Nursing Ethics PDF

# Nursing Ethics ## Introduction It is essential to understand the methods and skills of communication in order to meet the needs of the patient. The quality of care you can provide is, in many ways, dependent on the quality of communication that exists between you and your patient. Communication...

# Nursing Ethics ## Introduction It is essential to understand the methods and skills of communication in order to meet the needs of the patient. The quality of care you can provide is, in many ways, dependent on the quality of communication that exists between you and your patient. Communication has only taken place if the message being sent was accurately received. ## Definition: * It's an interaction between two persons or between an individual and a group of people to exchange information, knowledge and attitudes through verbal or non-verbal language. * It is every word that is spoken or written (verbal communication) and every movement (nonverbal communication) that is made gives a message to someone. * It is a process by which information and ideas are exchanged to perceive attitudes, reactions and intentions of receptors for change. **WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?** Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal or nonverbal means. ## Purposes of communication: - Send, receive, interpret, and respond appropriately and clearly to message. - Interchange of information. - Correct the information a person has about himself and others. - Provide the satisfaction or pleasure of expressing oneself. ## Essential Components of the Communication system (Process of communication): - **The sender:** The originator or source of the idea. - **Message:** Is information that is transmitted and received, it is ideas, and feeling and experiences. - **Channels the message:** The means of transmitting (either verbally or non-verbally) the idea. - **Receiver:** Someone to receive and interpret the message. - **Feedback:** The response to the message (: It indicates whether the meaning of the sender's message was understood and ensures that the message has been received correctly). - **Environment: Context:** The setting and situation in which communication takes place - **Channel:** The medium by which the message is delivered and received ## Types of communication 1. **Verbal communication:** communication through using of words either spoken or written in clear language and should be well timed, and relevant. - talking - writing - Reading - TV-radio - Tap, and telephone 2. **Nonverbal communication:** is transmission of messages without use of words which includes: - Facial expression, eye contact, touch, body gestures, posture of gait, personal space, physical appearance, and paralanguage as tone of voice or sound as shying). ## Major characteristics which are helpful to practice effective communication: 1. Select a setting that insures privacy of confidentiality. 2. Select time which is mutually agreeable. 3. Assess and modify the environment to physical and psychological comfort. 4. Start and end session on time. 5. Maintain friendly facial expression and attitude. 6. Speak with a clear well tone of voice. 7. Maintain eye contact. 8. State the goals of interaction. 9. Allow and encourage the patient to assume the initiative in the interaction process. 10. Encourage and support a free exchange of ideas, thoughts and feeling. 11. Send message in a form the patient can understand. 12. Guide interaction from the simple to the complex. 13. Use feedback to determine understanding. 14. In verbal message content should be appropriate with nonverbal message to ensure clarity. 15. Use open end question. ## How to improve communication skills 1. Clear 2. Concise 3. Concrete 4. Correct 5. Complete 6. Courteous 7. Considerate | | | | |--------------------|------------------|---------| | **Effective Listening** | **Utilizing Feedback** | **Regulating Information Flow** | | Create An Environment of Trust and Confidence | Effective Communication Skills | Two-Way Communication | | Reduce Psychological Barriers | Avoid Information Overload | Use of Simple Languages | ## Factors affect communication: 1. **Personality:** include: - Value - Attitudes - Age - Knowledge - Social status 2. **Environment** include: It can be barrier to effective communication as: 1. Visual factor [lighting - deviation - distance] 2- Audio factor [noise - echo - distance]. 3- Individual factor [stress - fatigue - inadequate ventilation. ## Blocks of communication: * Change subject of communication. * Stating one's personal opinions and ideas about the patient. * Giving false or inappropriate reassurance. * Jumping to conclusions. * Offering solutions to problems or giving advice. * Rejecting a person's point of view. * Probing asking to many questions. ## Communication technique: **A Non talking technique:** 1. **Listening:** it is an active process in which the nurse gives adequate attention to the content of the clients' message. How the client states the message and what feelings are being relayed by client. The nurse may also encourage the client to verbalize by nonverbal gestures such as a smile or and of the head. - Listening is essential for accurate assessment of the client. - It conveys concern and respect for the client and can reinforce or encourage client verbalization and extent giving information. **II-Silence:** -it can be a very effective communication skills silence serves a variety of purposes. On the part of the patient. It may be an attempt to think or recall information, or evaluate his effect on the listener. On the part of nurse, it may indicate acceptance and understanding of interest in hearing. **** **B) Talking technique:** 1. Given information as this medication is...... 2. Giving recognition as 'a good morning" Ex, you have combed your hair today. 3. Showing acceptance as yes, UH-UH I follow what your say. 4. Offering the self as I'll stay here and sit with, you're awhile. 5. Making observation [as you appear tense, I notice you are biting your lips. 6. General leads as [go on] and then tell me about it. 7. Broad opening as what would you like to discuss, what are you thinking about? . 8. Encouraging description of perception as what do these voices seem to be saying? 9. Seeking clarification as I'm not sure I follow you 10. Reflection direction back to the patient question or feeling as your fell, you're think. 11. Restating repeating the main idea expressed as patient I can't sleep; I stay awake all night. Nurse: you have difficulty sleeping. 12. Placing events in sequence e.g. 13. what happened before? When did this happen? -Seeking validation. as Tell me wither my understanding agrees with you. -Stating the reality. -Ask open end question as tell me about condition. ## How to improve communication: *Accept the patient's mode of communication with appropriate response, conveying interest and understanding. *Minimize your verbal participation. * Accept period of silence. *avoid offering reassurance too quickly. *Respond with 'I' statement rather than you. *Provide the amount of information the person. *Be ready to give feedback *Listen for feeling as well as for facts. *Utilize effective and therapeutic technique of communication according to situation. *Develop listening response. ## Communication Techniques for leaders - **Verbal** - talking - shouting - whispering - singing - chanting - reading aloud - **Written** - letters - e-mails - faxes - memos - reports - other written messages - **Visual** - photographs - paintings - diagrams - charts - maps - graphs - drawings - sketches - animations - videos - **Non Verbal** - nodding - shaking hands - pointing - eye contact - smiling - frowning - touching - leaning forward - etc.