. P.O ay uF --- \| Pronoun proper Explanation:- Iss sentence mein "Be" H.V hai to tense ko identify easily kiya jaa sakta hai, Adjective: --- An Adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun or pronoun Or It qualifies a noun or pronoun. E.g. Mohan wrote a romantic letter to shalini. VY V VV Vv wv Sub verb Adjective obj pre P.OCN) NY NY Common proper eapiaianio - Iss sentence mein letter CNoun) ko qualify karne ke liye romantic word aaya hai isliye yeh ek adjective ka kaam kar raha hai. E.g. Rajni sold an old car to Ramesh. vou VVUVa e nsvv,\ Sub verb faj obj pre P.OCN) VV A Proper Common Proper AMAN SIR ENGLISH 11 Explanation:- Iss sentence mein car (Noun) ko qualify karne ke liye 'goilad.' word aaya hai isliye yeh adjective hoga, E.9. Raj watched a short movie with Anjali. Vv NI NY NN sub(N) verb --- Adj. objCN) pre P.OCN) v NV Vv Proper Common proper Explanation:- Iss sentence mein movie (Noun) ko qualify karne ke liye 'short' word aaya hai isliye ye adjective banne ka kaam kar raha hai. TYPES OF ADJECTIVE:- Qualitative Adjective- A qualitative adjective is used to describe the features or qualities of a noun (a person, place, thing, idea and so forth). E.9. Nice Big New Circular Red Vvv v NZ Opinion size Age Shape colour ORDER OF ADJECTIVE:- Opinion CNice, Great, Horrible, Fantastic etc.) + O Size (Big, tiny, enormous etc.) \> S Age CYoung, old, new) \> & Shape (Circular, Round, Square, triangular) \> \$ Colour (Red, Yellow, and Blue ete.) \> € Origin (British, French, Chinese, Indian etc.) + O Material (Wooden, Silk, Plastic etc.) --- M Purpose \[writing Cdesk), School (shoes), Sleeping (Bag) etc.\] \> P Trick to learn adjective order - OSASCOMP Quantitative Adjective- Quantitative adjective modify nouns by providing information about their quantity or number.. Few, many, Little, Much, Same, All V V Countable Uncountable Countable/Uncountable 3. Possessive Adjective- Any word that is used to describe the ownership or possession of something by someone can be called a possessive adjective. E.g. My, Our, His, Her, Its, Their, etc. AMAN SIR ENGLISH mm: \| 1122 6 NAHAWSh \> 4. Demonstrative Adject Son Or thing that is being referred to". E.g. This That These Those VGU VGL) VOL) VOL Near Far Near Far 5. Numeral Adjective- Numeral adjective is used to represent the number or order of ay y substance or anything else in a sentence. ctive also functions as a numeral adjective. Sometimes a quantitative adje Gi) Cardinals --- One, Two, Three, !, 2, 3 etc, Gi) Ordinals --- First, Second, Third, 1, Il, UI etc. 6. Proper Adjective--- A proper adjective is an adjective that was derived from a proper nouy jonalities, languages and and is therefore capitalized. Proper adjective includes words of nat rwellian, etc.) ethnicities and words derived from people's name (e.g. Gandhian, O E.g. Italian, German, Gandhain etc. Let's identify the adjective types:- E.g. Mohan helped a German Soldier. Vv Vv VV VV SubC(N) Verb Proper Adj objCN) N7 V Proper common Explanation: - Iss sentence mein Noun(soldier) ko qualify karne ke liye "German" word aaya hai toh yeh adjective hoga aur uska type proper adjective hoga kyunki wo 'proper noun' se bana hai. Eg. \| have bought these flower for my wife. Vv wv NY, V Vv wv VV Sub HV MV Adj objCN) pre P.Adj P.OCN) NY NY Vv Pronoun common common Explanation:- Iss sentence mein Noun(flower) ko gualify karne ke liye 'these' word aaya hai toh yeh adjecti : yeh adjective hoga aur uska type 'demonstrative' hoga kyunki wo flower ko identify karne ka k aam kar raha hai. ya uski position bata raha hai, 'My' popsossseessssiiv e adjefeccttii ve hoga kyunki wo 'wife CNoun)' ko qualify kar raha hai aur 'ki Oownersh/. hip ya possession 'wife' par bana raha hai AMAN SIR ENGLISH 13 Eg. shilva 9g ave some books to her friend y Vv Vv ve NY\] Sub Hw Qn.Adj obj pre P.Adj P.OCN) NY NZ.F Proper common common Explanation: - = eeaeencomen Noun(Books) ko qualify karne ke liye 'some' word hai toh ye adjective hoga aur uska type Quantitative hoga kyunki wo 'Book' 'ki quanti eh , kar raha hai Aur Noun (Friend) ko qualify karne ke liye 'Her word gaya it, Me Nocti hoga uska type possessive hoga kyuki wo 'shilpa' ki ownership 'friend' par bana raha Fa - E.g. Komal sold all those books in 2 Hours. v VU Vv YY vv sub(N) Verb Qn.Adj Adj Obj Pre N.Adj P.OCN) Vv v proper collective Explanation: - Iss sentence mein NounCbooks) ko qualify karne ke liye 'those' word aaya hai toh ye adjective hoga aur iska type Demonstrative hoga kyunki wo 'Book pr demonstrateCisshare) ko show kar raha hai. - E.g. we need brave and loyal Soldiers for our Country. Vv vv Vvwv vv sub V Ql.Adj Conj Ql.Adj obj Pre Adj P.OCN) NV NY NY proper collective ---\_collection/common Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 2 qualitative Adjective ek sath aaye hain kyunki unhe 'and (Conjuntion) ne jod rakha hai. 'Our Possessive adjective hoga kyunki we ki ownership country par bana raha hai aur country (Noun) ko qualify bhi kar raha hai. E.g. Sachin scored his second century in that tournament N7 NY Vv VY vv VV Sub(N) Verb P.Adj O.Adj Obj(N) Pre D.Adj P.OCN) V NY N7 proper collective collection/common Explanation:- Iss sentence mein century( Noun) ko qualify karne ke liye 'His and second' dono aaye hain toh who dono hi adjective banen ge. 'His' possessive adjective hoga kyunki wo sachin ki ownership century par bana raha hai: Aur Second, ordinal adjective banega kyunki wo century ke 'order/number' ko dikha raha hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH , m \| 1144 Adjective VS Pronoun a Note: - iri his, That, These, Those\| ¥ Demonstrative pronoun ¥ Demonstrative Adjective E.g.This is my car NY N NG Vv Sub MV/LV Adj SCCN) Vv Vv (Demo. Pronoun) common Explanation:--- Iss sentence mein 'This' subject banne ka kaam kar raha hai isliye ye proy , oun hoga na ki adjective My \| possessive adjective banne ka kaam kar raha hai kyunki yeh ' this' ki owernership L. ar par bana raha hai. E.9. 1 want this car Vv wv Vv NZ Sub V\_ D.Adj. object CN) NY A Pronoun common Explanation: - Iss sentence mein This, car (Noun) ko qualify kar raha hai isliye ye adjective banega na ki pronoun. E.9. Rohan sold his house NY NY NY NY Sub(N) Verb P.Adj ObjCN) \>common Explanation:i- Iss sentence mein 'His' possessive Adjective hai kyunki yeh 'Rohan' ki possession 'House' par banane ka kaam kar raha hai. 'His' yahan pronoun nahi hai, bhale hi lag raha hai ki 'Rohan' ke liye aaya hai. E.g. These are Rohan's Friend. NY, NY NY NY D.Pro LV Poss-Noun SC Explanation:- Iss sentence me 'these' demonstrative pronoun hai kyunki yeh subject banne ka kaam kar raha hai. Aur subject only noun ya pronoun hi bante hai, noun toh ye hai nahi toh 'these' pronoun hai yaha. E.g. Mohan has sent these gifts for you. Vv N ZN ES 7 NZ VN Sub(N) HV MV D.Adj Obj Pre P.OCpronoun) NZ Proper AMAN SIR ENGLISH fa 15 tion: Is. t in ¢ \> a, Explanati S\$ sentence mein 'these', Gift(Noun) ko qualify karne ka kaam kar raha hai isliye ye adjective hoga. Adjective ka type Demonstrative hoga kyunki ye (these), 'gifts' ko identify kar raha hai jo refer kiya gaya hai. Eg. \| have visited Rohan's house v Vv V sub HV MV Poss-Noun Obj(N) Vv Proper common Explanatiotni:o-n\_s - Iss sentence mein; Rohan'r s , ¢ 'possessiv... e case of Noun' hai kyunki \| RohanCNoun) possession house \| par bana raha hai. E.g. Raj stole Pulkit's car Vv NT Sub MV Pos-Noun Object Explanation: - Iss sentence mein Pulkit's, possessive case of Noun hai kyunki \| Pulkit(Noun) possession \| Car \| par bana raha hai. Adjective as a subject complement:- E.g. He threw a big stone at me. Vv Vvvv Sub Verb Q.Adj Obj pre P.O (pronoun) NY Common Explanation: - Iss sentence mein koi bhi word SC CSubject-complement) nahi hai. Yahan sirf Qualitative Adjective aaya hai, E.g.Aiay is rich Vv v NY Sub MV/LV SCCAdj) NY Proper Aman is Smart Vv NY Sub MV/LV SC CAdjective as a subject complement) Vv Proper AMAN SIR ENGLISH --- 16 Rahul is tall ts NY NG Vv sub(N) LV SE Vv Proper Explanation: - Upar ke teeno sentence mein LV ke baad subject complement aaya ha isl : ye ek adjective hoga kyunki yeh noun ke baare mein kuchh bta rha hai. Adverb: --- It qualifies verb, adverb, and adjective. Eg. A horse runs NY NY SubCN) Verb NY, Common Explanation:- Iss sentence mein verb/Adverb/Adjective ko qualify karne ke liye koi word nahj aaya hai jo adverb ban sake. Eg. A horse runs fast NZ V wv Sub(N) V Adverb Explanation:- Iss sentence mein runs( verb) ko gualify karne ke liye 'fast' word aaya hai toh ye Adverb banega. E.g. A horse runs very fast Vv vv Sub(N) V Adv Adv Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 2 adverb use hue hai 'very' aur 'fast'. jinme 'fast' Cadverb) jo hai wo 'run'(verb) ko qualify kr raha hai isiliye jo verb ko qualify kre unhe adverb kehte hai aur 'very Cadverb), 'fast'Cadverb) ko qualify kr hai aur jo dusre adverb ko qualify kre wo khud bhi adverb hote hai isliye 'very' aur 'fast' dono adverb hi hain. E.g. The president rewarded the extraordinarily brave soldier. NY NZ NZ VY wv SubCNn) Verb Adv. Q.Adj ObjCN) v 7 Vv Co ymmon Common Faanatiayn - Iss sentence mein brave CAdj) ko qualify karne ke liye 'extraordinaily' word gaya hai isliye ye adverb hoga, kyunki yeh adjective ko qualify karne ke liye aaya hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH ) Sais 17 Explanation: - Iss sentence mein Man(Noun) ko qualify karne ke liye 'tall' word aaya hai toh ye adjective banega. Aur 'tall Cadj)' ko qualify karne ke liye 'extremely' word aaya hai toh ye 'Adverb' banega. x v x Eg. She performed the task careful / carefully / care. A Vv NZ VV SubCN) Verb obj. Adj Adv. Noun Explanation: - Iss sentence mein performed(verb) ko qualify karwana hai toh hume Adverb ki jarurat hai na ki adjective ya noun ki. v x x E.g. He is an arrogant / arrogance / Arrogantly Man. Vv NY NY NY Adj. Noun Adv. Noun (se). Explanation: - Iss sentence mein ManCNounn) ko qualify karne ke liye 'Adjective' ki jarurat hai na ki Adverb\_ ya Noun ki. x x v You Should Not leave the path of Honest / Honestly / Honesty. EN EN EN Vv v NZ NZ Sub HV Adv. MV obj. pre Adj. Adv P.OCN) Explanation:- Iss sentence mein preposition ko apna object chahiye aur object only noun ya pronoun hi bante hai isliye yaha hume nounCHonesty) ki jarurat hai, na ki adjective ya adverb ki. v x x Indian Soldiers fought bravely / bravery / brave in the war. NY, NV NY, NY NV, NY, Pro.Adj sub(N) Verb Adv Noun Adj. Explanation: - Iss sentence mein 'fought( verb)' ko qualify karne ke liye adverb ki zarurat hai na ki adjective ya noun ki isliye 'adverbCbravely)' ka use hoga. Types of Adverb:- Adverb of time: --- A word that describes 'when, for how long, or how often' a certain action happened. Words of Time:- Yesterday, late, soon, early, recently etc. AMAN SIR ENGLISH Ei 18 aE N qo ™ 2. Adverb of place: - Adverb of place describes the location or the place where an acip---\~ lon lg taking place. Words of adverb of place: - Here, there, Up, down, upstairs, somewhere, etc. 3. Adverb of Manner: - Adverb of manner is defined as "An adverb that shows how Someone does something or how something happens". Words of adverb of manner: - Bravery, Nicely, Rudely, Sweetly. Etc. 4. Adverb of frequency: - Adverb of frequency is defined as "the number of times Something happens within a particular period, or the fact of something happening often or a large numbey of times". Words of Adverb of frequency:- Daily, Always, seldom, never, occasionally etc. Adverb of Degree CHow much/ intensity):- Adverb of degree is used to show the intensity or degree of something. The term "Degree" means "the extent, measure or scope of an action, condition or relations." Words of Adverb of Degree:- Very, so enough, too, much, Far etc. E.g. They arranged all the letters very carefully. V N7, V VY wv V sub Verb Q.Adj ObjCN) AdvCD) Adverb of manner Explanation: - Iss sentence mein 'arranged (verb)' ko 2 word qualify kar rahe hai isliye dono Adverb banenge. Very \|, Adverb of Degree \_hoga kyunki ye intensity show kar raha hai \| Carefully \| Adverb\_of manner banega kyunki ye show kar raha hai 'how someone does something' E9. 1 will take your Class tomorrow. VvVvV Vv vv V S HV MY Adj. Ob/(N) Adverb of time Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'take(verb)" ko qualify karne ke liye 'tomorrow' word aaya hai to ye Adverb banega. Adverb ka type 'time of Adverb' hoga kynuki ye show kar raha 'when a\_certain Action Ctake) happened.' Note:- CLASS --- Meaning - students ka group (Collective noun) Class - Meaning - Lecture C Common noun) E.g. Mukesh talks very loudly and arrogantly. NZ YVevwvb V sub vo Adv Adv. Conj Adv. of manner AMAN SIR ENGLISH mi \| 19 BS Explanation;- Iss sentence mein talk(verb) ko 'loudly & arrogantly' qualify kar rahe hain toh yeh adverb hoge aur adverb ka type, 'Adverb of manner' hoga kyunki ye show kar raha hai ' How\_someone does something' or "how something happens.' Aur 'loudly & arrogantly' ko qualify karne wala word to ye bhi Adverb banega aur adverb ka type Adverb of degree hoga kyunki ye intensity show kar raha hai. E.g. \| have forgotten my glasses somewhere. Vv NY Vv NY s HV MV Adj. obj(N) Adv. of Place NY CCommon) Explanation: - Iss sentence mein verb(forgotten) ko quality karne wala word 'somewhere' hai toh ye Adverb banega aur adverb ka type 'Advoef rplabce' hoga kyunki ye 'location' show kar raha hai. EQ. My mother goes to temple daily. Vv Vv v NI Adj Sub verb pre. POCN) Adv. of frequency A Common Explanation:- Iss sentence mein "goes(verb)' ko qualify karne wala word 'daily' hai toh ye Adverb banega aur adverb ka type 'Adverb of freguency' hoga kyunki ye 'number of times something happens' show kar raha hai. \%o, bifference between adjective and Adverb:- Eg. The fast bowler from Australia bowled really Fast. Vv wv vv Vevey Ql.Adj Sub pre P.OC(N) Verb. Adv Adverb of manner Vv Common Explanation:- Iss sentence mein \| Fast bowler \| wala 'fast' adjective hai kyunki ye Noun (Bowler) ko qualify kar raha hai. Aur 'really' ke baad wala 'fast', Adverb hai kyunki ye 'verb (Cbowled)' ka qualify kar raha hai. Exercises of part of Speech:- Rohan helped me in my project. Vv VVUVvV v Sub(N) verb obj pre Adj P.O CN) V v v Common pronoun common AMAN SIR ENGLISH 20 2. | want your help. v Vo Sa S Verb Adj Obj.CN) NY NZ Pronoun Abstract 3. He answered all my guestion honestly. NY NZ NZ NZ NZ Sub Verb D.Adj obj(N) Adverb of manner NY NZ Pronoun Common 4. | have got the answer to my guestion. Vv v VY vv NZ S HV MV objCN) pre Adj P.OCN) NZ NZ NZ Pronoun Common Common S. He called me yesterday. Vv wv NY Sub Verb Obj Adverb of time A NY Pronoun Pronoun 6. You should attend this call. NY, NZ NV VY wv Sub HV MV D.Adj Ob/CN) NY, NY, Pronoun Common Conjunction: eA word or group of words that connect two or more words, clauses, phrases or sentences are called conjunction. Or It joins two words, Phrases & Clause. "Acts as subject / object" E.g.i--- Ram and Shyam are watching a movie. VU v vv V Sub Conj. Sub HV. MV. Object CN) v NT NZ Proper Proper Common AMAN SIR ENGLISH 21 | --- Explanation:- Iss Sentence mein s2 ubject ko conjunction 'Cand)' se join kiya gya hai sitet = Conjunction s2\_ ame category ki part of speech ya things Csame category) ko join karne ka kaam karta hai \_ for example. Noun ko Noun se join karega Pronoun ko Pronoun se join karega, verb ko verb se join karega. Adjective ko Adjective se join karega Clause ko clause se join karega Phrase ko Phrase se join karega E.g.i- Mukesh is singing and dancing. Vv Vv Vv sub(N) HV. MV. Conj. M.V v Proper Explanation:- Iss Sentence mein 'and' conjunction 2 same category ki things yaani verb ko verb se jodne ka kaam kar raha hai © Conjunction words:- If, when, while, Until, Unless, Because, So, therefore, as, or, but, etc. e Preposition Words:- In, on, at, For, Form, with, by, beside, Along, Between, Among, upon, into, Across, etc. CLAUSE:- ¢ It is a part of a sentence which has its own subject & main verb. E.gi- If you come late, \| will inform your parents. VY VVVVv V Conj Sub Verb Adv SHV. MV. P.Adj. Obj.CN) Ld \| Clause - \| Clause ---- 2 Explanation:- Iss Sentence mein 2 clause ko conjunction if' se join kiya gya hai. E.gi- The thief was running very fast but the policeman caught him. Vv \| J Clause - \| Conj. Clause - 2 Explanation: - Iss sentence mein 2 clauses ko conjunction 'But' se join kiya gya hai. ------e AMAN SIR ENGLISH : 222 \ (Common) Interjection Sub, Verb Ban eee aL NAM Explanation:- Iss Sentence mein 'Hurrah' ek "Interjection hai kyunki yeh Feeling ya emotio, ko express kay raha Hai. His Father died yesterday. Eg: Alas! v V NY NY NZ 7 Interject. Poss. Adj. Sub.CN) verb Adverb of time NY (Common) Explanation:- Iss Sentence mein 'Alas' ek Interjection hai kyunki ye sudden wali feeling o emotion ko express kar raha hai. Auxiliary verb :- An auxiliary verb is a verb that is used as a helping verb along with the main verb in a sentence to make it more meaningful. It is used to Alter the tense, mood or voice of the sentence, Auxiliary | | Prri imary auxilarya ry y\[rFuumnecttiioonn\[ \| M'tvv bbaannnaa 7 Moda\] \| Eafnuentctii on Hv. bannd un» --- Tense indentification --- 1. "Be" Verbs --- Is, am, are, was, were --- 1. Can - Could CvJv - --- 2. "Do" Verbs --- Do, Does, Did 2. May - Might CLiv)x -\~ 3. Shall - Should \[\~ 3. "Have" Verbs --- Has, Have, Had ---\~ 4, Will - would Lv) - (Luv S. Must | Semi Modals. \| | Need, Dare, Used to, Ought to. wNoottee i:-- Linkin 9 verb usse kehte hai Jo sub s ject ubjec aur t ko s subject ubject c complement omplement se ek jod hj e k Csame) yunki hote hai i AMAN SIR ENGLISH \|23 | Have a car Vv Vv § Verb Obj Explanation:- Iss Sentence mein 'have' verb ka kaam kar raha hai. Yeh linking verb nhi banti hai. E9. He is a teacher. Vv V 5. MV/L.V Subject complement CSc) Explanation:- Iss Sentence mein 'is' ek linking verb aur Main verb hai aur yahan subject aur subject complement ek hi hai. E9. He did the task, Vv V Sub verb obj. Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'Did' verb banne ka kaam kar raha 'hai kyunki ye linking verb banti hi nhi hai aur yahan subject complement bhi nhi aaya hai. EQ. Aman is a teacher. Vv V Sub. LV Subject-complement Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'is' ek 'linking verb' banne ka kaam kar raha hai kyunki yahan subject aur subject complement ek hi hai. Vv V S LVC«) Object. Explanation: - Iss Sentence mein \|Havel, Linking verb nahi hai kyunki ye verb banne ka kaam kar rahi hai. Yahan aur ek nahi hai. Note:- Do / Does / Did / Modals jab Helping verb ho toh uske baad aane wali Main verb ki Form --- Verb ki Base form hogi. =\> Noun mein 'es/s' lagakar plural banta hai jabki verb mein es/s lagakar singular banta hai. x He \| / bo to school daily. NY NY SL SLC) PL(x) Explanation:- Iss sentence mein ek singular subject hai toh verb bhi singular (goes) hi aayegi. AMAN SIR ENGLISH m2: \| 24 ------ v x Eg. He does not bo / goes to school. es' helping verb hai to aane wali main verb ki form verb Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'Does ki base form 'go' hogi. ee Go Goes S ingular Plural Plural § ingular (Noun) (Verb) v x Eg. He should lad / goes} to school. Yv bv Vu Sub. Hv Mv Mv Pre. Pre.O Ld rahi hai toh aane Explanation:- Iss Sentence mein Modal (should), helping verb ka kaam kar ahan 'go' sahi hoga na ki 'Goes'. wali m.v\_ki form --- verb ki base form (Go) hogi. Isliye y \[A uxiliary Verb r \| : \[ Action verb \| \| Linking Verb Ergative Verbs Happening verb a (Doing verbs) (Being Verb) t 1 + (Transitive / Intransitive) (Transitive / Intransitive) (Transitive / Intransitive) Y v x v x\* v Verb: It shows 'state of action' Il. Action verb (Doing verb):- Isme object ho bhi sakta hai, nahi bhi. Eg. Mohan ate my cake. NZ Vv wv NZ Sub.(N) Verb P.adj Obj.CN) NZ N7 Proper Material Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'ate' ek action verb hai toh iska object ho bhi sakta hai aur nahi bhi, lekin yahan 'ate' verb ka object 'cake' aaya hai Eg. He went to Delhi. Vv vv Sub, Verb Pre P.OCN) --- Proper ,E x la;n i tio n: t- - Iss sentence mein\* ' \> 'went' ek Action verb hai toh iska object ho bhi sakta hai ahi bhi ,. yahan object nhi aaya hai verb ka aur yahan pr 'delhi' noun , 'to' preposition ka object bann chuka hai isiliye wo prepositional object hai AMAN SIR ENGLISH mw \> \| 255 Linking verb (Being verb) :- Inme kuchh kaam nhi hota hai ye subject ke baare mein kuchh 2. nformation convey karte hain isiliye inme object nhi hota hai. I Linking verb = intransitive verb NY Object (x) Eg He was 4 doctor. yey NY sub. MV/LV (sc) C(N)--- Common Explanation:--- Iss sentence mein ek linking verb hai jo ke baare mein information de rahi hai. Yahan 'He' aur 'Docto'r ek hi hain. Aur iss verb. ke pass object nahi hai. Eq. Kunal is very arrogant. g. g Vv NY sub LV/MV Adv(D) SCCAdj) NY Proper Explanation: - Iss sentence mein \|Ils ek linking verb hai jo Kunal ke bare mein information de rahi hai. Yahan kunal aur arrogant ek hi hai. Yahan ls verb ke pass apna koi object nahi hai. Arrogant\| ek adjective hai kyunki ye CKunal)\| ko qualify kar raha hai. Very) ek adverb off Degree\| hai kyunki ye Adjective (Arrogant) ko qualify kar raha hai. ; 3. Happening verb CErgative verb):-Inn verbs mein kaam apne aap hota hain koi karta whi hai, Isliye inme bhi object nahi hota hai yeh linking verb ki tarah intransitive hoti hai. Ergative verbs: - Begin, Break, change, crack, Move, Open, melt, stop Dry etc. Note: - Ergative verb ke jo bhi example diye hain wo sentence ke meaning ke according 'Action verb' bhi ho sakti hai aur 'happening verb' bhi. For Example:--- lh Movie begani\> Happening Verb \> lob x 2. He begin his work. NY) Action verb \> v Eg. Sun rises in the East. Vvuiy v Sub Verb Pre. P.O NY CN) --- Proper Explanation:- Iss sentence mein fise ek 'Happening verb' hai isliye yahan iss verb ka koi object nahi hai kyunki happening verb ka object nahi hota hai. ---e AMAN SIR ENGLISH \| m2: \| 26 EQ. Rohan fell from his stairs. 7 Sub. Verb pre. P.Adj P.OCN) Common \| - \| Explanation: - Iss sentence mein ek Happening verb hai tabhi isme object nahi Gaya ld ning verb ka koi object nahi hota hai. kyunki Happe EQ. The ice melted very guickly. Vv vw Vv v v Art. Sub. Verb Adv(D) Adverb of mamner/ time Explanation:- Iss sentence mein Imelted ek Happening verb hai isliye yaha iska koj objec, nahi aaya hai. Transitive Vs intransitive verb:- Transitive verb mein Action kisi obje et par transfer hota hai isliye yeh ob: ject rakhti hai. hti hai. Intransitive verb mein Action transfer nahi hota hai isliye yeh object nahi rak oe \|) Transitive (20%) Intransitive Cl0%) Transitive / Intransitive (70%) \| Examples of Transitive verbs:- Rohan \|bought ja new bag. NY Vv Vv Sub. Verb adj. Obj.C(NJ\> Common Explanation:- Iss sentence mein \|bought\| ek 'transitive verb' hai kyunki iss verb ka object 'bag' aaya hai sentence mein.. Monu threw a stone at me. V V Vv vv Sub. Verb. Obj. Pre P.O Explanation: - Iss sentence mein \|threw ek 'transitive verb' hai kyunki iss verb ka object aayé hai sentence mein. » Mohan kicked the ball. NZ Ny ay Sub. Verb, Obj. E: xplanatioino:n: - Iss sentence mein kicked ek "transitive verb' hai kyunki a\ ay is a s ver h b a\ i ka se o n bj t e e ct n\ ce mein. AMAN SIR ENGLISH 27 Y ------\ common V VV Proper (transitive) Explanation:- Iss sentence mein \| pla verb, transitive verb hai tabhi yaha iska apna object (cricket) aaya hai. Mohan played well in the last match. Vv NY Vv VY wv Sub verb Adv pre. Od.adj. P.OCN) \> proper Vv v (Proper) Cintransitive) Explanation: - Iss sentence mein verb, Intrasitive verb hai tabhi yahan iska apna koi object nahi aaya hai. '--- AMAN SIR ENGLISH EE 28 a ) : a \| EQ. Ajay sang a song for shalinl. : Vv Vv v | Sub verb obj(N) pre P.o(N) \> Proper | Vv Vv Proper (T.V) common \| 7 hat ish \| Explanation:- Iss sentence mein verb, ek transitive verp Mal isliye yahay ih \| q My object (song) aaya hai. Eg. Ajay sings very sweetly. Vvv Vv sub verb Adv(D) Adv(M) NY Intransitive Explanation:- Iss sentence mein sing verb, Intransitive hai tabhi iska apna koi object hay \| aaya hai. Use of transitive/Intransitive verb concepts to find out errors:- Eg. Mr. Gupta introduced Himself to the VC. v Vv Vv NY NY Sub. Verb Reflexive pron Pre. P.O V Transitive Explanation: - Yahan 'introduce' transitive verb hai toh uske baad object aana chahiye isliy sentence ke according 'Mr. Gupta' khud ko introduce kar rahe hain toh uske accordin 'introduced' ke baad 'himself' laga denge jisse transitive verb 'introduce' ka object 'himself ban jayega. Eg. He discussed abouthis Financial problems with us. VY wv N7 Vv V Vv Sub Verb pre P.Adj Ql Adj object pre P.O Explanation: - Iss sentence mein 'about' ka use nahi hoga kyunki 'discussed' ek 'transitiv verb' hai toh isko iska object chahiye isliye 'about' ko hatana hoga nahi toh wo ' Discusset verb ka object le lega. Eg9. aHe atat tacked on\|x us whil\] e we were travelling through jungle. an VVUVVYVVYV Vy NY NY NI " Verb pre obj Conj Sub. HV My Pre. P.O (N) expnla nati\_on :- ke, peeenee meinin 'onw ka use nahi hoga kyunki 'attacked' ek transitive ver a gject chahiye lye iislii ye about ko hatana hoga nahi j toh wo 'attacked' verb k AMIAAN SIR ENGLISH Es 29 Adjective: - Qualifies a Noun or pronoun, Adverb:- Qualifies verbs / Adjective / another adverb. Active voice:--- Subject CDoer) Passive Voice:- Subject. (Receiver) Linking verb:--- Subject Ccentral idea) AAmmaann. is a teacher. EQ. "pov Sub. Lv Explanation:- Iss sentence mein linking verb aayi hai toh subject 'Aman' yahan ek 'central idea' ki tarah kaam kar raha hai na ki Doer yaa Receiver ki tarah. Let's Identify the part of Speech:- EQ. He is a brave soldier. Vv v NY Sub. L.V Ql.Adj SCCN) common Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'soldier' Subject complement ban raha hai toh ye noun hoga aur 'brave' Noun (soldier) ko qualify kar raha hai isliye ye 'adjective' banega. EQ. He handled that difficult situation very baravely. NY NI VV NY NY NY Sub. Verb D.Adj Ql.Adj obj(N) AdvCD) Adv(M) Explanation:- Iss sentence mein Noun Csituation) ko qualify karne wale 2 word hain Isliye dono Adjective banenge Cthat and difficult). Verb CHandled) ko qualify karne wala word 'bravely' hai isliye ye Adverb banega. 'Bravely (Adverb)' word ko qualify karne wala word 'very' hai islliye ye bhi Adverb banega. EQ. Rohan bought an extremely costly house. NY; Vv NY, NY, NY, sub.(N) Verb Adv(D) Ql.Adj ObjCN) Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'HouseCNoun)' ko qualify karne wala word 'costly' hai toh ye 'Adjective' banega. Aur 'Costly CAdj)' ko qualify karne wala word 'extremely' hai toh ye Adverb banega. Eg. We saw that old bus Yesterday. NY VY v Vv NY, Sub Verb D.Adj QI.Adj ObjCN) Adv of time NY, Common ee AMAN SIR ENGLISH \| Ea 30 \~\*\~ Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'Bus CNoun)' ko qualify karne wala 2 word atat\ dono hain isliye dono adjective honge, 'Saw Cverb)' ko qualify karne wala word 'Westerday , isliye ye 'Adverb' banega. a E9. Raju often steals pens from my store. V Vvv vv Sub AdvCF) Verb Obj pre P.Adj P.OCN) --- common. Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'verb Csteal)' ko qualify karne wala word 'often' ha; ; sh ' , : Cy ye ye 'Adverb' hoga. Aur 'store CNoun)' ko qualify karne wala word 'my' hai toh ye 'Adjectiy,? e hoga. Eo. Aman is very rude and Arrogant. VvvUVY Vv A Sub. Luv Adv Ql.Adj Conj SCIQI. Adj\]. + CSubject complement) Explanation:- Iss Sentence mein 'Aman (Noun)' ko qualify karne wale 2 word hai Crude 2 Arrogant) isliye dono 'Adjective' honge. 'Rude and Arrogant' subject complement ban rahe hain toh ye 'Noun'\_honge. 'Rude and Arrogant' ko qualify karne wala word 'very' hai to ye Adverb hoga. Active voice: - Subject yahan 'doer' hota hai aur stress bhi subject par hota hai. Passive Voice: - Subject yahan 'receiver' hota hai aur stress 'object' par hota hai. Jis per stress (Subject ya object) dalna ho usko subject bana do. Passive voice mein \|"Be" form + vz aata hai "Be" verb :- --- is fam / are --- was / were ---- Been - Being E9. Rohan was punished by teacher. Vv wv NY V wv Sub.CN) Hv Mv Pre. P.O Ld C"Be" form+v3) Explanation: -Iss sentence mein e+V aayi hai toh ye sentence 'passive voice' mein hal. Yahan punished verb ka doer, 'teacher' hai naki 'Rohan'. Yahan 'Rohan' receiver hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH Es 31 vV Vv active voices (Doer--- sub) Mohan Stole a €C oo "RNS \| c (Receiver obj.) a Sub. Vi oobj YYAASH Passive Voice:- CDoer --- object) A 'car was Stolen by\" Mohan. VGINAZ S¥L FOr Ts (Receiver Subj.) V NY VP sakbra 2yelo aateM iF Sub BetV; Pre. P.O Explanation:- Uper ke dono Active and passive wale\*éxample 'mein hum dekh sakte hain ki os petive Voice ka 'doer', passive: Voice "Mein 'receiver ban gaya hai aur 'Active voice ka 'subject', passive voice mein 'object? ban gaya hai. Aur verb ko passive banane ke liye 'Be'+V mein change kiya gaya hai. Active Voice mein subject "Mohan" par'stress daala:gaya hai:jabki-Passive mein object 'car' par stress daala gaya hai Active Voice: - Kunal loves Radhika. v Vv 2 \" ot NAP are3 WY as : -. : Sub. Verb object --- ee an Passive Voice:- Radhika is loved by Kunal. 2 VVV v Sub \_Lwv verb pre\>P.0 --- \| BetV;3 Explanation:- fctive Voice mein 'subject' par stress daala gya hai aur passive voice' mein 'object' par stress daala gya hai. Passive voice ka 'doer', object hota hai na ki subject. Yaani passive voice ka object Kunal, 'Doer' hai. Has been delivered¥ Eg. That letter delivered by the postman. Explanation:- Yeh sentence passive voice mein hai kyunki yahan doer object "the postmav' hai na ki subject 'letter' isiliye Be+Vz ka use karenge toh 'Has delivered' ki jagah "Has been delivered' use hoga. has deliveredY Eg. The postman been delivered that letter. :. '. ¢.. ? Explanatiob n:- Iss sentence mein "Has delivered' sahi hoga kyunki yeh sentence Active voice "mein hai kyunki yahan doer 'subject' hi hai isliye 'Be form+V3) ko hata denge. | \~\~ Es AMAN SIR ENGLISH 32 Type of sentence:- ) Assertive Sentence:- General information deta hai. hat state a general idea or thought, ive sentence are those sentences t Definition;- --- Assert ruth. A habitual action, a scientific fact or 4 universal t CA.) Affirmative sentence: - Shows positive information. Eg. Mohan plays cricket. VY v NY - 7 Sub. Verb. object. Explanation:- yeh 'assertive sentence' hoga kyunki 'Mohan ke baare mein 'general idea / information' mil rahi hai. (B.) Negative sentencei- Shows negative information:- Eg. Mohan does not play cricket. NY Yvv Sub. H.V AdvCN) verb obj a lekin ye 'negative sentence' hoga kyunki Explanation:- yeh sentence bhi 'assertive' hi hog information de raha hai. 'Mohan' ke baare mein negative 2. Interrogative sentence:- Interrogative sentences are intended to find out some piece of information. Eg. Are you studying English? Vu wv NZ Hv sub mv obj. Explanation:- Yeh sentence 'interrogative' hoga kyunki isme 'piece of information' find out karne ki koshish ki jaa rahi hai. Eg. Have you completed the task? Vv wv N7 Hv sub, Mv Obj. Explanation:- Yeh sentence 'jnterrogative' hoga kyunki isme 'piece of information' find out karne ki koshish ki jaa rahi hai, E9. Who teaches you? v Vv SubCP) verb Obj. ExpP lanation:- Yeh sentence bhi i 'interrogativ} e' hoga kyunki jj isme 'piece of information' find 'out ki jaa rahi hai. NOTE: - Jab 'WhofWhat', pronoun hota hai toh \| HV + sub + MV wala sequence follow nahi hoga. AMAN SIR ENGLISH 33 om nN Aise sente. nc ¢ e jo order/Reques 4 t/ ) A dvice a dete hain who im erati entence hote hain, Isme subject, "you' understood rehta hai. oo iL Pera wints- Aise lagbhag saare sentence, 'verb ki base form' se start hote hain 'Close the door. Vv e Verb Obj. Wait Outside V NY Verb Adv. of place Please help me. Vevey Interj Verb Obj Work hard. vv Verb Adv(M) Explanation: - Sentence 1,2,3,4 'Imperative' hain kyunki ye 'order/request/Advice' de rahe hain sentence mein. Optative Sentences:- Aise sentence me 'wish/congratulate/Blessing/Welcome/thank/curse' etc aate hai yaani iss type ki feeling aati hai.. May You Succed in your life. VvVv vv vv HV Sub MV pre P.Adj P.O Explanation:- Yeh sentence, 'optative' hoga kyunki isme 'Blessing' wali feeling aayi hai.. Congratulation on your victory. NY Vv NY Noun pre P.Adj P.O (N)\>common, Explanation:- Yeh sentence 'optative' hoga kyunki isme 'wish' waali feeling aayi hai. Exclamatory Sentences: An exclamatory sentence is one that expresses sudden or strong emotions and feelings.. Hurrah! we won the Match. NZ Vv Vv Interj, Sub Verb object Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'sudden joy' wali feeling hai toh ye sentence exclamatory type ka hoga. 'eee AMAN SIR ENGLISH 1iDWa \> al 34 --- ------------------\_ sv aint MOY : ya geal).ion IVnvt V v v er) Sub LV Aaj(sc) 4 scad leh SMBS, GOARGAY SAW ica Explanation:- iss sentence mein 'sudden sorrow', wali 'feeling hai toh ye sentence exclamayy, type ka hoga. AN SIR ENGLISH 35 Sesseseeteseeoe Pronoun \| : CHAPTER ; n Classification \_of Pronou "The Ap C l a c se h ' v e oFP \| e\ rs Po a sse n si a ve l \| J Po Su s b s je e ct s i s ve i ve\| | O Re b fl j\ ective \| Possesin® \| \"VET m\ e BePr \| o\ nsent \| ase \|. Case \| Adjective \| Wie aa Ri. First Singular ! li Ours Ourself \~\~ Person Plural We Us a Your Yours s Y e o c u o r n s d e l\#/Y S o in u g r u s l e a l r y / e P. l\ ural You P\ erson vou ° Wis His Himself \~ He Him H S Thir e d r Singul s a e r lf She Her Her Her. i erson. Th Th \| em Their \_ Plural Theirs The ey m selves oS © Ist Person =\> Jo baat karta hai.(Speaker) © = IInd Person =\> Jo baat sunta hai.CListner) Nrd Person = Jiske baare mein baat kahi jaa rbi hai. (Whom we talk about) Y x ° le / Hin broke the glass. \| 1 1 Subjective case verb objective case Y x ° The teacher punished hin / he 1 { 1 Subject verb objective case Possessive Pronoun v/s Possessive Adjective Possessive Pronoun =\> Jo 'noun' ki j Possessive pron =e oun = AMAN SiR ENGLISH 36 nF the 1% x v \| lke you / your, bag but you do. not like ei a | ei \| \| + Lyd cb vero Poss.Adj. obj. conj. Sub, HV adv MV ob. vicina explanation:- First case mein 'bag' pay possession banane ke liye possessive adjective aayega aur second. case mein verb ke baad object ki zarurat hai jo noun ya pronoun ho sakta hai adjective nhi, isliye yahan possessive pronoun aayega. bjour s / ajoures\|i s 'the biggest house.in this colonys «x « Sub LV Ql. Adj SCCN) Pre P.O Explanation:--- 'Our' ek possessive adjective hota hai aur 'ours' 'possessive provioun hota hai, Yahan par humhe subject ki jarurat hai isliye 'our 'ki jagah ours' de "ours" possessive pronoun hota hai jo yahan par subject ki tarah kaam karega. (ours = our + house) It's = Yeh 'it is' ki contracted form hai. e 'pronoun + verb' 'banti hai its = Yeh 'It' ki Possessive Adjective ki form hai. v You should cut we) jitess} nails before it hurts you. Explanation:-Nails noun par possession banane ke liye possessive 'adjective 'ki jarurat hai, isiliye yahan "it's" ki jagah 'its' aayega kyunki possessive adjective ki zarurat hai. Pa « x ae) Ps % suk - ileess // 'es? a very easy guestion so you should pole it guickly. ---y fod bobboyoyrry --- Sub LV Adv.CD) Qlt Adj. obj. conj Sub HV MV obj. adv. of manner Explanation:-Yahan par kisi adjective ki nahi subject aur verb ki zarurat hai, isiliye yaha pr humhe "it's" ka use krna hoga... \% Usageof correct possessive Adjective --- \* You and ! should complete...our...... homework quickly. Radhika and Sonu are waiting for...their ---\_ food. ,, They should submit...their..... project on time. atiae Monu has forgotten...his..... lunchbox in the school... Note;- Yahan wo possessive adjective choose kare jo 9S% suitable ho because inki jagah aur bhi possible a« nswer ho: ee hai, par best possible choose krenge\_ Jisse padhne wale ko meaning clear rahe. --- ---\_ ss AMAN SIR ENGLISH Bl 37 = oe Reflexive Pronouni---. } f ' } 7 ef 'the doer' and' he receiver' 'of an ration isthe same person or thing. Use the r Ps i { t \| \| \| in reflexive case. bod \| \| \| "eva, He killed him. OA \~ ji ieaiadas are \| ' o APA2209 hey 4 (Subject \# object) oO 3 ( \| cai \*Explanation:-usne usse maar 'diya. Iss case mein 'doer' aur 'receiver dono different hi , Vie 2.2 He killed himself CSubject = object) Reflexive pronoun Explanation:-usne khud ko maar diya)case mein 'doer' aur 'receiver' dono Save ha He introduced him. (Sub \# obj). He. introduced. himself. (Sub = obj.) 'Himself \_+ Reflexive pronoun. x v e He adapted \|him\| / quickly to the new city. y { { { torent sub. Verb Reflexive pronoun Adv(M) Pre. Adj. P.O. Explanation:- Yahan 'him' nahi 'himself' ka use hoga kyunki 'adapt' verb ka doer aur receiver dono same yaani 'he' hi hai.. \| x v e \| can't put me/ myself, in danger for you as \| hardly know you. } 4 1 1 darte + 1 yottkhowat pias + 1 1 5 Sub HV+adv Verb objCRef.Pro.) pre P.O pre. P.O conj sub adv. MV obj. Explanation:-Yahan 'me' nahi 'myself' hoga kyunki 'put' verb ka doer aur receiver dono ek hi hai, isiliye yaha reflexive pronoun "myself" ka use hoga' x v © Put you / yourself in my place and then you can understand my problems. 3 Verb Yourself \>v Obj. (Reflexive pronoun) viele imperative sentence hai isliye isme subject 'you' understood hai leki bY ¢ hon, reflexive pronoun 'yourself aayega kyunki 'put' verb ka doer aur receiver dono sam ain, Note: Entered ea wee visited, reached --- yeh teeno verbs aisi hain jinse 'where' ka reply milta hai, 'what ka nahi, lek in yeh intransitiitiv e nahi j transitive verbs hain, ye verb apna object rakhti hain AMAN SIR ENGLISH 3 es » 8 the room silently. { Object: A Delhi yesterday. Ajay a ¢. Object Mohan \>em at 3 pm. Object x is. Aman (OR) ! am Aman (OR) My name is Amanv Lv S¢ WN) 'sub LV Sc Pos.Adj. Sub LV SC Explanation:- 'Myself' ek reflexive pronoun hai jo ek object ka kaam karta hai, yeh kabhi bhi subject ka kaam nhi kar sakta. Isliye iss sentence ko inn 2 types se likh sakte hain. Note:- Reflexive pronoun verb ka object banta hai aur yebh preposition ka object bhi ban skta hai. | bbuuiilltt it for myself {i's 4. 4 S V Obj pre object " Emphatic pronoun:- e It is used to emphasize that the action was done by the subject himself. e = Action subject ne khud kiya hai na ki khud par. e --- Inko main verb se pehle ya object ke baad bhi lagaya ja skta hai. e = Emphatic pronoun sentence mein zaruri nhi hote ye marzi hote hai. ! saw myself. (maine khud ko.dekha) (Subject = object) pil { SV obj. (Reflexive pronoun) ° Imyself saw you (maine khud tumhe dekha tha) L \| {sey S Emp.Pro. V O | I saw you myself. (maine tumhe dekha tha khud) --- \> \_Verb Obj Emphatic pronoun AMAN SIR ENGLISH 39 ween reflexive pronoun and emp, hatic p ronoun Str. \| \* Difference bet \| Empphhaattiicc Pronoun or \| Rafexnee 1. Position: Before the main verb --- or after the \| \|. Position : Afterma n verb ---\>\~) object, if object contains less words. 2. Acts as an Adjective/Adverb 2. Acts as an object' (pronoun) \>\> 3, Doer and Receiver are not same 3, Doer and Receiver are same, \| © Rohan Yolved bamsel all the\_questions. » itlod fos , oN Loo 4 \_) Sub, Verb Emp.Pro. obj. \| \| Explanation:- 'Himself reflexive pronoun nahi ban sakta kyunki reflexive pronoun object b kaam karte hai. yahan 'solve' verb ka logical object 'question' hoga isliye "himself ko emphaty t pronoun bnana hoga. jo verb se pehle ya object ke baad replace hoga. \| \"f The correct sentence - Rohan himself solved all the questions" Or Rohan solved all the questions himselfV © Rajni 'prepared herself\| breakfast for the whole family. © Rajni herself prepared breakfast for the whole family. \~ CNo error) £ 4 4 L \| J 1,. Sub, Emp-pro. Verb obj. pre Adj. ---\_ pre.obj. Explanation:- "prepare' ka logical object 'breakfast' hai toh 'herself' nahi ban sakta, 'herself Rajni par stress daalne wala emphatic pronoun hai jo verb se pehle replace hoga. e = Sonali prepared herself very well for the exam. Y (No error) L J L S V Obj. CReflexive pro) Explanation:- Yahan 'herself' Reflexive pronoun hai kyunki object banne ka kam ky rha hal. (Doer = Receiver) ------- e \| paid the due rent to you when \|! came to Jaipur. Lod a ee ee ee Sub verb \| emph pro. Adj. obj. Pre obj conjs V pre P.O. Explanation:- Yahan 'paid' ka logical object 'rent? hai and sub + obj. 'myself pronoun emphatic hai jo '! (sub) par emphasis dal rha hai, Isko verb se pehle replace o karenge. bject ke \|sko baad isliye replace nhi kar sakte kyunki yahan object lamba hai Jiss se confus c i r o e n ate ho jaye ga. AMAN SIR ENGLISH a0 \| 400 ¢ Sh herself killed herself and her children. YCNo error) e Aus= e one 4 boyy : emphatic V Obj.CRef) conf Adj. obj. Explanation:\~ Emphatic pronouns optional hote hain, yeh sentence correct hai yahan dono ka n phi theek hai auragar emphatic pronoun ka use na kro toh bhi theek hai. 'Us.. Distributive Pronouns- rx e Each, Either, Neither © Gab ek ek karke baat karni ho aur emphasis bhi daalna ho) Note- Each/Either/Neither + of + noun (Plural) + verb Csingular) + pronoun / Adj. (Singular) { (selection) 'of preposition jab selection ka kaam krti hai th uske baad aane wala noun plural hota hai. kyunki selection karne ka kaam ek se zyada mein se hi hoga isliye aage wala noun plural hota hai. Distributive pronoun ek-ek krke baat krte hai toh subject yaha singular hoga isliye singular subject ke according aage 'verb' ya 'adjective' ya 'pronoun' bhi singular aate hain. e Each of the boys havelx brought theinx pencil, Each of the boys has brought his pencil.v 4 \| { { \| \| 1 Sub, pre P.O HVGsing.) MV AdjCsing) obj. Explanation:- 'of' preposition yaha selection ka kaam kr rahi aur selection hmesha ek se jyada mein se kiya jata hai isiliye iske baad aane wala noun plural hoga aur woh 'of' preposition ka object Banega. Each ek distributive nature ka word hota haij o ek-ek krke baat krta hai yahan 'each' subject hai jo ki singular hai toh verb and pronoun each subject ke according singular aayegi v x e One of my students has\| i have\| cracked the exam. be ot id { { \| 1 Sub Pre Adj. P.O HV MV obj. ie Selection = one of students Possession =\> The wife of Rajesh. ° Each = 2 ya 2 se zyada ke liye. ® Neither = 2 mein se kisi ke liye bhi nahi. ° Either = 2 mein se \| ke liye. AMAN SIR ENGLISH 41 v x completed the assignment. e Neither of them has j todd \| 7 Sub pre P.O HV MV anys cape? dictrt Explanation:- Neither subject hai isliye verb singular aageg!, kyunki 'neither' distributive pronoun hai aur singular nature ka word hota hai. Neither =\> 2 mein se ek bhi nbi None =\> 2 se zyada mein se ek bhi nhi x v ° 6! invited S players for an interview but / of them came. 1 ah 1 ee ee J Sub V Adj obj. pre p.o. Cony. sub Pre. P.o Verb Explanation:-Yahan \$ ki baat ho rhi hai islige 'neither' nhi 'none' aayega. Either = 2 mein se koi! Any =\> 2 se zyada mein se koi! x\* Y and you can take / pny of these. e =\| have bought 5 books baat ho rahi hai isiliye yahan par hum 'either' ki jagah Explanation:- yahan 2 se Jyada ki 'Any' ka use karenge 4 7 Both---\> 'Both' word ko 2 persons aur thing s ko refer krne ke liye use kiya jata hai lekin generally A "a isse positive sentence mein hi use krte hai, 'Negative sentence mein jab 2 persons aur things " ka use karte hai aur agar 'Neither' sentence mein subject hota ki baat krni ho toh "Neither hai toh verb singular aati hai aur sath hi 'neither ke sath koi aur negative word CGaise ki- 'no' 'not' , 'never' etc) nhi use kiye jate hai. ? Ne/therY x Y ° Both} of the guests have} / has hotx come on time. e Neither of the quests has come on time. Vv t 1 i' + 4 4 i Sub(Dis. pro) pre p.o. HV MV pre po Explannaattioino:n-: - Both ka use negative sentence me\| in nhi krte hai. Both ki jagah par 'Neither lkoaa useb krenge ge kykyuukkii 'Nei'Ne; ther 2 mein. se ek bhi nhi' ki baat krta hai. Jis sentence mein 'neither a ho wo alread y negativ; e sense convey karta hai and ek clause ya ek sentence double neggaatit'i ve nahi : ho sakta hai riisshlii ye isme se 'not' ko hatana padega 'SIR ENGLISH 422 English and Hindi are easy language but he can't speak both\| x. he can't speak either. v he can speak neither. v Explanation:- Yahan 'either' bhi correct hai but most preference 'neither' ko di jayegi ge Viting it FUNCTIONS AS wwe i. Verb o It can be a verb in.a sentence. o Helping verb ki tarah use hoga. Gi) Gerund o Noun o It can be a subject, object or prepositional object in a sentence. iii. Present Participle o Adjective © noun and pronoun ko qualify karega. Example: = Rahul is watching a movie --- {ene ng { 1 S waittV¥ MV obj. 2. causes cancer. | v { Sub (noun) Verb obj. (Gerund) 3. Salman shot the running deer. { { { \| Sub Verb \~--- Adj.(Pr.Part.) Object They started shouting in the class. | { it 1 { Sub. Verb objCNoun) pre \_------p.0. CGerund) The mother consoled the crying child. : { { 1" Sub Verb \_adj.(Pr.part.) obj. a AMAN SIR ENGLISH 43 tote e This movie was really interesting articiple) Yo dn sake \| \| a hai, isiliye 'interesting' Dem. adj. Sub LV Adv(D) sub complement (Ad). (Present 'i "ateresting' movie ki quality btar Explanation:- Iss sentence mein adjective hai.. ding. e Karan's performance in the match was outstan J (Adj. (Present participle) 1 \| 4 4 lement Poss. case of noun (sub) pre. P.o L.V Sub comple ae Vs t- It Functions AS wu. Verb = It can bea verb in a sentence. be an adjective in a sen tence. In this case it is called 'Past Participle'. Adjective = It can Gerund =\> V, + ing = Noun Present part. =\> Vi + ing = Adjective Past participle = V3 = Adj. 1 They have given some instructions to Mr. Gupta. Lod 4d 1 u J u sub HV MV adj. obj.CN) pre --- obj. Explanation:- yahan 'given' main verb ka function kr rha hai. Kyuki iss se pehle helping verb 'have' Igi hui hai 2. Our soldier followed the given instructions. Jot 1 1 L Adj. sub verb V3CAdj). ob. (Past participle) E xplanation« :- \_ yahan \['ogai ven' rosi nstructi.o ns Cnoun) ko qualify kar rha hai yani 'given' yahan par instructions ki vishesta bta raha hai isliye ye adjective ka kaam kar rha hai toh yeh past participle hoga. 3. Mohan bought a used car for his wife. { 1 L J S L \| u\ b Verb V3(Adj) obj pre adj p.o { (Past participle) AMAN SIR ENGLISH 44 ee jused a calculator for all these calculations. i pe \| Lip sy \| sub verb obj pre. Adj(Q) Adj(D). P.O. 5, All the elected MPs were called by the Prime minister. Lobos gn Adj Adj(past part.) sub HV MV pre. P.O & Demonstrative Pronoun:-. This / That / These / Those. Ye 'adjective' and "pronoun' dono ki tarah use hote hain. Adjective ---\> noun ya pronoun ko qualify karenge Pronoun ---\> subject and object banenge e This is my car. J, § Lod s LV P.Adj SCCN) Explanation:- Yahan par 'This' Demonstrative Pronoun hai kyuki yahan 'this' subject bann raha hai. e \| want this car 1 J u { S V Dem.Adj obj. Explanation:- yahan par This' demonstrative adjective hai kyunki 'this' yahan par car(noun) ko qualify kr raha hai © The air of Delhi is more polluted than Mumbai. Cx) Explanation:- Comparison humesha same class mein hota hai, yahan 'Delhi ki air' ka comparison 'Mumbai city' se kiya jaa rha hai jo out of class hai, hume yahan 'Delhi ki air ka comparison 'Mumbai ki air' se karna hai. Isliye 'Mumbai' ki jagah 'The air of Mumbai' likhenge but sentence mein noun ki repetition na ho isliye pronoun ka use karte hain isliye 'than' ke baad 'that of ka use karenge. The correct sentence- The air of Delhi is more polluted than that of Mumbai. (that of = the air of) ICam)¥ © = Rajesh is taller than me. \* | L 4 4 Sub LV Adj. Conj. AMAN SIR ENGLISH Bs \| 45 subject ka subject se aur obje a hai matlab ¢ s mein hot Comparison same clas. t (me) se nahi ho sakta ve Explanation:- n objec a compariso ; Ye ka object se. Yahan subject (Rajesh) k , tion ke aad 2" clause mein '1 am' laga denge. subjective case aayega toh conjunc e Rajesh is married. Note =\> ast participle) (Proper concept) { { ot = P 1 J st Participle) iv. sc (Adj) (Pa e. © \| am satisfied with your performance ri 4 L gw dy sv scAdj) pre Ad. (Past part.) e l structure} l T e thaatt of Mumbai Gis)¥ = the air of mumbai Civs \[)Rea o MV Sub2 pre po MV Sub2 pre. P. mbai e The air of Delhi is more polluted than Mu bi sod J 1 4 S\_ pre p.o LV Adv(D) SCCAdj) con).. : Cos) se krenge isliye 'air' ka comparison air se hoga, Explanation:-Subject ka comparison subject r 'that' pronoun aaya hai. but noun repeat nahi kar sakte isliye 'air' ki jagah pa Mohan's house is bigger than ee eee e Ca) Shilpa's Chouse) V Cb) Shilpa's house \* Cc) That of shilpa \* Cd) That of shilpa's \* Explanation:- 'mohan ke house' ka comparison 'shilpa ke house' se hoga but yahan 'house' understood hoga. The cost of mohan's house is higher than Ca) Shilpa's Chouse) x (b) Shilpa's house x (c) That of shilpa x Ca) That of shilpa's Vv Explanation:- iss sentence mein 'mohan ke h ouse ki cost' ka comparison 'Shilpa ke house \| cost' se hoga, isliye 'the cost' ki Jagah 'that' ka use kareng s e hi an l d pa 's' h s il pa's u\ s h e ou se' kr ki e ja n g¢ g\ e kyunki 'house' understood ho jaata hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH \_ 46 thosev e The articles of The Hindu are more intersting than \|x of The T.0O.! Care). i 1 t + 1 i} L J 1 \| Sub pre. p.o LV Adv SC(Adj) conj. Sub2 pre po Mv (pre.part.) Cdem.pro.) Explanation:- 'That of ki jagah par 'those of aayega kyunki yaha 'articles' likha hua hai jo ki plural hai isiliye yaha par 'those' ka use hua hai. Note:- comparison ke structure mein 'This or these' ka use nhi krte, singular ke liye 'that' aur plural ke liye 'those' ka use karte hain. Chess and CricketY e {Cricket and chess are famous games. This is an outdoor game and that is an indoor game, Explanation:- 'This' ka use paas waali cheez ko refer karne ke liye hota hai, and 'that' ka use duur waali cheez ko refer karta hai, 'Cricket and Chess' ki position ko interchange karke correct kar denge. Tabhi 'this' and 'that' ka meaning correct aayega. Otherwise 2 parts mein error mark karna padega jo ki hum nahi kar sakte hain. « Relative Pronoun :- e Relative pronoun 2 kaam karte hai. a. Pronoun: - Yeh subject ya object banne ka kaam karta hai. b. Conjunction: - yeh 2 clause ko join karta hai. Relative pronoun = pronoun + conjuction (Pro conj.) « Who v/s Whom =\> Human being ke liye use hota hai 1 1 (Subjective case) CObjective case). © Note: 'who/whom' ka error krne ke liye ek concept yaad rakhna hai No. of subjects = No. of Verbs v x © They rewarded the man \| / whom) saved the child. 4 \| 1 4 \| 1 Sub verb obj. SubCpro+conj) Verb ob. 1 \[Relative pronoun\] Explanation:- Yahan 'whom' nahi 'who' ka use hoga kyunki yahan 2 verbs hain toh 2 subjects honge. Isliye saved verb ke subject ke liye 'who' yaani subjective case ka use krenge. Note --- Yahan 'man' ke baad pura clause adjectival clause hoga kyunki yeh clause 'man' ko qualify kar rha hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH By \| 4AT7 x v were searching. e Rajat found the boy / whom you wu f pod yo ay ' ¥ ms R.PCconj+Pro) Sub Hv M 'cearch' verb joio ki ki transis itive verb ha) ; ' ? k uni Explanation:- Yahan 'who' nahi 'whom ar se "whom" ka use krenge. usko object chahiye, isiliye yahan par objective CA s phrases and clause adjective hota ha; Adjectival/Adverbial o un ko qualify kare toh woh Adjective: - Agar ek single word noun 44 pron - combinj a tion se b i' osititi on noun ke 1 Y ds \_ prep i s: A y ek 9 Y oup ot Wo as ga ' i. Adjectiva ) phrase jecti hrase hota ha ave kare toh woh adject val p ho aur adjective ke jaisa beh e karke " SU bject+v er b" conjun I on ka us \> ii iuyncti : Adjectival Clauses:- Agar ek "group of words' j sme hai. e 'octiivvaa l clause hota e jaise kaam kare tab woh adject ka combination adjective k v erb na aaye toh ds'? meinj verb aaye toh clause aur agar V e Note:- Agar us 'group of wor phrase hoga. (Adj. phrase) e The boy jin red shirt} has won the race. 1 4 lod L 4 L Sub pre adj P.O HV MV obj. Explanation:- yeh 'group of words' 'boy' ko qualify kar rha hai but isme verb nahi hai toh yeh adjectival phrase hoga. CAdjectival clause) The teacher punished the boy who broke the chair} (Boy noun ke liye ----Adjectival clause) { y 1 4 { \| sub verb obj S(P+C) V obj Explanation:-Yahan yeh 'group of words' noun Cboy) ko qualify ke liye aaya hai aur isme ver bhi hai toh yeh adjectival clause hoga. Note:- C)) \| met her here. rn SV O Adverb Cof place) Adverb: jab ek word Adverb banne ka kaam kr rha ho, 2. | met her lat the station) ' ---Pr=e FOPo CAdverbial phrase of place) AMAN SIR ENGLISH 48 = wee \*, % rn dverbial phrase: Yahan "group of words' adverb ki tarah kaam kar 7) j ; bhi nahi hai isliye ye 'adverbial phrase' hai. ra hain aur isme verb 3. | met her where we had lunch. J 1 \| 1 Conj. S MV \_\_ obj. (Adverbial clause of place) Adverbial clause: Yahan 'group of words' adverb ki tarah kaam kar rha hai aur isme verb bhi hai isliye yeh 'adverbial clause' hai \| - We need an employee who \|x can go to Delhi for\_ work. { 4 { y 1+ + f L Ss Vv obj. sub(R.P) HV MV pre p.o pre p.o Explanation:-Yahan 'go verb intransitive hai toh object nahi aayega, isliye 'whom' nahi aayega aur 'he' isliye nahi lagayenge kyunki yahan 'who' khud hi ek subject ka aur sath mein conjunction ka kaam kar rha hai, isiliye yahan par "who" relative pronoun rahega aur 'employee' ko qualilfy karne waali adjectival clause bnayega isliye 'conjunction + pronoun = 'who' ka use hoga. x v e Police rescued the boy who\| / whom) the kidnapper had tied to a chair. | 1 1 1 1 + \~ 4 1 1 5 V Obj obj. Sub HV MV obj pre p.o Cconj+Pro) Explanation:- Yahan 'who' nahi 'whom' aayega aur 'him' ko hatana padega kyunki 'tied' verb ko Whom' Cobjective case) Igakr object de diya hai isiliye yaha par "him" object ki zarurat hi hai. x v e =The boy who / whom) we have selected in our team is playing cricket. t 1 L 4 re ee 1 1 Ls obi(ctp) S HV MV\_ pre adj po HV MV --- obj. ka objective case 'whom' hoga Note:- Adjectival clause jis bhi noun ko gualify karega usi ke baad aayega, 2aruri nahi hai ki sentence ke baad mein hi aaye, yahan 'boy' ko qualify kar rha rha toh iske baad aayega. AMAN SIR ENGLISH a \| 499 ¥ x e We met the boy whol / Whom you said had won the gold medal. { 4 1 4 J 4 \| S Vv obj Sub HV MV obj Ccomp. noun) Cconj+Pro) \_ Explanation:s- Iss sentence mein 'met' verb ko subject 'we' and sald' verb ho pubjact you' rurat hal Isllye subjective case who aayega, mil chuka hai, but 'won' verb ko subject ki 2a ' ' ; hai ye confuse karne ke liye extra hal, 'won' ka relation 'hoy' sq 'said' ka relation boy se nahi hai, Note: Kuch question create honge. Gi) 'said' verb ka object kahan hai? k hi kyun aaya hal? Ci) Jab 3 clause hain toh 2 conjunctions ki zarurat padegi but yahan e Gili) 'who had won' ko alag alag kyun likha hai? Inn sab questions ko answer karne ke liye kuchh concepts seekhne padenge. whov r Rohan helped the (a)/ woman Wwhorx he Cb)/ thought had cancer. 1 1 1 1 J J 1 i sub verb obj R.P(pt+c) sub verb MV obj / Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'help' verb ko subject 'Rohan' mil chuka hai, 'thought' verb as ko subject 'he' mil chuka hai. "had" verb ko subject nhi mila hai isiliye subjective case ki Jarurat hai so 'whom' ki jagah 'who' hoga kyunki 'whom' objective case hai. Noun clause =\> Jab kisi sentence mein single word, verb ka subject ya object na bane balki ek pura clause subject ya object ban jaaye tab wo 'noun clause' hota hai. (Noun clause) Obj. of know verb e 6/ know how he escaped from the prison\| ++ £ J J u S V conjtacv S V pre p.o Explanation:- 'know' verb ka object ek pura group of words ban raha hai aur isme verb bhi hai isliye ye 'noun clause' hoga. e §=She did not explain the question. \$ 4 i 4 J u S HV Adv V obj AMAN SIR ENGLISH 50 ---------\_\_------ (Noun clause) Object of 'explain' she did not explain why she sold the house\| rye tb bd j s HV Adv verb contadv S Vv O Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'why she sold the house' explain verb ka object ban raha hai, 'object? noun hi banta hai, iss group of word mein verb aa rahi hai isilye yeh "Noun clause" hai ge When to omit a conjunction :- 0 Agar kisi verb ka object noun clause ban raha ho aur dono clauses ko add karne ke liye 'that' conjunction ka use kiya gaya ho toh 'that' ko omit kiya jaa sakta hai. Kyunki jab yeh conjunction banti hai tab pause dene ka kaam karti hai yaani comma ki tarah behave karti hai aur 'that? ka khud ka koi meaning nahi hota hai, isliye iss case mein 'that' ko omit kiya ja sakta hai. That = Demonstrative Adj Cwo) That --- Demonstrative Pronoun (wo) That = conjunction (ki) (Noun clause) object of said verb. She said that she would join Aman's batch. 4 J \| {+ 4 { { SV conj.(Ki) S HV MV possessive obj. Case of noun Explanation:- Yahan verb ka object pura clause ban raha hai isliye 'that' conjunction ko drop kiya jaa sakta hai kyunki isse drop karne par sentence ke meaning par koi change nahi aayega. (Noun clause) obj. of thought verb They thought that Rajat had broken the window, { { fom Saye gS { S V con. S HV MV obj. Explanation:- iss sentence mein 'thought' verb ka object pura ka pura clause 'Rajat had broken the window' bann raha hai isiliye iss sentence mein 'that' conjuction ko drop kiya jaa skta hai. CNoun clause) Object of know verb w Where he has kept the money. | Lob 4 { obj. AMAN SIR ENGLISH 51 : S ° ™ re, Explanation:- 'Know' verb ka object pura clause hai isliye usse noun clause kehte hain, ley i) 'that' conjunction ki tarah yahan 'where' ko drop nahi kiya jaa sakta hai kyunki uske Pha oy meaning hai. \~ ¢ = Relative Adverb =\> fwhy, where, when, Howf =\> conjuction + Adverb Subject of 'is' verb CNoun clause) e \|How he escaped from that person) is a mystery. 1 + dd 1 J 4 u t Adv Sv pre adj po LV SC CN) Sub CNoun clause) © lWhy she slapped him\| is not clear. 1 qd 4d 1 £4 1 Adv S V\_ obj LV Adv Sub comp. CAdj) Explanation:- Yahan pura clause subject banne ka kaam kar rha hai aur subject noun hi hota hai isliye yeh 'noun clause' hai ye zaruri nahi hai ki noun clause baad mein hi aaye ya object ki jagah aaye, yeh subject ki jagah par aakar pehle bhi lag sakta hai. e We met the boy who you said had won the gold medal. you said \|that\_ he \|x had won the gold medal. \[real structure\] 1 4d object Cnoun clause) S V Explanation:- @ 'said' verb ka object ek word nahi ek clause hai jise noun clause kahenge. Gi) 'that' conjunction ko omit kiya jaa sakta hai jab uska meaning 'ki' ho aur yahan kiya gya hai. Gi) 'boy' ko qualify karne ke liye 'adjectival clause' banana hai, toh wo 'who/whom' se hi ban paayega isliye 'he' nahi likh sakte. Civ) Jiske liye 'adjectival clause' lagate hain uske baad 'he' likhte hain isliye 'who' ki position wahin hogi aur waise bhi 'boy' aur 'you' ko connect karne ke liye conjunction ka kaam kar rha hai. v x (Adjectival clause) (woman ko qualify karne ke liye) ¢ = Rohan helped the woman who / whom he thought had cancer t (Pro+Con) Explanation:- 'had' verb ka relation 'woman' se hai isliye uske liye relative pronoun 'who' ka use hua hai, 'he' toh confusion ke liye diya hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH Bs \| 522 ne x v the quests / who} we were talking about have come are my cousions, | 4 db ds { { 1 dod L s SS HV MV(phrase) HV MV LV adj SC (no. of sub = no. of obj.) explanation' Yahan 'talk' verb ka subject 'we' mil gya, 'guests' subject ka verb sentence ke Iast mein 'are' mil gya hai, aur 'have come' ko subject nahi mila hai isliye 'who' subjective case aayega The students who have missed the previous class \|they\* should watch the recorded video. | J J iF J J J J J J 5 Ss HV MV adj. obj HV MV Adj. obj Explanation:- 'Students' ke baad 'who' wala clause students ke liye adjectival clause hai, aage aane waali verb 'students' ko milni chahiye thi, but 'they' pronoun extra laga hai isliye 'they' ko hatana padega jiss se 'students' subject ko 'watch' verb mil jayegi aur sentence sahi ho jayega: & Di-transitive verb :- Aisi verbs jo 2 objects leti hai unhe di-transitive verbs kaha jaata hai. (Yeh ek special property hai, har verb di-transitive verb nahi hoti hai) \|. Indirect object --- Reply of- to/for/from/whom' - from the verb \_, Yeh human beings hote hai, --- Ist position. 2, Direct object --- Reply of 'what' from the verb. --- Yeh generally things hote hai, yeh baad mein likhe jaate hain. ° He gave me a book. { \| 4 \| S V1.0.CWhom ka reply) D.OCwhat ka reply) © He told her a story 4 toy { SV 10. DO - Ajay sent him a letter. Lo 1 1 S ev 1o, D.O Mohan is teaching us English. b foyer fs 4 ---\_S HV MV 10. DOO. AMAN SIR ENGLISH ms: \| 533 e Mohan lent Sohan some money J J J ! 1 SV 10. Qnt.Adj. D.O. Infinitive Go + Vu)i- Yeh Noun/Adjective/Adverb ke jaise kaam karta hai Note --- Yahan infinitive ka noun wala case jaanenge. se hota hai tab 'to' ke baad 'nouy) a0 How to Identify --- Agar 'to' preposition ki tarah se u t hai but agar 'to' ke baad verb aaye aur meaningful la ge toh wo 'infinitive' hota hai.. e want to sleep 1 4 J S Vv Infinitive CObject = noun) \| Explanation:- 'want' ver b transitive hoti hai isko object chahiye aur yahan want verb s 'what' ka reply object hoga, yahan "to sleep" pura ka pura want verb se 'what' ka reply ka kaam kar rha hai, hai,lsiliye "to sleep" yahan par infinitive bann raha hai, jo noun e. = She likes to dance. \$ 4 1 SV Infi. Coby = noun) e He tried to jump over the wall L1odd t 1 S v\_ obj.Cinf) pre. P.o e He ordered him ¥ oo 'away. 1 J of 1 £ S v\_ Ind.obj. Dir. obj. Adverb of place Cnfinitive) (Noun + verb) Note --- e Semi verb --- (Noun + verb) e Infinitive, Gerund, Participle --- Yeh 'semi verbs' hote hain inme verb ka meaning hidden hot hai. e He reguested us to come here. L u uy J \| 5 V 1.0. DO. Adverb of place Cnfinitive) (Noun + verb) Explanation:- Yahan 'to come' (infinitive) nounCdirect object) ka kaam kar rha hai par yel semi-verb hai isme verb hidden hai isliye ye apne baad adverb ka use kr skte hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH 54 | a ah verb alag alag types se use ho sakti hai aur ye padbne par hi samajh aayega. note! han teaches very well. ey lL dip, Verh Adv(D) Adv. Cm) yah" reach' verb ka use intransitive ki tarah hua hai kyunki isme object nahi hai. Mohan taught english to his son. S V obj pre adj p.o yahart 'reach' verb ka use transitive ki tarah hua hai kyunki isme object aaya hai. Mohan taught his son english Mohan | \| 4 4 { 5 Vv Adj LO. DO. Yahan teach verb ka use di-transitive ki tarah hua hai, kyunki isne apne sath 2 objects liye hain. Rohan gave a book to her = -+ Yahan 'her' par stress diya hai { { 1, + 4 S V obj pre p.o Rohan gave her a book --- Yahan 'Book' par stress diya gya hai { { J \| 5 V 10. DO Explanation:- Yeh dono sentences theek hain aur meaning bhi same hai but jis par stress daalna hota hai usko end mein likhte hain. My mother made a cake for me. --- (yahan 'me' par stress daala gya hai.) { { 1 1 £ & Adj Sub V obj pre p.o My mother made me a cake - (yahan 'cake' par stress daala gya hai.) | \| 1 4 1 Adj sub V 1O. DO. - v We met some students whol / whom\| you taught english. { \| 4 L 1 L J J S vioadj obj obj+Conj sub verb obj C1.0) Explanation:- Yahan 'who' ka nahi 'whom' ka use hoga kyunki 'teach' verb ka use 'di- transitive' ver ke jaise hua hai aur isne 2 objects rakhe hain isliye objective case 'whom' aayega, AMAN SIR ENGLISH Bs \| 55 ence ge Notes 7 \| Jab Human beings ko qualify karne ke liye adjectival clause aata hai tab Whob abo, « use hota hai. Which \~ Jab things/animal ko qualify karne ke liye adjectival clause aata hai tap " len ka use hota hal. x v © He lost the bag who\| /\|which\| he got from his uncle 1 4 \| bt tdoid df SV obj obj(P+c) S V\_ pre adj P.O Explanation:- 'Who' nahi 'which' ka use hoga kyunki 'bag' ko qualify karne ke liye adjectiy clause aaya hai aur 'bag' ek thing hai. Relative pronoun: 'That' © 'That? ka use --- 'Human beings/things/ animals' sabhi ke liye aa sakta hai but yeh uss yoy, ya pronoun par emphasis daalne ke liye aata jiske liye use hua hai. e Use relative pronoun 'that' with these words- All/None/Both/Everything/Anything/No/The same/The few/ the little/The only/The+superlatiye degree etc. (Yeh sab emphasis daalne waale words hote hain.) x v © She is the same lady who\| / that stole your wallet in the bus. 1 4 \| \| \| { 1 od ui 5 lv Cemp. Adj) SCIRP\] Sub V\_ p.adj obj pre p.o Explanation:- Yahan 'lady' human being hote hue bhi 'who' nahi 'that' pronoun ka use krenge kyunki 'lady' se pehle 'the same' ka use karke emphasis daala gya hai. x Y e They stole the little money which / \|that\| he had saved for his daughter's marriage. P\| obog og tttotouauogy 5 Vi (Qn, adj) obj objtconj S HV MV pre Adj poss. Case of Noun (po) Explanation:- 'Money' thing hai phir bhi yahan 'which' nahi 'that' ka use hoga kyunki "money par emphasis daalne ke liye 'the little' ka use hua hai, and 'save' verb ke liye object nahi hai isliye 'that' pronoun object banega kyunki 'save' verb money ke liye receiver hai doer nahi hal. x v Sachin is the best batsman who / \|that has ever played on this ground. i { \| { \| ) Ld bobs 4d - i" adj SC pron HV adv MV pre. adj p.o plaa nation:- 1 Yah « , an 'batsman' par stress daalne ke liye 'The+superlative degree' ka use hua hai ai isliisli ye yahan human beinj g hone ke baad bhi 'who' nahi 'that' ka use karenge = AMAN SIR ENGLISH 7 56 x x v the may and the dog whofwhich/{thae\| were crossing the road were hit by a truck, , 4 { 1} J 4 ob tobi S. con). 52 \[RP\]sub+conj HV MV ) ¢ ,. obj HV MV pre p.o Exp! anation:- 'which' ka use 'dog ke liye toh kiya jaa sakta hai but 'man' ke liye nahi and 'who' ka use 'man' ke liye toh kiya jaa sakta hai but 'dog' ke liye nahi isliye 'that' ka use karna padega jo dono ko refer kar sakta hai, x Y We saw the same boy who / that} stole your wallet. Explanation:- yahan 'the same' Iga hua hai jo emphasis daal rha hai, isiliye "that" aayega. v x 1 saw a boy wh / that} was carrying his shoes on his head. Explanation:- Yahan 'that' nahi who aayega kyunki 'boy' specific nahi hai. v v We saw the boy / that\] won the race yesterday. (Prefer who) Explanation:- Yahan dono aa skate hai, kyunki 'boy' par zyada stress nahi diya gya hai. x v } want the same bag which /\| \| saw at the mall. Explanation:- Yahan 'that'? aayega kyunki 'bag' ko specify karne ke liye 'the same' ka use kiya gya hai. v x | want a bag which\| / that has 3 compartments. Explanation:- Yahan "hat? nahi 'which' aayega kyunki 'bag' specific nahi hai, v v | want the bag which) / that is made of leather. (Prefer that) Explanation:- Yahan dono ka use kar sakte hain kyunki 'bag' ko zyada specify nahi kiya gya hai. Note:- Jab noun ke pehle 'the' laga hua ho toh who/that ke case mein 'who' ko prefer karna hai aur which/that ke case mein 'that' ko prefer krana hai, yeh koi grammar ka rule nhin hai, yeh only exam ke basis par Aman Sir ki observation hai. Note:- Relative pronouns take verb according to their antecedent. Antecedent- Woh noun ya pronoun jiske liye Relative pronoun use karte hai wahi antecedent hote hain. Relative pronoun ka khud ka koi number ya gender nhi hota hai. a ms \| AMAN SIR ENGLISH 5/77 x v Sehwag is one of the batsmen who / scored more than 3000 runs, !oddtd 1 4 bod oF boy S Lv SCCP) pre p.o RP CHV) MV Adv pre Adj po J KR" CSelection) CAntecedent) Explanation:- Batsmen ko qualify karne ke liye Adjectival clause aaya hai isliye Relative ry iske according verb bhi plura) pronoun 'who' ka antecedent 'batsmen' hai jo plural hai au aayeg/. Y \* The boy who is / waiting outside is my brother. L wv. 1 dems gene, Af Sub RP HV MV adv(p) Lv Adj. SCCN) 1 Csub+con/. 'singular'.) 'boy' ko qualify karne ke liye Adjectival Explanation:- 'who' ka antecedent 'boy' hai kyunki rb bhi singular hi aayegi. clause aaya hai isliye 'boy' singular hai toh relative pronoun ke baad ve x v Gold is one of the metals which \|is\| / used in ornaments. 1 tdi 1 1 J od 4 1 S Lv sc pre p.o subt+con t Jl pre po (Rel. pro.) CHv+mv=Passive) Explanation:- 'which' ka antecedent 'metals' hai kyunki 'metals' ko qualify karne ke liye yeh adjectival clause aaya hai isliye iss relative pronoun ke liye verb 'are' aayegi kyunki 'metals' plural hai. vy x Mercury is only one of the metals that / liquid at room temperature. L 1 od 1 J uv + 4 L J 1 Sub Lv adj sc pre p.o subtconj Lv --- SCC(N) pre p.o CRP) Explanation:- yahan 'only' ka use kiya gya hai, jisse pta chalta hai ki keval 'mercury' hi liquid form mein paayi jaati hai, yahan 'that' ka antecedent 'mercury' hai na ki 'metals' kyunki mercury ko qualify karne ke liye yeh objectival clause aaya hai. Generally adjectival clause Jiske liye aate hain ussi ke sath lagate hai but yahan aisa nhi hai tabhi confusion hai but mercury' singular hai toh verb bhi singular hi aayegi. AMAN SIR ENGLISH lcs \| 588 ay 2 only\_one oF the metals that is liquid at room temperature. mer? u "The only metal". Ciss sentence ko likhne ka better tareeka) ¢ a \> ive Pronoun which gelat » animals and things ke liye hota hai. wphich ka us ive pronoun ka antecedent ek single word na bankar pura clause ban raha ho "agar kist elat 'which' ka use hoga. ve pronoun toh relat! " 4 (CAntecedent) So x v sir breaks each sentence into parts of speech) \|that/ which\| is the best part of his teaching. Sn nr ee A V disAdj. obj pre p.o (comp. noun) (sub+conj) Lv Adj SC pre P.OCN) CGerund) Explanation: Yahan 'that' nahi 'which' ka use hoga kyunki yahan relative pronoun ka antecedent ek word na hoke ek pura clause ban rha hai isliye 'that' nahi 'which' ka use hoga. x v Rajat always blames others for his failures that} / which\] is not liked by his friends. | J 1 Pens. ' tds dee dea bs edited s adv MV obj pre p.o \[RP\] hv adv MV pre adj p.o J eee 4 Explanation:- Yahan 'that' nahi 'which' ka use hoga kyunki ek word na ho kar ek clause relative pronoun ka antecedent ban rha hai. Isliye verb singular aayegi kyunki clause ko ek unit ki tarah dekhte hain. x v vx ryans had horses in their army \|that/which\| \|was/were\| the main reason for their victory over the 1 +t \$¢ Ld td 1 { 1 J ft \| 4 4. S V\_\_\_ obj \_pre p.adj\_p.o G) lv adj. SC(N) pre Adj p.o. pre Anteceden people of harrapan Civilization. 1 4 L p.o pre po (en) Explanation:- Yahan 'that' nahi 'which' ka use hoga kyunki relative pronoun ka antecedent ek word nahi ek clause hai aur ek clause ek hi unit maana jaata hai isliye verb humesha singular use krte hain. Demonstrative Adjective / Demonstrative Pronoun / Conjunction / Relative pronoun ---e AMAN SIR ENGLISH Js \| 599 ! lliikkee \|that) car. Lod 1 od S V D.Adj obj ng hifu kar rha hat shan 'that' demonstrative adjective hai kyunki ye car ko QUALITY CAV O98 Hal, Explanation:- 2. The quality of this pen is better than of a a Gen) er er eS P S, pre D.Adj p.o Lv Adj scet+conj S2 pre D.Adj p.o 1 (D.Pro). pronoun hai kyunk \] iect ban rha hai aur 2 Explanation:- Yahan I 'that' demonstrative i wo subj 'that'? demonstrative adjective hai kyunki 'pen' ko qualify kar rha hai. 3. She said {that} Rohan had sent hati romantic letter. pels ¢ 1 1 Js 4 uy Lo S v conj s hv mv DAdj. Adj Obj. s.. ' ) Explanation:- I 'that' 2 clause ko connect kar rha hai isliye conjunction hai aur second 'that letter ko qualify kar rha hai isliye wo 'demonstrative adjective' hai. 9. Radhika is the only girl that has\_ passed the exam. L 1 £1 «\| ¢@ 1 4 4 S Lv E.Adj SC protcon Hv MV obj. (Relative pronoun) Explanation:- Yahan 'that' relative pronoun hai kyunki 'that' ka use karke 'girl ko qualify karne wali adjectival clause banayi gayi hai jo 'conjunction + subject? ka kaam kar rhi hai. " Relative Pronoun 'What' --- - 'What' ka use tab hota hai jab koi antecedent na ho. - 'what' ka use 'noun clause' banane ke lige kiya jata hai. / Ob. Cknow verb) CNoun clause) \| know what you have said. Ld 1 1 J iL S ov obj+conj.s vi mv Object (Noun clause) appreciate what you did for us fool VV okj.+conj S mv pre p.o AMAN SIR ENGLISH 600 Ae In ie \_ ie Clause Noun clause TV + oO eeweroorororrn ) S+V+ C aes ae \>) \ Infinitive Noun Adverb Adjective Verb se 'what' ya 'whom' ka reply \| Verb se 'why' ka reply ' He went there to sleep. 1 J 4d al S V\_ AdvCP) Infinitive CAdverb) Explanation:- Verb se why ka reply = to sleep (Adverb) He jumped to Cross the bridge. 1 i) 1 SV infi.CAdv) Obj. of Infinitive Explanation:- Verb se why ka reply = "to cross" isliye Adverb hoga Infinitive 'semi verb' hone ke wajah se object rakh lete hain. AMAN SIR ENGLISH 655. He booked a cab to go to Delhi. i 4 £ L L ia S ov obj infCAdv) pre p.o Explanation:--- Verb se why ka reply 'to go' mil rha hai isliye yeh Adverb hoga. Yeh intray RY verb se bana hai isliye object nahi ho sakta hai. a = Pa} one's" (Possessive Case of one) One should work hard to fulfil his dreams. J i d a) L 1 SQ) Hy MV Aa infi.CAdv+verb) obj. of infinitive oneselfv : One should avail bimselfx of all the opportunities in life. J L J 1 L 4 J 1 J SQ) HV MV obj \_--- pre Adj p.0. pre p.0. t Obj. CReflexive pronoun) According to subject 'one' Y : One of the boys has forgotten lunch box in the class. 1 od L r} L J J J + S p po Hv Mv Poss.Adj. obj. pre p.0. Explanation:- Yahan 'his' ka use isliye hoga kyunki 'one boy' ke according aaya hai. / need a costly phone and a cheap lone \|v Lod } + J a 7 S V. [\@Qit.Aadj]{.citation data-cites="Qit.Aadj"}. obj. con. Qlt.Adj. Obj. Onesv He donated a new shirt and 2 old lone' sx to a beggar. L L L S be nt t i S V = QIt Adj. obj conj. Adj. obj pre PO. Explanation:- 'one' ka plural term 'ones' hota hai. 66 a \~The Some Most A lot Lots Uncountable =\> Verb-Singular Plenty --- + of + Noun \< cose Verb-Plural 20%, 30% Countable(Sing)=\>Verb-Sing Ye one third vy x. Some of the milk was / were\| used to\_ make tea. 1 4 { 4 { { { S pre po Hv MV inf obj of inf Explanation:- 'Milk' uncountable noun hai isliye verb singular aayegi. x v : Some of the books was) / were\| sent by Ajay. 1 4 { bh + dt dQ S pre p.o HV MV pre p.o Explanation:- 'Books' plural Countable noun hai isliye verb bhi plural aayegi. x Vv : Half of the students ig / larel absent today L J \| 1 J S pre p.o Lv SCCAdj) Explanations: 'Students' plural hai toh verb bhi plural aayegi vy ' Half of the class is / are absent today. L J L 4 { S pre p.o Lv SCAdj) Explanations: 'Class' singular hai toh verb bhi singular aayegi. Introductory subject :- "i? and 'there' act as introductory subjects when they are followed by a linking verb. Introductory Subject Verb It =\> Singular There =\> According to real subject. ---\_ There \> Ye kisi cheez ki position btane ke liye use hota hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH : Bs \| 677 - Once {there \| was a king 4 Cek bar ek raja tha) There is a cat under the table. { £ 4b 'aomets Introductory Lv Realsub Pre p.o Subject : There was a cow in the middle of the road. Ld 1 od 1 J u Introductory Lv R.sub Pre p.o. pre po. Subject class. There are 30 students in this Lod J { 1 Intro.Sub. Lv adj Realsub Pre adj. p.0. lt =\> time/date/day/month/year/se ason =. It is 3 'O° clock bi It is Monday. oe / It is 2024 Note =\> It = Got V) --- Subject ki jagah use hota hai kyunki English mein infinitive ko subje banana avoid karte hain. : To dance is easy u J Sub.CNJ Infinitive LV Adj CSc) Better structure - It ds easy \_ to dance 1 4 { \| Intro.Sub Lv Adj.CSc) RealSub. Note = It = Clause (Subject) ki jagah use hota hai kyunki English mein clause ko subj banana avoid karte hai AMAN SIR ENGLISH EB 688 y (Noun Clause) qu ne \| { b \| LV. SCCN) Sub. perter structure Noun clause 1s a mysterpyow hhee escapescaep d from that p prison r) ris \| if , Ly sc(N) (Real Subject) Intro. \| sub ae subject ya object par stress daal sakta hai note = | sent those gifts for you.. ( Nit itwawsa\_s\| \| wwhhoe sent those gift for you. , Lod { bd s V\_ DAdj obj. pre p.o Subject par stress daalne ke liye use kiya gya hai.. He won the race It was he who won the race. | Sub. Par stress daalne ke liye. x v 'It was he /\| whom those boys teased in the playground. DS oes aly OF NR Es APS) sean Obj obj D.adj Sub verb pre p.o Explanation:- Yahan objective case aayega kyunki ye 'tease' verb ka receiver hai x v ' It is / hd who stole those important papers. Explanation:- Yahan 'it' ek introductory subject hai aur yahan real subject 'he' hai isliye 'him' ki jagah 'he' likhna padega. ee 699 ee ", | amv' is \|x your best friend. aur yahan real subject '!' haj isliy le « " ek introductory subject hai C ka antecedent 'I' hai toh iske a ih y Explanation:- Yahan i 0 ki jagah 'I' likhna hoga aur 'who' relative pronoun verb 'is' ki jagah 'am' hogi. Y. s s ulers of this kindom.. There / have been many fr of 1 bes "bo L ee hv mv adj RealSub pre adj p.o Int.sub ; yn 'there' ek introductory subject hai aur yahan real subjecct MANY rule, Explanation:- Yaha hai toh isi ke according verb plural aayegi. Y x in solving these questions. - There / no difficulty L ov L tL + L L Intro LV real sub pre p.o Adj obj of gerund sub Explanation:- Yahan real subject difficulty hai aur Real subject ke according verb aayegi isliy 'were' nahi 'was' hoga, 'solving' gerund, transitive verb se bana hai isliye object lega. It was they who took you to hospital when you met with that accident.CNo error) sr 1 Lt Vv 1 L S V\_ obj pre p.o contAdv sub phr.verb D.adj obj Explanation:- Yahan verb 'they' ke according nahi aayegi kyunki jab 'it' introductory subject banta hai tab verb singular aati hai. Use objective case after these words- ¢ Between, with, besides, including, excluding, but, like, unlike, together with ¢ Yeh words preposition/prepositional phrases hain and inke baad objective case ka use hot hai isliye yeh object leti hai. x vo I Between you and i / Aman sirir ii s very rude and arrogant L L J \| 1 J Ly + J Pre g POconj PO sub LV Ady Adj conj Adj (sc) x Y 2. eEveryebod aoe hd / (hin; g was present at the party, ow a 1 Jd QJ L L P.O LV SCCadj) pre AMAN p. S o I\ R ENGLISH 70 e Ss bi v ave invited all of them but \|she / ther tot h 3 Dewees Lia y Dt sh MV obj pre p.o pre p.o pre p.o put Cconj) = lekin But (pre) = ke sivay x v » All his brothers like he / \| are very smart and intelligent. \| i 1 4+ +t bia L ant adj sub pre p.o LV adv adj conj AdjCSc) x Vv '. Karan's father will not let him and / go to delhi. i bob L Pore ey po y sub hv adv mv obj conj obj B.inf obj of infinitve Explanation:- 'Let' main verb hoti hai aur verb ke baad object aata hai. Note: - 'let' ke baad bare intinitive ka use kiya jata hai. Use possessive case of adjectives or nouns before gerund. Genrally - Gerund means --- (Naa, Nee, Ne) Present participle means --- Ctaa, tee, te) v x We saw him) / is sleeping L (Present participle) \[sote hue\] x v We watching lhis\| / ) playing + (Present participle) tkhelte hue\] x v 'My father doesn't like me / going to the cinema. 1 (Gerund) \[Mera cinema jana\] x v ' She doesn't mind les / lour coming late in the class. - (Gerund) \[humara late aana\] ------ AMAN SIR ENGLISH 71 \~ Shyam does not like Shilpa's talking to Shubam." (Possessive) (Gerund) \[baat karna\] himY is) behaving badly with anyone. : We have never seen himy e found his lying on the floor.. When we entered the room, Ww a Subject se and object ka object Note:- Comparison same category mein hota hai. Subject k se. x v - He is taller than ime\| / {\| Cam) - understood S LV scCadj) conj \$2 Explanation:- yahan 'Me' nahi 'I' aaye ga kyunki subject ka comparison subject se hoga, Yahan linking verb hai. 'He' ka comparion 'I' se hoga na ki 'me' se, object nahi aayega kyunki lv Cam) : Karan is smarter than Imelx so you should select him. Simile: - as + adjective/adverb + as Jab compare karna ho but kam ya zyada nahi karna ho balki equal karna ho tab 'simile' ka use hota hai. Adjective --- Noun ka comparison (Jab linking verb ho) Adverb --- Verb ka comparision (Jab action verb ho) Adjective --- Degree Positive degree --- Jab compare na karna ho Comparative degree --- Jab ek ka comparison dusre se karna ho Superlative degree --- jab ek ka comparison sabse karna ho Y 4 Radhika i's as hice / hicely as roshni.Cis). Cimile) Explanation:- Yahan 'nicely' nhi 'nice' P han 'nicely' nhi 'nice' ka use hoga kyunki noun ka comparison noun se hua hai isliye adjective aayega. x Y Radhika behaves as nice / nicely as roshni. (Does) Csimile) AMAN SIR ENGLISH m7 \| 72 "a ---Janation'- yahan 'nice' nahi 'nicely' ka use hoga kyunki verb ka comparison verb se hua Exp!@ - 'Roshni' ke baad does understood ho jaata hai kyunki 'behaves' ko dubara likhna avoid hal. karte hain. x v rahdhika behaves like Ishe / e L 1 Pre p.o Explanation'- Agar preposition se compare kara denge toh objective case hi aayega. x v ou are as good as hin / he so don't worry and deliver the speech. e 1s 4 TlLduovve L 5 LV SimileCconj)(SC) s2 conf HV mv conj verb obj Explanation:- Subject ka comparison subject se hi hoga aur 'good' adjective hai isliye 'him' nahi 'he' ka use hoga. Rajesh is not smart like him. (No error) Lili + vid 5S LV adv SC(adj) pre p.o Explanation:- Agar preposition se compare kara denge toh objective case hi aayega. Note =\> Agar sentence mein subject and object dono hain toh comparison dono se possible hai Y v Mohan trust me more than / im. bir viodbeay sbradbene: + S VO fdv Conj/pre Mohan trust me more than he/him. Lousedd S VO Adv Conj/pre {Maan lete hai ki :- 'Me' = Aman & 'he/him' = Kunal? Me (Aman) Mahan, \ 'ly as\" likh denge aur ye conjunction ka bhi kaam karega jo ki 'than' bhi kar rha tha. cos as big as¥ : mple:- Our house is half than \|x yours. xa ' Explanation:- same as above. Later (Time) v/s Latter (position)-\ Notei- meaning meaning Baad \_mein 2 mein se baad wala SSE - Former Ymeaning -2 mein\_se\_pehla LatterY Example:- Generally, we make correction in the jlater \|x part of the sentence. Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'later' ki jagah 'latter' aayega kyunki hume '2 mein se baad wala' meaning dena hai. Ww v Example:- The match was postponed to a \|later/latter\| date. CNo Error) Explanation:- Iss sentence mein koi error nahi hai, According to the context of the sentence if more than two options are available then we will use 'later', if only two options are available then we will use 'latter'. So iss sentence mein aisi koi hint nhin hai ki kounsa use karna hai isliye yahan dono sahi hai. latterY Example:- \| liked the first half of the movie but the later \|x one was boring. wala' meaning dena hai. further Vis Farther;- \> Lf 7 urther' \> ka use 'ly addition to something' ke case mein hota hai. \> 'sE \> arther' ka use 'distance' ko refer karne ke liye karte hai. Pa AMAN siR ENGLISH Bo: \| 96 FurtherY Example:- If you want to end this fight, please don't argue Farther. \|x Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'farther' ki jagah 'further' hoga kyunki hume 'additioy to something' wala meaning dena hai. FartherY Example:- My College is further a than hers so \| need a bike. Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'further' ki jagah 'farther hoga kyunki yahan hume 'distance' wala meaning dena hai. LaVss Lattest :- Last - 'Last' ka use 'aakhir? ko refer karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Latest - 'Latest' ka use '(recent)' ko refer karne ke liye kiya jata hai. First - sequence (\>2) ke meaning mein 'pehla wala' ke liye use hota hai. Foremost --- 'Most popular' ke meaning mein use karte hai. latestv Example:-! watch this news channel for the last \|x news. Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'last' ki jagah 'latest' hoga kyunki hume 'recent' wala meaning convey karna hai. lastV¥ Example:- Of Steel, Iron and diamond, the jatest \|x is the hardest one. Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'latest' ki jagah 'last' hoga kyunki hume 'aakhiri wala meaning dena hai. Nearest V/S Next :- =\> Nearest - Nearest ka use 'nazdeek ki cheez' ko refer karne ke liye kiya jata hai. = Next - Next ka use sequence mein 'Agle' ko refer karne ke liye kiya jata hai. Y x Example:- Which is the nearest next metro station from your home. Explanation;:- Iss sentence mein 'nearest' sahi hoga kyunki hume 'nazdeek' wala meaning dena hai. v v Example:-Which is the hearest V next \| station From Here. Explanation:- iss sentence mein context ke according dono sahi hai. AMAN SIR ENGLISH 97 U Uy U can act as Subject complement & Object :---- there. prample yvv sub L.V adv.CSC) Janation'- Iss sententence mein 'Adverb of place', subject complement ki tarah kaam kar Exp av raha hai. "tah CAdverb phrase of place Csc)) le-He is fat the station), ExamP y vw 7 Sub L.V pre pre.O Explanation:- Iss sentence mein "'Adverb of place', 'subject complement' ki tarah kaam kar raha hai. cxample:-God is everywhere. Yo Vv Sub L.V Adverb phrase of place (sc). Explanation:- Same as above. Nalp Example:-! shifted my office from here. Vv vv VY Sub MV p.Adj obj pre pre.O CAdverb of place) Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'Adverb of place', 'Object' ka kaam kar raha hai. Example:- He went from there to Lucknow. VVvVv vv vv © Sub V\_ Pre. Pre.O Pre Pre.O Explanation:- Iss sentence mein 'Adverb of plac

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