All Notes 1.1-1.4 PDF
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This document contains notes on various topics in chemistry and biochemistry, such as chemical fundamentals, chemical bonding, intramolecular forces, and biochemical reactions. It also covers organic molecules, including functional groups, and macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. The document discusses enzymes and factors affecting enzyme activity.
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Chemical Fundamentals ===================== - - Isotopes ======== - - - - - - Chemical Behaviour ================== - - - - - - Chemical Bonding ================ - - - - Intramolecular Forces --------------------- - - - - - ![]...
Chemical Fundamentals ===================== - - Isotopes ======== - - - - - - Chemical Behaviour ================== - - - - - - Chemical Bonding ================ - - - - Intramolecular Forces --------------------- - - - - -  ### Intramolecular Forces -- Polarity - - - - Molecule Shape -------------- Molecular Polarity ------------------ - - - Water ----- - - - ### Density of Water  ### Importance of Water -- Solubility of Molecules in Cell - - - - - - Intermolecular Forces --------------------- - - - - Biochemical Reactions ===================== - - - - Neutralization Reaction ----------------------- - - Acid ---- - - - - - ### Base Buffers - - - - - #### Carbonic Acid -- Bicarbonate Buffer System  - - - - - - - - - - Base ---- - - - - Lesson 1.1b - The Chemicals of Life -- Functional Groups as Linakes Why are organic molecules made out of carbon? ============================================= - - - - - Building Hydrocarbons ===================== - - - How is this achieved -------------------- - - ### Functional Groups +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Group | Chemical | Structural | Ball-and-st | Found in | | | formula | formula | ick | | | | | | model | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | Hydroxyl | ---OH | ---OH | | Alcohols | | | | | | (e.g. | | | | | | ethanol) | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Carboxyl | ---COOH |  | | vinegar) | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Amino | ---NH~2~ |  | | ammonia) | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Sulfhydryl | ---SH |  | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Phosphate | ---PO~4~ |  | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | Carbonyl | ---COH |  | | (e.g. | | | ---CO--- | | | formaldehyd | | | | | | e) | | | | | | | | | | | | Ketones | | | | | | (e.g. | | | | | | acetone) | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ Organic Molecules React ======================= Condensation Reaction (dehydration synthesis) --------------------------------------------- - - - - - - Hydrolysis Reaction (hydration) ------------------------------- - - - Common Biological Linkages ========================== -  - - -  Lesson 1.3 - Macromolecules Nutrients ========= - - - - - - - - - - - Macromolecules -------------- - - - - -  - - - Carbohydrates ------------- - - - - - - ### Monosaccharides - - - -  - - - - ###  ### Disaccharides - - - ### Polysaccharides - - - - - - - - -  - - - - - -  - - - - Lipids ------ - - - - - - - ### Fats - - - -  #### Saturated Fats - - - - #### Unsaturated Fats - - - - ### Phospholipids - - - -  ### Steroids - - - - - ### Waxes - - - -  Nucleic Acids ------------- - - - - - - - - - - - - ### Nucleotides #### Nitrogenous Bases  #### Sugars ### Proteins ======== - - - - Amino Acids ----------- - - - -  ### Nonpolar Amino Acids  ### Polar Amino Acids ### Acid and Basic Amino Acids  Protein Structure ----------------- - - - - -  ### Primary Structure - - - ### Secondary Structure - - - - -  ### Tertiary Structure - ### Quaternary Structure -  ### Denaturation - - - - Lesson 1.4 - Enzymes What is an Enzyme ================= - - - - - How do Enzymes Work =================== -  How do Enzymes Lower Activation Energy -------------------------------------- - - - ### How does the enzyme-substrate complex lead to lowering activation energy? - -  Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity =================================== Temperature ----------- - - - - pH -- - - -  Concentration of substrate and enzyme ------------------------------------- - - - Inhibition ---------- - -  - - - ### Allosteric Regulation - - -  Cofactors and Coenzymes ----------------------- - - - - -
