All MCQ.txt

ما هو الفايل المجمع الذي تم ذكره؟; الفايل المجمع يحتوي على اختبارات الاند لدفتنا (2022)، اختبارات السنوات السابقة، والاختبار التجريبي 2022. ما هي أنواع الاختبارات الموجودة في الفايل المجمع؟; اختبارات الاند لدفتنا (2022)، اختبارات السنوات السابقة، والاختبار التجريبي 2022. متى تم إعداد الاختبار التجري...

ما هو الفايل المجمع الذي تم ذكره؟; الفايل المجمع يحتوي على اختبارات الاند لدفتنا (2022)، اختبارات السنوات السابقة، والاختبار التجريبي 2022. ما هي أنواع الاختبارات الموجودة في الفايل المجمع؟; اختبارات الاند لدفتنا (2022)، اختبارات السنوات السابقة، والاختبار التجريبي 2022. متى تم إعداد الاختبار التجريبي المذكور؟; في عام 2022. What is the next step for a 65-year-old female patient with painless hematuria and a CT revealing a bladder mass?; Cystoscopy & biopsy. What should be done for a 9-year-old child with sudden severe pain in the right testicle and no vascular flow on Doppler ultrasound?; Surgical exploration. What is the appropriate management for a 35-year-old female with hematuria and extravasation of contrast into the peritoneal cavity after a motor vehicle accident?; Surgical exploration. What is the most appropriate next step for a 27-year-old male with severe left flank colicky pain radiating to the left testicle?; Non-contrast spiral CT. What is the most appropriate next step for a 60-year-old man with obstructive urinary symptoms, asymmetric lobes of the prostate, and a serum PSA of 70 ng/ml?; D. TRUS biopsy from the prostate. During a pre-employment assessment, what is the most appropriate next step for a 50-year-old male with an irregular hyperdense left renal mass and excellent performance status?; c - CT abdomen and pelvis with contrast. What is the best surgical management for a 3 cm radio opaque renal pelvis stone?; b. ureteroscopy. What is the most appropriate management for a patient with a 1.5 cm right lower pole renal laceration after a motor vehicle accident?; Observation. What is the most important diagnostic modality for diagnosing urethral injury?; Ascending urethrogram. What is the management option for localized renal cell carcinoma?; Radical nephrectomy. Which of the following is included in the medical treatment of BPH?; All of the above (Alpha blockers, 5 alpha reductase inhibitors, Phyto therapy). What is the standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer?; Hormonal therapy. What type of inheritance is associated with adult polycystic kidney disease?; Autosomal dominant. When can adult polycystic kidney disease become symptomatic?; Till the third or fourth decade of life. What is a common presentation of adult polycystic kidney disease?; Hypertension. What is the most common histopathological type of bladder cancer?; Transitional cell carcinoma. Which type of stone is not radio opaque?; Uric acid. What is the most appropriate initial therapeutic modality for a 60-year-old male patient with BPH and chronic retention?; Insertion of indwelling catheter. What is the most common site of origin of prostate cancer?; D. Peripheral zone. What renal trauma grade indicates a cortical tear more than one cm that doesn't reach the pelvi-calyceal system?; B. II. Which finding is NOT present in obstructive anuria?; C - Flank pain. What is the normal serum PSA level?; d - 0 to 4 ng/ml. Before what age should orchidopexy for cryptorchidism be done to maximize fertility potential?; D. Age 2 years. What is the most likely diagnosis for a 50-year-old man with dysuria, cloudy urine, and a tender swollen right testis?; A. Orchitis What is the most likely diagnosis for a 22-year-old man with right testicular pain and tenderness on the epididymis, with a history of chlamydia?; B. Epididymitis What is the most likely diagnosis for a 71-year-old man with a 6-month history of visible haematuria and bothersome LUTS, who is a heavy smoker?; B. Urothelial bladder cancer Is it true that all cases of renal trauma must be explored?; B: false Are iatrogenic causes the most common causes of ureteric injury?; A. True Is diagnostic laparoscopy the gold standard for diagnosing intra-abdominal testis?; True. Are undescended testes usually bilateral?; False. Is the incidence of bladder Schistosomiasis increasing in Egypt?; True. What is the treatment of choice for a complete staghorn calculus with minimal dilatation of the collecting system?; Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). What is the most common pathological type of urinary bladder carcinoma?; Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC). What is the most common zone of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?; Transition zone. What is the standard treatment for an 8cm renal mass in a 55-year-old woman with loin pain?; Radical nephrectomy. What is the term for a sudden strong desire to void that cannot be inhibited?; Urgency. Which statement about renal colic is false?; Never associated with nausea. Which of the following is NOT associated with Pelvic Ureteric Junction Obstruction (PUJO)?; Atresia. What are the associated conditions of Horseshoe kidney?; A) Malrotation of kidney B) Hypoplasia. In a case of falling astride with blood at the meatus, what is the likely diagnosis?; A) Urethra. What is the best investigation for blood at the meatus after falling astride?; A) Cystography. What is the treatment for blood at the meatus after falling astride?; Suprapubic catheter. What is the next step for a male patient diagnosed with bladder cancer?; A) Cystoscopy and biopsy. What type of incontinence is indicated by urine passage when coughing or sneezing?; B) Stress incontinence. What is the management for a 3-year-old boy with non-palpable testes?; Laparoscopy. What is the treatment for T2 cancer in the bladder?; Radical extraction. What is the most common pathological type of urinary bladder carcinoma?; A) TCC (Transitional Cell Carcinoma) What is the most common zone of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?; C) Transition zone Which condition is NOT associated with horseshoe kidney?; B) Hypoplasia What is the next step for a male patient diagnosed with bladder cancer?; a) Cystoscopy and biopsy. What is the recommended treatment for T2 cancer in the bladder?; Radical extraction. What is the treatment for a boy with undescended testis and sudden onset of scrotal pain with no blood flow on Doppler?; A) Emergency exploration What should be done after birth for a baby with severe oligohydramnios and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis?; a) Posterior urethral valve evaluation. What is the first step in diagnosing a unilateral nonpalpable testis in a 1.5-year-old with cryptorchidism?; Diagnostic laparoscopy. What is the first measure to take in a case of urethral injury with a history of trauma and bleeding per urethra?; Suprapubic catheter. What is the best imaging method for diagnosing a stone?; Non-contrast CT. What is the least staging for a bladder tumor invading the muscularis propria?; T1. What is the first step to be done for a male patient with a 3cm ureteric stone?; Ureterolithotomy (surgical treatment). What is the first step to take after trauma in a male patient with normal vital signs and no hematuria but with a \> 1.5 cm renal laceration?; Observation. What is the best modality for assessing split renal function and obstruction?; Radioisotope scan (DTPA). What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs)?; E. coli. Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for erectile dysfunction?; Obstructed vas. What is the Gleason score used for?; Grading of prostate carcinoma. What hormonal disorder can cause prostate carcinoma?; Hormonal imbalance. What is a common treatment for metastatic prostate carcinoma?; Hormonal treatment. What is the symptomatic presentation of Angiomyolipomas?; Symptoms can include abdominal pain, hematuria, and hypertension. What is the best immediate action for a patient with fever, flank pain, left hydronephrosis, and a 1.5 cm ureteric stone?; Emergency PCN (Percutaneous Nephrostomy). What is the first measure to take in a case of urethral injury with a history of trauma and bleeding per meatus?; Order ascending urethrogram. Which statement is true about testicular torsion?; Surgical exploration always detected. Which type of stone is not radio-opaque?; Uric acid. What is the most common type of kidney carcinoma?; Clear cell carcinoma. In which condition does anemia not occur?; Hematuria. Which of the following is NOT a complication of BPH?; B. Hematuria. How is a young boy with non-palpable testes managed?; Laparoscopy. What is the most appropriate treatment for a 1.5cm low grade Ta papillary bladder tumor?; TRUBT + follow up. What is the best age for surgical correction of hypospadias?; B) 6 - 18 weeks. What type of inheritance does adult polycystic kidney disease have?; A. Autosomal dominant. When may adult polycystic kidney disease remain asymptomatic?; Until the forties. What should be done for a female with a bladder tear and no clot?; Wide catheter. What is the recommended action for a patient with anuria?; DJ stent. Which statement about simple renal cysts is NOT true?; Cyst filled by urine. What is the most common pathological type of urinary bladder carcinoma?; Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC). What is the next step for a 60-year-old male with anuria and a 1cm left ureteric stone obstructing a solitary left kidney?; Urgent left DJ insertion. What is the standard treatment for a 60-year-old woman with a 4.5cm renal mass and loin pain?; Radical nephrectomy. Which of the following is NOT a cause of urine retention?; Urethral stone. Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for ESWL?; Calcium oxalate stones. Which type of stone is NOT radio-opaque?; Uric acid stones. What is the primary management approach for hypospadias?; Surgical. Which statement about Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is false?; A. Spread Unilateral. Which statement about Pelvic Ureteric Junction Obstruction (PUJO) is false?; B. MRU will show hydrocalices and hydropelvis with normal caliber ureter below the pelvis. What does an ultrasound show in cases of PUJO?; Increased anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvis. What is the purpose of a DTPA isotope scan in PUJO?; To assess differential renal function and diagnose obstruction. What are the two methods to differentiate between acute urine retention and anuria?; History taking and urine catheterization. Which of the following is NOT a cause of false hematuria?; Bladder cauliflower mass. What term describes a decrease in time intervals between micturition?; Frequency. Which condition does NOT cause urinary retention?; Bilateral ureteric stone. What is a treatment option for urge incontinence?; Anticholinergic drugs. What is the most probable chemical composition of a 1cm renal stone that completely dissolved in a 38-year-old male patient?; Uric acid. Which of the following is NOT a definitive treatment for erectile dysfunction?; Antipsychotic drugs. Which factor does NOT cause oligoasthenospermia?; Chronic smoking. In the context of anuria, which statement is false?; Bladder is always full. What is the indication for a ureteric catheter in cases of anuria?; It is usually indicated. What is the most appropriate diagnostic modality for evaluation of stones?; Non-contrast CT. Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for ESWL?; Calcium oxalate stones. Which type of stones are NOT radiopaque?; Uric acid stones. What is the most appropriate treatment for a 3 cm right renal pelvic stone?; PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy). What condition did the 60-year-old male present with?; Anuria. What was the serum creatinine level of the patient?; 4. What did the plain CT show in the patient?; A 1 cm stone in the lower third. What is the next step for a ureteric stone obstructing a solitary functioning kidney?; Urgent ureteroscopy and stone fragmentation and extraction. Is surgical exploration always indicated in testicular torsion?; Yes, surgical exploration is always indicated. What reflex is typically absent in testicular torsion?; Cremasteric reflex. What is the most appropriate next step for a patient with hematuria and abdominal pain after a motorcycle accident, with a cystogram showing leaked contrast?; Surgical exploration. What is the next step for a 20-year-old male with bleeding per urethra after a direct hit to the perineum?; Requesting an ascending urethrogram. What should be done for a 12-year-old female with flank contusion and hematuria after a fall?; CT scan for further evaluation. What is the next step after a 1 cm renal parenchymal tear with no extravasation?; c. Follow up. Which of the following is NOT included in the medical treatment of urolithiasis?; d. Acidification of urine by potassium citrate. What is a manifestation of complete urethral injury?; c. Butterfly hematoma involving scrotum and perineum. What is the next most appropriate step for a diabetic female with right flank pain and hydronephrosis?; b. PCN (Percutaneous Nephrostomy). What percentage of undescended testicles are palpable?; 80%. How are undescended testicles usually managed?; Conservatively. What is a common characteristic of renal masses?; They occupy the lumbar region. What is a typical presentation of anemia in urologic diseases?; Hematuria. Where can ureteric pain radiate?; To the contralateral testicle. What is true regarding simple renal cysts?; It is usually unilateral and single, rarely bilateral and multiple. What is a characteristic of ureteric pain?; It is usually colicky in nature. What is a false statement about simple renal cysts?; It is covered by a very delicate epithelial wall and is filled with urine. What is a characteristic of renal masses regarding respiration?; The mass moves with respiration. What is a false statement about PUJ?; All are true about PUJ except \[specific detail not provided\]. What can present as prenatal hydronephrosis?; Obstruction in the urinary tract. What does an ultrasound show in cases of hydronephrosis?; Increased anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis. What will MRU show in cases of hydronephrosis?; Hydrocalices, hydropelvis, and dilated ureter. What does DTPA help assess?; Differential renal function and grade of obstruction. What does VCUG show in cases of posterior urethral valve?; The urethra proximal to the valve is dilated. What is a common finding in VCUG for posterior urethral valve?; The bladder is huge. What can be present in VCUG for posterior urethral valve?; Bilateral reflux and hydronephrosis. Which condition does NOT cause stone formation?; Hypercitraturia. What is the most common presentation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC)?; Hematuria. What is the most common pathological type of kidney cancer?; Clear cell carcinoma. What is the most appropriate treatment for a 1.5 cm low-grade Ta papillary bladder tumor?; TURBT + follow up. What is the recommended treatment for an asymptomatic 60-year-old male with a 3.5 cm renal mass?; LT upper partial nephrectomy. Which statement about prostate cancer is false?; Chemotherapy is the treatment of choice in metastatic disease. What is the best age for hypospadias repair?; 6 - 18 months. What is the best diagnostic modality for a non-palpable testicle in a 1.5-year-old male child?; Ultrasound. What imaging techniques are used for diagnostic purposes in urology?; MRI, CTU, diagnostic laparoscopy, and diagnostic laparotomy. Which of the following is NOT a complication of BPH?; Malignant transformation. Which statement about renal cell carcinomas is FALSE?; Most sporadic RCCs are multifocal. What is the most appropriate treatment for a 1.5 cm low grade Ta papillary bladder tumor?; TURBT + follow up. What is the best treatment for a 60-year-old patient with a 4.5 cm left polar RCC and no symptoms?; a) Radical nephrectomy. What is the treatment for grade 3 kidney trauma?; a) Surgical exploration. What should be done for a patient with Anuria for 3 days?; a) Bilateral DJ stent. What is the emergency treatment for severe renal colic?; c) NSAIDS. What is the next step for a 65-year-old male patient diagnosed with bladder cancer?; a) Cystoscopy and biopsy. Which of the following is an indication for ESWL?; b) Lower third ureter stone 2 cm. What type of stone is indicated in a patient with severe renal colic pain and a CT showing a stone?; a) Calcium stone. What is the next step after a routine investigation shows a renal mass?; b) CT with contrast. What is the first step for a 60-year-old male with an asymmetrical rigid prostate and PSA of 3.5 ng/ml?; c) repeat the PSA. What is the diagnosis for a female patient who experiences urine passage when coughing or sneezing?; b) stress incontinence. What is the treatment for a boy with an undescended testis and sudden onset of scrotal pain with no blood flow on Doppler?; A) Emergency exploration. What should be done after birth for a baby diagnosed with bilateral hydroureteronephrosis due to posterior urethral valve?; Surgical intervention to relieve obstruction. What does IVU stand for?; Intravenous Urogram. What does KUB stand for?; Kidneys, Ureters, and Bladder. What does VCUG stand for?; Voiding Cystourethrogram. Which of the following is NOT a cause of urine retention?; Urethral stone. Struvite stones are usually associated with which condition?; Recurrent UTI. What is the best treatment for a 60-year-old patient with a 4.5 cm left polar RCC and no symptoms?; Partial nephrectomy. What is the best action for a patient with fever, flank pain, and a 1.5 cm ureteric stone?; Emergency ureterolithotomy. Which statement about stress incontinence is false?; More common in males. Which type of stone is radiolucent?; Uric acid stones. What is the first step for a 1.5-year-old with a unilateral nonpalpable testis due to cryptorchidism?; Diagnostic laparoscopy. What is the first measure in a case of obstructive anuria?; Double J stent. What is the most common type of bladder tumor?; Transitional Cell Carcinoma (T.C.C). What is the first measure in a case of urethral injury with trauma and bleeding per urethra?; Suprapubic catheter. What does an ascending cystourethrogram show in a case of bladder trauma with contrast between bowel loops?; Extraperitoneal rupture. How is the staging of Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) performed?; By contrast CT. What is a contraindication for Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)?; Calcium oxalate stones (all except). Which statement is true about testicular torsion?; Surgical exploration always detected. What is false about BPH?; Specific false statements about BPH were not provided. What is the primary method for diagnosing stones?; Non-contrast CT. What is the treatment for an undescended testicle in a 16-year-old boy?; Orchiectomy. What is false regarding prostatic cancer treatment?; In metastasis we use chemotherapy (this may not always be true). Which type of hypospadias does not require staged repair?; Perineal hypospadias. What is the emergency treatment for severe renal colic?; NSAIDs. What grade is a 1.5 cm laceration of the kidney with no extravasation?; Grade III. What is the management for a 3-year-old boy with non-palpable testes?; Laparoscopy. What is the treatment of choice for a 4mm ureteric stone that doesn't cause much back pressure on the kidney?; Medical management. What is the standard treatment for an 8cm renal mass in a 26-year-old woman with loin pain?; Partial nephrectomy or radical nephrectomy. What is true about adult polycystic kidney disease?; It is autosomal dominant and may remain asymptomatic until the forties. Which of the following does NOT present with calculous anuria?; Normal urea & creatinine. Which is NOT an indication for surgery in BPH?; Urge incontinence. What is the management for a woman with suprapubic ecchymosis and intraperitoneal extravasation of urine?; Surgical exploration. What is the best diagnostic method for T1 bladder cancer?; Cystoscopy and biopsy. What is the best investigation for a trauma patient with bleeding per urethra?; Ascending urethrogram. What is the most diagnostic test for a stone?; CT without contrast. From which zone does prostate cancer arise?; Peripheral zone. What is a potential treatment for Anuria?; Catheter. What is the treatment for a 3 cm renal stone?; PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy). What is the recommended treatment for a patient with stone, pus, and fever?; PCN (Percutaneous Nephrostomy). What should be done for a patient with severe colicky pain and a history of stone passing?; Analgesia and hydration. What is the treatment for an intraperitoneal rupture?; Surgical intervention. What grade is a renal trauma laceration of 1.5 cm with hematuria and no urine leakage?; Grade 3. What is the least staging for a bladder tumor invading the muscularis propria?; T2. What is the next step for a patient with a routine investigation showing a renal mass?; CT with contrast. What is the first step for a male patient with a stone in the upper ureter and hydronephrosis?; PCN (Percutaneous Nephrostomy). What is the first step for a male patient with a 3cm ureteric stone?; Surgical ureterolithotomy. What is the staging for a bladder tumor invading muscle?; T2. What is the most diagnostic modality for urethral injuries?; Ascending urethrogram. What should be done first for a 60-year-old male with prostate asymmetry after a digital rectal examination?; Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy. What is the first step when a hyperechoic mass is discovered in the lower pole of the kidney during a pre-employment examination?; CT with contrast. What is the first step for a female with suprapubic ecchymosis and intraperitoneal extravasation after a road traffic accident?; Exploration. What should be done for a male patient with normal vital signs, no hematuria, and a \>1.5 cm renal laceration after trauma?; Observation. What is the first step for a male in the emergency with severe left flank colic pain?; Analgesics and antispasmodics. What condition is most likely indicated by elevated serum creatinine in a 1-day-old male baby?; Posterior urethral valve. What is the next step for a baby with acute onset of scrotal pain and no vascularization on Doppler ultrasound?; Surgical exploration. What is the first step to be done after a female is diagnosed with bladder cancer and has total painful hematuria?; Cystoscopy + Biopsy. What is the normal PSA range?; 0 - 4 ng/ml. Where is the site of BPH located?; Transition zone. What grade is a cortical laceration more than 1 cm without urine extravasation?; Grade 3. What is T1 bladder cancer?; a) Non muscle invasive bladder cancer; b) BCG has a role in treatment; c) Treated with transurethral resection; d) All of the above. What is the most common histological type of bladder cancer?; Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC). Which of the following is NOT a treatment for RCC?; C) BCG. What is the best emergency management for a 60-year-old male patient with grade 3 hydronephrosis, fever, colic pain, and a 1.5 cm pelvic stone?; B) PCN (Percutaneous Nephrostomy). What are the treatment options for BPH?; A) Alpha blockers, B) 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, C) Phytotherapy, D) All of the above. What is the most common cause of obstruction in children?; PUV (Posterior Urethral Valves). What is the diagnosis for a female patient who experiences urine passage when coughing or sneezing?; B) Stress incontinence. What is the treatment for a man with grade 3 hydronephrosis and a 1.5cm ureteric stone?; A) ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy). What are the diagnostic methods for prostatic cancer?; A) Trus Biopsy, B) DRE, C) PSA, D) All of the above. What grade is renal trauma with a laceration more than 1cm not reaching the pelvicalyceal system?; B) Grade 2. What is the next step after a CT with contrast shows a UB tumor?; A) Cystoscopy. What is the treatment for a 3cm renal stone?; A) PCNL or B) ESWL. What is the treatment for a boy with an undescended testis and sudden onset of scrotal pain with no blood flow on Doppler?; A) Emergency exploration. What is the treatment for a 1cm lower 1/3 ureteric stone?; A) ESWL or B) Ureteroscope. When should prostate removal not be performed?; In cases of enlargement with no complications. What is the next step for a child who received chemotherapy for Wilms' tumor?; Nephrectomy. What is the management for a female with a minor bladder tear and no clot?; Wide catheter. What imaging is indicated for a gunshot wound in the thorax with blood in urine?; CT with contrast. What is the next step for a patient with a 5mm stone in the ureter who is stable?; C) Symptomatic treatment and alpha blocker. In which case is partial nephrectomy not indicated?; D) Solitary tumor \> 9cm. How should urine be measured in an old patient with a large prostate and urinary obstruction?; Uroflowmetry. What is the best treatment for an 8 mm stone in the lower part of the ureter?; Ureteroscope. What is the best modality for assessing split renal function and obstruction?; Radioisotope scan (DTPA). What is the next step for a patient with urethral trauma and bleeding?; Suprapubic catheter. What is the best management for a 2-month-old child with hypospadias?; Surgical repair. What is the best management for a young child diagnosed with PUV via ascending cystogram?; Diagnostic cystoscopy and valve ablation. What is the best next step for a 50-year-old patient with hematuria and a filling defect in the bladder after treatment for superficial bladder cancer?; Cystoscopy and biopsy. What is the best next investigation for a patient with gross hematuria, normal left kidney, and hydronephrosis in the right kidney?; Spiral CT without contrast (to rule out stones as the cause of hydronephrosis). What is the best next step for a child with a non-palpable right testis found in the inguinal canal?; Examination under anesthesia and laparoscopic evaluation. What is the best treatment for a patient with renal colics and a 2.5 cm stone in the right lower calyx with hydronephrosis?; PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy). What is the first step in managing a patient with colicky pain, pyonephrosis, and fever?; Antibiotic. What is the management approach for a horseshoe kidney?; Assurance. What is the management for hypospadias?; Surgical intervention before school age. What is the most common cause of bilateral hydronephrosis?; Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV). What is the management for an 11 cm bladder tumor with no metastasis?; Management details not specified. What is the management for a 3 cm tumor in a solitary kidney?; Partial nephrectomy. What is the management for a 3 cm kidney stone?; Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL). What is the management for BPH with urine retention?; Catheterization followed by TURP. What investigation is used for a ruptured urethra after falling astride?; Ascending urethrogram. What is the management for severe urethral stricture?; Suprapubic catheter. What is the management for renal colic?; Anticholinergic medication. What is the management for undescended testes?; Laparoscopy. What grade is a kidney injury with extravasation?; Grade 4. What type of stone is radiolucent?; Investigation details not specified. Which condition does NOT cause neurogenic bladder?; Prostatic abscess. What finding is NOT expected on intrauterine ultrasound in a case of bilateral hydroureteronephrosis?; Polyhydramnios. What is the recommended treatment for a patient with PSA \>150 and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate?; LHRH agonists. What is the recommended treatment for a bladder tumor invading the muscle?; Radical cystectomy followed by urine diversion. How is a 6 cm Staghorn stone typically managed?; PCNL (Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy). Which condition is NOT an indication for surgery in BPH?; Urge incontinence. What uroflowmetry value indicates obstruction?; \