Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Chemistry PDF

Alright guys, we are getting into Chapter two, which is going to be the basis of chemical context of life. living organisms are composed of elements and compounds. matter is made up of elements and compounds and element is going to be a substance that cannot be broken down into any...

Alright guys, we are getting into Chapter two, which is going to be the basis of chemical context of life. living organisms are composed of elements and compounds. matter is made up of elements and compounds and element is going to be a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance, while compound is a substance. consisting of two or more elements and I fixed ratio a compound has characteristics different than those of its elements or emergent properties. About 20 to 25% of the 92 elements are essential for life carbon hydrogen and oxygen as well as nitrogen makeup 96% of living matter anything that has carbon is what we know is to be organic. In elements properties depends on the structure of an atom anatomy is the smallest unit of matter and retains all of the properties for an element. All items have an element, have the same number of protons but may differ slightly and then number of neutrons and electrons. and atomic number is the number of protons found within the atom while the mass numbers, the sum of protons and neutrons found within the atom protons and neutrons are located within the nucleus, while electrons are found outside of the nucleus in a Shell orbital. isotopes equal different number of neutrons radioactive isotope or radioactive decay spontaneously gives up particles and energy applications for this include carbon dating or dating of fossils tracing atoms through metabolic processes and diagnosing medical disorders. electron distribution of chemical properties electrons are organized in shells around the nucleus, the outermost Shell is called the Valence show the chemical behavior of an atom is most likely determined by the Valence show the electrons within that Valence shells. electrons have a negative charge in our founder around the nucleus, which contains the protons have a positively charged. substance. And the neutrons which has no charge at all, they remain neutral.  The energy levels of electrons and energy is the capacity to change costs potential energy is the energy that the mass of matter. That has because of its location or structure electrons of an atom differently there amounts of potential energy. For example, a bouncing ball down a flight of stairs provides an analogy for the energy levels of an electron at the top of the stairs there's a ton of potential energy because it's about to take off and use energy in the form of work. The periodic table shows electron distribution in each element, the electronic distribution diagrams for the first 18 elements are seen within this diagram. In the diagrams in this table the electrons are represented by yellow dots and the electron shells as a concentrated circle these diagrams are convenient ways to picture the distribution of the atoms the electrons among the electron shells but it's just a simplified model. They do not accurately represent the shape of the atom location or its electrons. The elements are arranged in rows intro presenting the filling of electron Shell, as the electrons are added they occupy the lowest available shell. As a reminder, and atomic number is the number of protons and the mass number is the number of protons and neutrons so looking at helium the atomic numbers to meaning there to protons. Mass number is for showing that we have two protons and neutrons. The formation of molecular molecules and compounds depend on the chemicals bond between them. Items with incomplete Valence shells can share or transfer Valence electrons those outer electrons with other atoms resulting in different chemical bonds. there's four types of chemical bonds nonpolar cavaillon which is equal sharing of electrons polar Kobe bonds, which is unequal sharing of electrons Ionic bonds, which is the giving or taking of electrons and hydrogen bonds, which is partial sharing of the electrons. interactions between the AMS usually occur, according to the optic rule. Looking at the question how many electrons does, how does it mean to share to complete it's a veal and Shell if we have hydrogen with one the outer Shell would hold to, so we need to electrons to fill its outer shell.  For oxygen oxygen we would need one i'm sorry oxygen would be full. Going into cavaillon bonds. cavaillon bonds is a sharing of paired electrons. By two or more Adams. Projects so looking at eight going on the Arctic rule authentic meaning eight, we would need eight Valence shells to make oxygen happy, so we would want to more Valence electrons in order for oxygen shelter people. All right, going into cavaillon bonds or cavaillon bonds is the sharing appeared Valence electrons resulting in the formation of a molecule. cavaillon bonds in four different molecules in this diagram the number of electrons required to complete an atom's Valence shells genuinely determines how many cavaillon bonds that Adam will form. Going into our concept check questions, please remember these are due on Friday. What is an isotope and isotope has the same number of protons in different number of neutrons Therefore, it has a greater mass what is an eye on an Ion is an atom or group of atoms that it has gained or lost electrons leaving an unequal charge. Which component of it mm contributes to mass, this would be our protons and neutrons which components of an atom contribute to a charge, this would be our protons and electrons. Which component of an atom defines the element, the number of protons in the nucleus is determined by which element in atom is. Number six, what is the difference is i'm sorry what determines how an atom behaves in how many chemical bonds it forms with other atoms these are going to be the elements Valence electrons. Use the Arctic role to figure out and explain how many bonds carbon needs to be stable, we know carbon has four Valence electrons the group of four within the periodic table to be stable, we need to share eight electrons. polarity and electro negativity items in a molecule and tracked electrons to varying degrees electro negativity isn't atoms attraction for electrons non polar bonds Adams share these electrons equally and polar cavaillon bonds, they are shared unequally.  Ionic bonds and sometimes steel electrons from each other, after the transfer of the electron both is charge. charges and are called ions and Ionic bond is formed between the interaction between the opposite charges on the atom electron transfers and Ionic bonding the attraction between opposite fully charged atoms or ions is what we call an Ionic bond. Hydrogen bond is going to be what forms when it hydrogen atom conveniently bonds to an electrical activity electro negative Adam is also attracted to another electro negative Adam and living cells electro negative partners are usually oxygen and nitrogen. All right, getting to friday's concept check explain the differences between Ionic bonds polar Kobe and bonds and non polar bonds. An Ionic bond is going to be a positively charged Ion or a cat eye on and in negatively charged an eye on it have been attracted to one another example of this be sodium and chloride. A polar Kobe bryant bond the electrons are shared on equally well non polar Kobe and bond their shared equally an example of a polar cavaillon bonds could be water and an example of a non polar Kobe on bond would be hydrogen. Number three which are mentor found commonly in biology and are highly electron negative, these are oxygen and nitrogen. Number four what is a cavaillon bond between electro negative elements like oxygen and the element, with much lower and electronic TV. Like hydrogen result in partial negative charges on electro negative element, this is where those can ions and an ions they have an opposite attraction for one another. number five what type of chemical bond is formed them to atoms share electrons equally, this is a non polar Kobe and bond. polar Kobe and bonds and water molecules resulting in hydrogen bonds, the water molecule is a polar molecule the opposite ends of opposite charges. polarity allows for the water molecule to form hydrogen bonds with one another. Life requires chemical reactions, well, we know as metabolism as oxygen goes out in we have carbon dioxide that comes out a sweat goes in we sweat excuse me as  water doesn't we sweat and breathe as dry food goes in we create excrement as chemical energy goes in we produce heat and work. chemical reactions make em break chemical bonds chemical reactions are making a breaking of chemical bonds they start starting molecules of a chemical reaction are called react danceable the final end products are known as products. All chemical reactions are reversible and the products that we afford and reaction become the reactions in the reverse reaction This is known as chemical equilibrium. Atomic particles atoms are composed of subatomic particles. The relevant subatomic particles include the neutrons that we've talked about which have no electrical charge found in the nucleus. protons which have a positive charge, which are found in the nucleus and electrons which are in those Valence shells or orbitals which carry a negative charge. As a review neutron mass and proton mass are almost identical as they are measured in dalton's. Atomic numbers, the number of protons in the element of the nucleus, the mass number is going to be the some protons and neutrons. Excuse me, the mass number is this some of protons neutrons and the nucleus. The atomic mass is the total. And isotopes are two atoms and elements that differ in the number of neutrons. I do apologize it's fairly early so time for coffee. Please meet me in the chat if you have any questions whatsoever and i'll be in the zoom have a great day guys.