Pharmaceutics Topical Antiseptic - PDF

PHARMACEUTICS TOPICAL ANTISEPTIC * These are medications applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes. * They are typically low-viscosity solutions composed of a powder dissolved in water, alcohol, or sometimes oil. *Some solutions can caus drying of skin when using...

PHARMACEUTICS TOPICAL ANTISEPTIC * These are medications applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes. * They are typically low-viscosity solutions composed of a powder dissolved in water, alcohol, or sometimes oil. *Some solutions can caus drying of skin when using alcohol. * Antiseptics reduce the risk of infection, sepsis, or putrefaction by killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms. Potassium Permanganate Solution: Composition: It is a chemical compound with the formula KMnO4. ** Also known as permanganate of potash and condy’s crystals. Properties : It is a strong oxidizing agent with disinfectant, deodorizing, and astringent properties. * It dissolves in water to form a deep purple solution. * Uses in dermatological : 1-Treating infected eczema and blistering skin conditions. 2- Cleaning wounds, especially weeping ulcers or abscesses. 3- Fungal infection “ athlete’s foot ” 1:100 or 1% is used to treat fungal infection as athlete’s foot 1:1000 is used as wet soaks to blistering wounds and applied for 20-30 minutes. 1:10000 Is used to dry weeping sores and soothe eczema Precautions caustic can burn the skin. not suitable for dry skin. **KMNO4 can leave temporarily stain on the skin , and it’s disappear after 48 hour **Clothing stain can be removed by using acetic acid. RX Potassium permanganate 0.1 g Disinfectant , antiseptic, antifungal Distilled water 100 ml. Solvent -kmno4 must be weight on watch-glass and not using filter paper why ? Because cellulose fibers are corrosively attacked by kmno4 ~ Red label ( external) ~ applied topically on effected area ~ not taken internally ~ keep out of children ~ keep container tightly closed , store at room temperature 15-30 C°.  PHARMACEUTICS TOPICAL ANTISEPTIC Gentian ( crystal violet ) solution It’s antiseptic. The name due it’s color violet. Has antifungal & antibacterial activity. Treatment in dermatological conditions. Available in concentrations 0.5 – 2%. Used as histological stain in gram’s method for classifying bacteria. Uses 1- Fungal infections: Gentian violet is effective against various fungal infections including skin infections, oral thrush » for HIV-positive patients , and vaginal thrush. 2- Bacterial skin infections: It can treat superficial bacterial skin infections like eczema, boils, and chronic leg ulcers, including those caused by MRSA.  3- Oral hairy leukoplakia: This medication is used to treat white patches on the tongue often associated with weakened immune systems, especially in HIV-positive individuals. *oral hairy leukoplakia associated with Epestin-barr virus (EBV) Precautions It can irritate mucous membrane if taken oraly and cause nausea , vomiting , diarrhea , abdominal pain. It can cause necrotic skin reaction ( blackened skin due the death of tissues) It can stain skin and clothes and if applied on ulcers the stain will be permanent “tattooing”  Used outside the body only RX Gentian violet 1g Disinfectant, antibacterial, antifungal Ethanol 90% 10 mL Co-solvent Purified water (up to) 100 mL Solvent ~ Red label (external use only) ~apply topically on effected area ~ not taken internally ~ keep out of children reach ~ keep container tightly closed , store at room temperature 15-30 C°  PHARMACEUTICS IODINE SOLUTIONS Iodine is an antiseptic and disinfectant. It’s available in solid form , solution , tinctures. ~ Iodine preparations ~ ‫التحضيرات‬ 1- Povidone iodine : antiseptic solution *Povidone iodine 200 mg › pessaries *Povidone ointment 100 mg /g 2- Tincture of iodine: ( external use ) 2% iodine 2.4% potassium iodide 50% ethanol 3- Weak iodine: (external use) 2% iodine 2.4% potassium iodide  4- Strong iodine ( Lugol’s solution) » internal 5% iodine 10% potassium iodide ‫الوحيد الي يكون استخدامه داخلي‬ Weak iodine solution * Iodine is a halogen * Physical properties: Under standard conditions, iodine is a bluish-black solid * Solubility: Iodine is slightly solubile in water. * Solubility enhancement: Adding potassium iodide to water can increase iodine's solubility. * Color of iodine solutions: - In non-polar solvents like hexane , the solution is dark violet. - In polar solvents, the color shifts towards brown or orange. Uses 1-Topical use: Iodine is commonly used in topical antiseptics. 2- Oral use: Iodine is used orally to treat certain thyroid diseases. 3-Radiological contrast media: Iodine is used in contrast media for X-rays, CT scans, cholecystogram 4- Dietary intake: Iodine can be obtained from food sources such as iodized salt.  5-Mucolytic agent: Potassium iodide, has been used to thin mucus. 6- Radioisotopes : Radioactive iodine is widely used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and in diagnosing thyroid disorders. Precautions Ingesting iodine can cause corrosive effects such as edema of the glottis with asphyxia , pulmonary edema, aspiration pneumonia Eye: eye exposure can cause ocular burns Respiratory: * Inhalation of iodine vapor can cause severe irritation to the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema.  Cardiovascular: * Heart rate may increase (tachycardia) blood pressure may drop (hypotension), and circulatory collapse can occur. Neurological: * headaches, dizziness, delirium. Gastrointestinal: severe corrosive oesophagitis , vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea. Dermatological: can cause burns , skin lesions , skin eruption , death. Endocrine : hyperthyroidism , hypothyroidism. Immunological: hypersensitivity reactions  RX ( weak iodine) Iodine 2g Disinfectant, antiseptic Potassium iodide 2.5g Complex reaction Purified water (up to). 100mL Solvent ~Red label ( external use) ~not taken internally ~ applied sparingly ~keep out of children reach ~ keep container tightly closed, Room temperature 15-30 c° __________________________________________ Strong iodine (Lugol’s solution) 5g iodine 10g potassium iodide 100 Purified water *Total iodine content of 150 mg/mL Uses 1-as an antiseptic , disinfectant for emergency disinfection of drinking water. 2- used for replenish iodine deficiency 3- indicator test for presence of starch in organic compound. 4-cell stain 5- in colposcopy: - Lugol’s applied to vagina & cervix *normal vagina tissue stain brown *cancer tissues doesn’t stain - Biopsy of suspicious tissue ( Schiller’s test) 6- Used to better visualize the mucogingival junction in the mouth. 7- Used to observe how cell membrane uses osmosis & diffusion. 8- Used as oxidizing germicide 9- Preoperative during thyroidectomy for garve’s disease patients )‫(مهم‬ 10-treat hyperthyroidism , as the administration of iodine leads to ( temporary inhibition) in thyroid gland , phenomenon called ( wolf-chaikoff effect) RX Iodine 5g Disinfectant , antiseptic Potassium iodide 10g Complex reaction Purified water (up to ) 100mL Solvent ~take 6-8 drops per day for 3 months only ~not more than 8 drops daily ~keep out of children reach ~keep container tightly closed, at room temperature 15-30 C°  PHARMACEUTICS INTRAVENOUSE (IV) SOLUTIONS It means giving substances directly into the vein Also as drip because many iv systems include drip chamber Drip chamber: prevents air from entering the blood stream ( a condition known as air embolism) , and helps estimating the flow rate. Used to correct electrolyte balance *IV route is the fastest Compared with other routes of administration. Normal saline solution -mostly used in medicine due it’s sterile properties Normal saline types : 1-Normal saline 0.91% NaCl 2-half-normal saline 0.45% NaCl 3- quarter-normal saline 0.22% NaCl ___________________________________ Uses IV drip for severely dehydrated patients. Provide nutrients. Intravenous infusion called intravenous drip. *Rapid intravenous infusion of saline solution can lead to metabolic acidosis. ‫مهم‬ Another uses ‫استخدامات اخرى‬ - normal saline solution for cleaning wounds In the absence of moisture the wound gets dried and doesn't heal. -normal saline for cleaning contact lenses By Removing protein residues -normal saline for nasal irrigation Relieve congestion and clear mucus of nasal passage. RX Sodium chloride 0.9% NaCl isotonicity balance Sterile water (upto) 100mL Solvent ~for parenteral use *trained nurse inject the needle into the patient’s vein and opens the drip of IV bag ~sterile ~avoid contamination ~keep out of children reach ~keep container tightly closed, at room temperature 15-30 c° Glucose water solution -a solution with sugar ( glucose or dextrose) with water as a solvent. *Used as volume expander and parenteral nutrition Types of glucose solutions 1- D5W 5% DEXTROSE in water 2- D5NS 5% DEXTROSE in normal saline *The percentage in mass is 50mg/mL Uses Pri and postoperatively it achieve a good balance between starvation , hyperglycaemia  Giving for low blood sugar or in case of diarrhea, vomiting ( adding K+ for diarrhea) RX Glucose 5g Parenteral nutrition Sterile water 100ml Solvent ~white label ( internal ) ~parenteral use *trained nurse inject the needle into the patient’s vein and opens the drip of IV bag ~sterile ~ avoid contamination ~ keep out of children reach ~keep tightly closed , at room temperature 15-30 c°  PHARMACEUTICS TINCTURES AND SPIRITS Tinctures : are alcohol extract (40-60%) or solution of non-volatile substance. *Alcohol helps to stabilise the chemicals. *Water helps to dilute them from harmful concentration. Iodine tincture It’s disinfectant 2-7% iodine + potassium iodide *Potassium Iodide & water are used to increase the solubility of the iodine Rx Iodine 2g disinfectant, antiseptic Potassium iodide 2.4g Mucolytic agent Ethanol 90%. 45mL Solvent Purified water 55mL Dilution ~Red label ( external use only ). ~not taken internally. ~ to clean and sanitizer small superficial wounds. ~apply topically on effected area. ~keep away of children reach. ~store in cool and dry place. ~keep away from direct flame 🔥 ~keep container tightly closed, store in Cool dry place with temperature of 25 C° ( because of the ethanol ) Spirits They’re alcohol or hydroalcoholic solutions Available in solid , liquid , gas forms. Alcohol concentration in spirits is high more than 60% because of the greater solubility of aromatic or volatile substances in alcohol than water. Incompatibility of some spirits Aromatic ammonia spirit cannot be mixed with aqueous solutions containing alkaloids like codeine. If this mixture is made, an acid-base reaction occurs, and if the alcohol content of the final mixture is too low, the codeine will precipitate Uses of spirits Flavoring agent Medicinally for therapeutic  How to take spirits ? Orally Externally Inhalation **We mix spirits with water to reduce the pungency of spirits. Methods of preparing spirits 1-simple solution example ( aromatic ammonia) 2-distillation (not for medical use ) ❌ 3- maceration ( for medical use) ✔️ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ *Spirits should be store in tight , light-resistance container and cool place to prevent evaporation and volatilisation of alcohol or the active ingredient , and limit oxidative changes. Peppermint spirit Stomachic enhance circulation and secretions of stomach Antispasmodic Carminative Relieve nausea & vomiting Abnormal fermentation in stomach Breath freshener Flavoring agent Effective remedy for hiccup Kills some types of bacteria and viruses For irritable bowel syndrome Rx Peppermint oil 100mL Antibacterial, antiviral, anti-flatulent Ethanol 90%(up to) 1000mL Solvent ~used internally , externally, inhalation ~has highest concentration of alcohol ~keep away from direct flame 🔥 ~keep out of children reach ~keep container tightly closed, at cool dry place 25 c°.  PHARMACEUTICS AROMATIC WATERS Aromatic waters : clear aqueous solution saturated with volatile oils (rose oil , peppermint oil) or other aromatic substances ( champhor ). *Their odors and taste from drugs or volatile substances which are used to prepare them Uses of Aromatic waters For perfuming Flavoring agent Or for special purposes : 1- in eye drops to contribute refreshing, stimulating effect to the preparation ( camphor water) 2-an astringent , lotion after-shave(hamamelis water)  *Aromatic waters should be protected from strong light stored in dark containers with purified cotton to allow access some air but not exclude dust. Methods of preparing aromatic waters 1-Distillation : The plant or part of the plant with the desired scent is placed in water and heated. The steam carries the aromatic oils, which are then condensed and collected. Examples Rose water Cinnamon water Lemon water Orange water Anise water  2-solution: The essential oil is directly mixed with water and allowed to sit for a period to ensure the oil is fully dissolved. ( Dissolving) Examples Camphor water Chloroform water Peppermint water Peppermint water Is aqueous based solution contains peppermint & water Peppermint extracted from leaves of Metha piperita. Uses : relieve discomfort in gut like indigestion, stomach cramps, flatulence , bloating. carminative Rx Peppermint oil 20mL antibacterial, antiviral, anti-flatulent Ethanol 90% 600mL Co-solvent Purified water (up to) 1000mL Solvent ~store in cool dry place ~protect from sunlight ~keep away from direct flame 🔥 ~keep out of children reach ~keep container tightly closed at cool dry place with temperature of 8-15 c° ( prevent evaporation) Chloroform water Is a saturated aqueous solution of chloroform containing 1 part in 200. It may be made extemporaneously by adding few drops of chloroform to the water. Uses Excipient or base or vehicle in Pharmaceutical preparations.  RX Chloroform 0.25g Disinfectant, antiseptic Purified Water(up to) 100mL Solvent ‫*مهم‬The water must be boiled , cooled , de-oxygenated to prevent chloroform oxidation to phosgene which is active gas converted in lung to hydrogen chloride causing pulmonary edema. ~ internally and externally ~keep out of children reach ~keep away from direct flame ~protect from sun light ~store in cool dry place ~keep container tightly closed at cool dry place , temperature of 8-15 c