Agricultural Management Practices Grade 12 PDF

Directorate: Curriculum FET SUBJECT and Agricultural Management Practices GRADE 12 GRADE TERM 1 Week 1 TOPIC Resource Utilization (Natural Resources) AIMS OF LESSON At the end of this lesson you should be able to understand the following con...

Directorate: Curriculum FET SUBJECT and Agricultural Management Practices GRADE 12 GRADE TERM 1 Week 1 TOPIC Resource Utilization (Natural Resources) AIMS OF LESSON At the end of this lesson you should be able to understand the following concepts: Surface properties are determined by: soil: functions of soil; the production capacity and economic characteristics vegetation: different types - natural veld, planted pastures and carrying capacity and multiplication terrain: slope and topography Climate: influence of light, temperature, rainfall, wind, and humidity on climate RESOURCES Paper sources Agricultural Management Practices Learner's Book Grade 12: INTRODUCTION Learning content covered in previous grades must be in line with the current content that will now be covered: Grade 10 Term 1 Week 1-10 Crop production aspects Grade 10 Term 2 Week 2 Animal production aspects Grade 10 Term 4 Week 4-5 Land potential and management Grade 11 Term 1 Week 4-8 Land and Water Management Grade 11 Term 4 Week 3-6 Pasture Management The purpose of this lesson is to create content associated with Resource Utilization i.e. to treat natural resources. CONCEPTS AND Resource Utilization (Natural Resources) SKILLS Agricultural resources are the land, farm buildings, equipment, labour and monetary resources that contribute to the production, preparation and marketing of crops, livestock and livestock products in a commercial enterprise. The resources can be divided into three sections, namely Natural, Human and Financial resources. Natural resources Surface properties are determined by: Soil (effective depth, texture, permeability) Vegetation (botanical composition, plant cover) Terrain (slope, topography) Climate (rainfall and temperature) Ground (Arable land) Land is a scarce resource Fertile land is scarce in South Africa and there is a great need for land for agriculture, industries, housing, roads, mines, storage dams, etc. Once land has been used for purposes other than agriculture, it is difficult to recover it. Soil production capacity is affected by: sensitivity to change or destruction (degradation) climate and location correct management practices and agricultural capacity of the land. Soil also has economic characteristics such as: durability (can not be easily destroyed and will always have value) decreasing excess yield. This implies the following: An increase in the amount of fertilizer, capital and / or labor (inputs) used in the cultivation of a crop, usually causes a smaller than proportional increase in the amount of products collected / harvested (marginal yield), unless there is an improvement / change in the nature of inputs, as in precision farming. For example,a farmer who grows crops on his farm uses certain fixed quantities or units of fertilizer (input) to obtain a higher yield. With each increase / increase in the unit of fertilizer, he gets a higher yield (total yield), but his actual product increase (marginal yield) per unit decreases as the units increase (see Figure 1.2). Functions of soil Soil provides plant nutrients. Under normal conditions, the soil's nutrient status differs depending on the clay content of the soil. The higher the soil's clay content the more fertile the soil. The function can be affected by fertilization. Soil stores and releases water to plants. The property varies greatly between soils. In clay soils it can be as much as 25 mm of water per 100 mm of soil and in sandy soils it can be as little as 6 mm per 100 mm of soil. Clay soil's water holding capacity is also much more than in sandy soils where water is more readily available to plants. Soil allows air movement The ease of air movement depends on the amount and size of soil pores. Clay soils do have more pores than sandy soils but they are much smaller and this impedes air movement. Sandy soils do have fewer pores but they are larger and more helpful in air movement Soil allows water infiltration. Normally, sandy soils have a higher infiltration rate than clay soils. Soil helps to filter impurities from the water and thus keeps the quality of our air and water high, it is part of a recycling system. Soil helps to control water by retaining moisture and by regulating water flow - it is like a sponge, it absorbs water and releases it back to plants. Soil serves as a medium in which plants grow. The deeper the soil the better root development. This causes plants to develop better and produce more. Soil is the habitat for many different organisms. Soil plays a role in carbon sequestration. Soil carbon (C-) sequestration is the transfer of atmospheric CO2 into the soil by plants. Benefits of ground carbon sequestration are the promotion of food security and the improvement of biodiversity. Soil plays an important role in climate regulation. Soil is heated daily by the sun and heat is trapped in the soil. The heat that is "stored" in this way keeps the earth warm for a longer time and therefore causes fewer temperature fluctuations to occur. Vegetation Natural field Natural veld is one of the most important and valuable resources in animal production as it is the most economical source of animal nutrition, and sometimes the only source of food for ruminants in large parts of South Africa. Pasture ranges from desert and shrubbery to lush grasslands, and is the most important feed source for the national livestock herd - small stock (sheep and goats) and large stock (cattle) - as well as for game. Acid veld occurs in areas with high water supply and high carbon assimilation compared to nutrient availability (usually low) and sweet veld in areas with low water supply and lower carbon assimilation compared to nutrient availability (usually high). The distribution of sweet and sour veld is mainly determined by the phosphorus concentration and the amount of available nitrogen in the soil. Mixed field is intermediate between these two types. Planted pastures Planted pastures can be divided into two groups, namely intensive pasture crops (or cool season grazing crops) and subtropical grazing crops. Both species include annuals and perennial crops. Intensive pasture crops Intensive grazing crops include the cool season grasses and certain legumes as many of them are active in the winter and are frost tolerant, and also stays green (see Table 1.2 for examples). The crops must receive additional water through irrigation to be successfully cultivated in areas with low rainfall. If the crops are compared to subtropical crops, they are relatively high in quality, digestibility and palatability. Probably the most successful examples of legumes are perennial alfalfa (Medicago sativa), annual medics (M. polymorpha and M. truncatula) and annual clover (Trifolium sp.) in the grain production systems of the Western Cape. Commercial grain producers (wheat, barley, oats) plant these species every two to three years to increase soil nitrogen. Farmers who have dairies, produce fat lambs or round up weaner calves can include moderate species such as oats, long-stemmed grass and the like in their feed flow on the farm in order to maintain good animal production. Subtropical pasture crops Subtropical pasture crops (grasses and legumes) are summer crops that are dormant in winter. In the autumn months, they translocate nutrients to their roots. This allows these crops to emerge in the spring and develop rapidly. Most subtropical grass species planted are native to Southern Africa. These types of pastures are established from October to February in the summer rainfall areas of South Africa. Early planting dates are recommended where weed competition is not a factor. This also applies to the lower rainfall areas ( urbanization> increased pressure on urban infrastructure and employment> urban poverty> slums> crime> social conflict> political instability. New paradigm: Tillage is not essential for yield. Crop residues remain on the soil surface as mulch. Soil is never uncovered - there is a permanent soil cover. Coating serves as a buffer for soil temperatures. Burning of mulch prohibited. Emphasis on biological processes in soil. First option - biological pest control. Soil erosion is caused by soil mismanagement. Consequences of no tillage and permanent soil cover Almost no wind and water erosion. Increased water infiltration into the soil. Soilwater more readily available. Organic material content of soil and soil quality are maintained or improved. Carbon is isolated in the soil, which increases soil quality and reduces global warming. Soil improvement (chemical, physical and biological). Crop productivity increases. Fertilizer use and production costs reduced.  Survival of the family farm ensures (even more, sustainable and profitable crop production). Basic needs satisfied> rural standard of living and quality of life increased> increased and diversified productivity> increased profit. Primary cultivation implements Mouldboard ploughs This implement is used to turn sods up to 300 mm deep and is especially suitable for heavier soils with a lot of structure. A further advantage of the turning of the soil is that weeds’ seed and unwanted crop residue can be deeply buried. Disc ploughs and discs The disc plough has a cutting action and its main advantage is that it penetrates better under hard, dry conditions with the added benefit that its wear and tear is less than a with a mouldboard plough. This implement is more efficient in fields with lots of plant residue and less clogging occurs. The main disadvantage of the implement is that it breaks down soil structure very fast, and this worsens when ploughing at a high speed. This implement is suitable for heavier and harder soils where structural loss is not so critical, but is not recommended on sandy soils. Chisel ploughs Chisel ploughs are mainly used to turn soil to a depth of 250 mm. The best results are obtained if the soil is relatively dry because the chisels break the soil and create structural units. Under very wet conditions, and especially in clay soil, furrows are made that have an undesirable spreading action. This plough is therefore more suitable for sandy soils where a loose structured topsoil is desired to improve infiltration and reduce erosion. Under dry conditions, big sods are broken loose, which inhibit plant development.  Rippers Rippers are used where deep cultivation is needed and the turning of the soil layers is undesirable. When fields are cultivated to the same depth for several years, a ‘plough sole’ develops. This limiting layer inhibits effective water infiltration and root development. To establish better drainage, conservation and utilisation, it is important that the layer is regularly broken up. Secondary soil cultivation tools Rotavators Under the right conditions, this is a beneficial implement that can prepare a seedbed in one step, especially in damp clay soils. On dry, sandy soils it destroys the structure in a very short time span. In many cases, rotating rotavators are used for weed control, but is only effective on weeds with shallow root systems. Control is only applied for short periods where weeds with relatively deep root systems grow, after which shoots begin to grow again. Rotavators leaves a fine, bare surface behind that is easily eroded by wind. Tine harrows consist of a variety of hoeing implements that are mainly used for the control of young weeds, but they are also used as surface crust crushers. Cultivation depth is rarely more than 100 mm. The implements are only effective on moist soil. On dry, clay soil it is completely ineffective because the teeth cannot penetrate the soil. They are often used for seedbed preparation.  Harrows Harrows also consist of a variety of implements. The toothed harrow is mainly used to level a seedbed and is only effective if the seedbed is already finely pounded. Planters Planter is implements used to make the input (seed, fertilizer) in the soil so that there is a product (crop) can be produced. This includes conventional planters and no-till planters in. Harvesters / harvesters These are implements that collect the produced crop and the plant material of the grain (maize, wheat, etc.) The collected grain is then held for sale or storage. Animal traction Animal traction implies the use of animals' power to perform a certain job. There are some commercial farmers in South Africa who use animal traction to get them supplement tractor operations and reduce operating costs. Typical activities include transporting farm inputs, products and feed, distributing fertilizer and manure, and the hoeing of weeds. Setting up ploughs and tillers All types of ploughs, including rake plate ploughs and disc ploughs, require different modes of adjustment. (The disc plough requires much more skill to set than the grid plate plough.)  All ploughs must be set be to do the following: To leave an even soil surface. Easy to pull to save fuel. Allow the tractor to run straight into the plough front. To plough at the required depth. Both hard and soft soil surfaces penetrate. Plow the total area and do not leave pieces unprocessed. Properties of an implement for a specific task Agricultural equipment is very expensive and is an important investment for the farmer. You need the right and informed make choice. The wrong choice can lead to huge financial losses. Tips to buy right Choose customizable implements. It should be able to fit your existing equipment. It must be within you existing conditions can work. Implement must be the right size and capacity for your conditions. Beware of over- or undercapitalize; it costs money. Possible expansion must be kept in mind. Choice regarding the technological advancement must be made. Is training necessary and what will the cost be? Calculate the running cost of the implement to determine if it is economically justified and if it might be better to buy or rent smaller. Research the product regarding its efficacy, reliability and availability of parts and services. Make a choice between automated or manual models. Decide what type of accessories or extras are needed. Decision-making steps to obtain a specific implement Can't current implements be customized to meet your needs? What are the pros and cons of buying, renting or lending implements? Are local services an option? Are you mechanically trained or willing to undergo training to repair planned implements? What type of equipment or implements do you need for your purpose? Disadvantages of using implements Implements are expensive. Using implements requires a more skilled labourer.  Implements can destroy certain properties of soils. If it is no longer needed, there is no market for it. The value of implements decreases. The implement may be damaged. This could lead to unemployment. The cost of fuel and services is high. It needs trained workers, which leads to an increase in wages. Advantages of using implements and equipment Soil can be cultivated quickly and it saves time. The crop can be harvested from lands faster. Less labour per hectare is required to do work. Machining is done more evenly. More advanced farming practices can be followed thanks to the use of equipment. ACTIVITIES / Teacher must work out activities on the given content and provide them to the learners ASSESSMENT Learners can use previous years' Nov Grade 12 papers to study sample questions. CONSOLIDATION The lesson covered all the content as prescribed by the CAPS. The learners understand the content, concepts and concepts surrounding the harvesting of products and quality control. VALUES By studying this lesson, you should be able to: know and understand the concept Farming systems and alternatives (Production systems) Learners must understand what is covered in the content in order to successfully answer questions and the use of the necessary skills. Learners will be able to use the knowledge and skills as base for progression to the next week’s lesson.  Directorate: Curriculum FET SUBJECT AND Agricultural Management Practices 12 GRADE TERM 1 WEEK 7 TOPIC Alternative Branches and Utilities (Agritourism and Niche Markets) AIMS OF THE At the end of this lesson you should be able to understand the following concepts: LESSON Agritourism What is agritourism How do I start agritourism? What drives the demand for agritourism? Marketing plan Insurance implications Advantages and disadvantages of agritourism Niche markets Definition of a niche market Niche Markets SOURCES Paper sources Agricultural Management Practices Learner's Book Grade 12: INTRODUCTION Learning content covered in previous lessons should be in line with the current content that will now be covered: Grade 12 Term 1 Week 6 Farming Systems The purpose of this lesson is to create content associated with Land Use E.g. Agritourism and Niche Markets CONCEPTS AND Agritourism SKILLS What is agritourism?  Urbanites were trapped in the city rush and generations of them began visiting commercialized tourism destinations. Traditional destinations and routes to sunny beaches and national parks are still popular, but the trend these days is rather cheaper, adventurous and non-commercialized alternatives. From this, agritourism originated. Agritourism is a very limited concept that refers to the different forms of tourism that relate to agricultural activities and / or buildings with an agricultural function. This particular form of tourism is therefore managed by farmers, usually as a second activity, with agriculture as the main occupation and source of income. A distinction is often made between agritourism and the term farm tourism (farm accommodation), which is used simply to refer to the use of former farmhouses as tourist accommodation. "It is about the optimal and wise use of scarce natural resources, and producers are increasingly realizing that this way of adding value can hedge them against changing climate patterns, stiff competition and the value of the rand," says Mr. Riaan Nowers, Manager: Agricultural Statistics at the Western Cape Department of Agriculture. The agricultural sector is a resource waiting to be exploited to the maximum tourism product. Excellent opportunities exist on farms to maximize the development of the tourism industry within the agricultural sector. However, it is important to offer unique activities. The dynamic environment in which agriculture operates today necessitates farmers worldwide to find ways to add value to their farming industries. Staying profitable in the modern, global agricultural economy is a major challenge for the survival of most farms. South African farmers must also look at other alternatives to survive, of which agritourism is one. Definition and description of a tourist A tourist is a person who travels away from home for whatever reason, for vacation or any other reason. A tourist has several characteristics, such as: A tourist travels away from home to a destination that may be on its own, or it can be done as a group of people. A tourist tries to experience things he / she cannot experience at home. A tourist spends money in the place he / she visits and thus contributes to the local economy. Tourism is the largest earner of foreign exchange and also the largest generator of income and job creation worldwide. Tourists can be divided into two types: Domestic tourists - citizens who travel around in their own country are taking closer, shorter holidays closer to their homes on a regular basis. Foreign tourists often want to get to know South Africans' culture and way of life - especially in rural areas - first hand. Types of tourism that could potentially create a market for the farm:  Rural tourism is a concept that covers tourism activities designed and managed by local people, and is based on the strengths of the natural and human environment. Ecotourism is about traveling to a natural area to understand the environment and history there “while creating economic opportunities that make the conservation of natural resources financially beneficial to local citizens”. It further leads to types of tourists entering agritourism, each with its own end goal, namely: Education tourists: People visiting places for research. Adventure tourists: People who want to do exciting things while on vacation. Cultural tourists: People who travel to attend cultural events. Product Route Tourists: Tourists who follow routes to see how agricultural products are produced / processed. How do I start? Because a variety of resources are available on farms that are not economically suitable for traditional farming practices, such as mountains and arable land, it offers farmers the opportunity to utilize those resources in a way that adds value to their farming. Farmers can market attractions and experiences that their farms offer to tourists in a unique, original way. Start with what's on your site. Make a survey of the potential attractions that visitors will have going on, which may include: Physical resources - accommodation, swimming pool (remember the safety issues). Natural resources - maybe nice swimming pools or interesting hiking spots, fishing opportunities, game. Climate - your unique selling point may be the possibility of snow in winter. Owner / manager / staff strengths - use the knowledge you have. Activities- consider how you can give your guests a taste of farm life. Make them part of harvest time or let them pick their own fruit, for example. Various activities on farms that are part of agritourism: farm accommodation the sale of farm products from the pantry harvesting of products by visitors, for example on strawberry farms the feeding of farm animals visits to product routes, for example wine cellar visits and wine tasting events visits to guest farms, for example ostrich farms near Oudtshoorn  visits to game farms erection of a road stable four-wheel drive vehicles and lanes hiking, mountaineering, fishing, equestrian and so on caravan parks What drives the demand for agritourism? A few phenomena stand out: People who can spend money these days spend more on leisure, leisure, adventure and experiences There is a tendency for urbanites to move to the countryside for vacations in search of space and a uncomplicated lifestyle. Many people have a nostalgia for the countryside and want to expose their children to it. Looking at what drives supply, it seems that farmers want to increase their incomes, reduce risks through diversification and make optimal use of their resources. The global economy is forcing the farmer to supplement his income, and many see this in agritourism. The purpose of agritourism is the following: To increase revenue. Job creation. Women mostly handle the agritourism industry on a farm. This is also the case in Britain, America, Germany, Italy and other European countries. In virtually all cases, extra work is created through tourism activities on the farm, and more than 80% are jobs for women. An important aspect is the contribution of agritourism to the macroeconomic objectives of the government, especially in the rural areas. These are aspects such as: housing training empowerment economic growth. A contribution to socio-economic development is training provided to employees. Training is an important form of empowerment and provides more job security for trained employees.  Establishment of extra structures is a direct investment in the tourism industry and the farm, but also in the local economy, because materials, goods and labor are bought locally - which stimulates the local economy of a town and district. Conservation of resources - in order to be successful and sustainable, farmers need to conserve their resources to increase attractiveness. In order to establish agritourism as an industry, the following important aspects must be considered: It must be determined whether it is a business or hobby, because management inputs are then divided between the farming and the tourism industry. Agritourism is not an instant recipe for prosperity, and if someone does not farm successfully, agritourism is not a guarantee of success. People have certain expectations and so it is important to understand aspects such as customer service and satisfaction (a farmer must be available 24 hours a day). Marketing and supply of the product is mostly direct - the farmer markets himself and there is no middleman as a buffer. Agritourism is mostly not a destination. This means that people do not necessarily drive to your farm for a week's holiday such as, for example, sea or game park. Thus, marketing must be part of a regional or district initiative. Tourism providers must market a package together by having a system of referral where one provider refers the tourist to another, in order to keep the tourist in an area longer. The experience is marketed, not the destination. Agritourism providers also have a need for marketing expertise: How to be service oriented Knowledge of entrepreneurship and business development Compiling feasibility studies and business plans Financial management and planning Expertise on cash flow planning and budget control Communication skills. Marketing plan for agritourism A marketing plan is a requirement. This is the farmer's "road map" to successful agritourism. It can be fatal for individual agritourism businesses to assume that where the rural environment is the main attraction, no marketing on their part is required. Agritourism in the Garden Route is mainly marketed individually.  However, it has been proven in South Africa that partnerships and group marketing are beneficial strategies. An example is the wine routes in the Western Cape. The farmer must identify his particular market. He should not try to get the whole population as his target market. He needs to focus on that part of the population that is interested in what is going on, on his farm. For example, he can concentrate on offering programs for children and school groups, provided he meets certain requirements, such as that his farm is not too far from the town or city. Such groups cannot travel for hours to get to a farm. He must compile a package that makes his farm special and distinguishes it from other farms or destinations in the area. Children - or any tourist - want a special experience and they want to be entertained. Demonstrations, tractor rides, horseback rides or anything that will captivate children or visitors can be offered. Offers interesting goods for sale. When it comes to access or accommodation tariffs, the farmer must consider his target markets. Try to offer as large a variety as possible at lower prices. Use an advertising medium that will reach the target market. Good experiences are retold, which is why it is important for people to leave satisfied after a farm visit. Insurance implications for agritourism Because visitors are allowed on the farm, it is important that insurance against injuries that can be sustained by tourists is taken out. Property insurance is also important because it will enable the farmer to repair property damaged by tourists. Advantages and disadvantages of agritourism Advantages Entrepreneurship in sometimes remote areas is stimulated and jobs are often created for the farm and the wider community. Agritourism also serves as an antidote to the emptiness of the countryside. Positive farm visits improve the perception that the consumer has of agriculture. For many city children, it is a revelation to see how a cow is milked, how cattle look up close, how they are planted and plowed and what is going on, on a farm. There are attractive cash flow benefits for the farmer.  It offers further diversification in the farm itself, but also circulates and can eventually provide stability to an entire rural environment. It has a lot of educational value. It provides training opportunities for staff, such as country guides, chefs and manual skills. This leads to job creation and housing for local residents, which creates huge socio-economic benefits. Parts of a farm that were never productive before and did not make a contribution, such as mountains and rivers, can now play a role. The construction of additional facilities increases the value of the farm. It offers great marketing value for the farmer's products. Disadvantages Agritourism brings with it extra responsibilities. Availability of trained people can be a problem. One of the most important aspects of agritourism is that the person who acts as a guide on a farm, in a national park or wherever, must be well informed about what is going on, on the farm and in the area and about farming or wildlife. in general. Agriculture on the one hand and tourism on the other are regulated by many laws. In addition, aspects such as transportation, social welfare, nature conservation, empowerment and other factors can create a problem. Getting started is an expensive process and liaison with all other stakeholders is important. Many farmers also underestimate the impact of loss of privacy. It leads to negative environmental impact if not planned properly - erosion should be avoided, for example. Public liability in case of injuries is something that must be carefully considered when a farmer decides to enter agritourism. Niche markets Definition of a niche market A niche market or niche marketing means the focus of a product on a specific customer group for marketing. That portion of the market is usually very small. The product is aimed at satisfying specific needs within the market, as well as the price range, quality of production and the demographics for which it is intended. Examples of niche markets are Karoo lamb, Wagyu meat, berry products, products for health stores, etc. Niche markets, technology the future of farming Contrary to popular belief, mega-farming is not the future of agriculture. There is room for smaller farms that specialize in niche markets or make optimal use of technology to make the most profit on a small area. There has been a debate for some time about the actual number of farmers in South Africa. There are several indications that there are more commercial farmers than previously assumed. Research by the University of Pretoria (UP)'s Department of Agricultural Economics recently released found that there are about 70 000 commercial farmers, as well as about 280 000 small farmers and about 700 000 subsistence farmers (according to the 2011 population census). The question is: Is there still room for the smaller farmers, especially against the backdrop of the last few decades' shift to economies of scale? This required farming units to become larger, especially in terms of the production of agricultural commodities. More specifically, will there still be room for smaller family farms and part-time farmers in the future? Many farms will in future have to make a choice about where they want to position themselves in the market and what products they will produce. If you want to produce a commodity where there has been fairly standardization, such as maize, wheat, soybeans, beef or potatoes, you should strive for economies of scale to keep your expenses as low as possible. In this case, competition takes place on the basis of price, and the farm that can produce the product cheapest will always have a market. In contrast, markets are increasingly moving towards greater choices and products that stand out on the basis of quality, as consumer preferences have changed.  It highlights the aspect of quality and brands to differentiate your product and make it possible to produce for different markets. It also raises the issue of traceability, which is already applicable on a fairly large scale in the export fruit industries. Industries must meet certain traceability requirements. This concept is currently gaining a foothold in the meat industry and I expect it to spread further. This, of course, has implications for supermarkets. They prefer to put a standardized product on their shelves, but traceability to support the properties of the product is becoming increasingly important. They will use it to place a greater variety on their shelves going forward. Shops are also starting to get smaller to make a living in every neighborhood. The other aspect that joins this is that technology will turn agricultural production on its head in the next decade. The idea that you need large areas to produce a product profitably and compete in the market is going to change drastically in many industries. Technology will result in a greater variety of products being produced in a smaller area and for a niche market. So, it would seem that the idea that you only have a future in agriculture if you are striving for a large farm and economies of scale is changing. There are also worldwide analyzes that show that large farms may be less efficient than smaller farms and that smaller farms can achieve a very good return on their capital investment - even better than larger farms. Niche Markets The reason to pursue a niche market strategy instead of a commodity market strategy is mostly to get away from competition, especially from large competitors competing at a low cost. Instead of spending money and energy trying to compete at a lower price level (by buying more land and machinery, for example), the emphasis is on a niche market and on meeting the needs of specific customers. Often this decision is made after an opportunity has been spotted, but other times it is simply a decision for the sake of economic survival. If a farmer is caught in the middle and does not see the chance to make large, new debts to expand, he then decides to rather drop a level and deliver a unique product for a specific target market. This means that you need to develop your own quality brand that represents your product's characteristics and to differentiate your product from the commodity market. It is often difficult to identify such a niche market and potential customers.  In many cases, a niche market involves a more emotional connection with the customer and his needs, such as organic products and free-range chickens, which carry its own risks. Niche markets are currently being developed that are linked to a region and where the regional product has its own unique characteristics, such as Karoo lamb. Rooibos tea is also an example. Regional names are given international recognition and legal protection. The mistake that farmers often make is to expect a niche market to give you a price premium. This is only possible after a long time if your product features are scarce on the market and your quality mark is established. The goal should first be to make sure you have a market for your product - with a more stable price. One of the characteristics of a niche market is precisely that prices tend to be less cyclical and your price risk is therefore lower. Also, remember, delivering for a niche market requires more ACTIVITIES / Teacher must work out activities on the given content and provide them to the learners ASSESSMENT Learners can use previous years' Nov Grade 12 papers to study sample questions. CONSOLIDATION The lesson covered all the content as prescribed by the CAPS. The learners understand the content, concepts and concepts surrounding the harvesting of products and quality control. VALUES By studying this lesson, you should be able to: know and understand the concept Alternative Branches and Utilities (Agritourism and Niche Markets). Learners must understand what is covered in the content in order to successfully answer questions and the use of the necessary skills. Learners will be able to use the knowledge and skills as base for progression to the next week’s lesson.  Directorate: Curriculum FET SUBJECT Agricultural Management Practices Grade 12 TERM 2 Week 1 Lesson 1 TOPIC Product harvesting and quality control LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson you should be able to understand the following concepts: Regulations and legal aspects (Laws) regarding products: p. 151 Grading requirements for the delivery of certain products. Handling of products: basic principles; collection and transport Pg.152 Storage of products: methods of storage; benefits of storage. Sorting and grading of products SOURCES Textbook-based resources Agricultural Management Practices Learner's Book Grade 12: INTRODUCTION Learning content covered in term One must link in with the current content that will now be covered: Grade 12 Farm Planning Grade 11 Crop Management Aspects The purpose of this lesson is to address content associated with product harvesting and quality control. CONCEPTS AND SKILLS Regulations and legal aspects (Laws) regarding products: Agricultural Product Standards Act The Agricultural Product Standards Act (Act 119 of 1990) regulates the standard and grading requirements set in respect of various processed farm products, such as canned fruit, frozen vegetables, and so on. Agricultural Products Marketing Act The objectives of the Agricultural Products Marketing Act (Act 47 of 1996) are aimed at the following: Increased market access for all participants Promoting the efficiency of the marketing of agricultural products Optimization of export earnings from agricultural products  Directorate: Curriculum FET Improving the viability of the agricultural sector. Packaged, processed agricultural products must be labeled. Certain information must appear on the label by law. The following is some of the most important information: The use of a trademark and description of the content Schematic representation of the content or service proposal where the product is used, with a clear distinction in terminology and representation The name and street address of the manufacturer of the product A list of ingredients in order of contribution to the mass of the product The main ingredients are mentioned first and additives are mentioned under collective names, except in the case of tartrazine, preservatives and phenylalanine Grading requirements for the delivery of certain products. Before harvesting, the farm must comply with certain aspects. It should be assessed to consider risks regarding limit contamination of products. Every pre-harvest in each production area before the harvest of any crop certified by the audit. The assessment includes: Are toilet and laundry facilities properly located? Is drinking water available to workers? Are crop containers available, clean, well located and protected? Is harvesting equipment available and in good condition? Is there evidence of unauthorized access in the crop area and if so, has it been investigated? Is there evidence of crop damage by pets or wild animals? Is there evidence of physical pollution in the crop area? Are fuels and chemicals that can contaminate crop areas isolated? If areas are infected, are they isolated as “no crop”? Are there any other significant sources of biological or physical pollution such as landfills, manure, burning debris or water that could affect food safety? Is transport equipment clean and available? Handling of products: basic principles; collection and transportation.  Directorate: Curriculum FET The handling of agricultural products is of great importance to ensure that the consumer has a product of good quality. The process starts on the farm through the correct management practices during the apply growth process, harvest and handling. Waste management, water resources, workers' health, general hygiene, proper handling, proper packaging and transportation play a major role in ensuring that the customer has a buy quality product. Basic principles General visible criteria for grading harvested crops Size of the wear Color of the wear Damage to the crop Shape of the wear Freshness of the crop Diseases / pests Stage of development Beauty Pollution / foreign seeds. Benefits of applying good agricultural practices Offer a financial benefit to the producer. Consumer gets a quality product. Possible spread of disease and disease is eliminated. Chemical pollution is eliminated. Possible allergy is eliminated. Disease-causing products are limited as well as the cost of treating them. Hazards in fresh produce Biological hazards due to microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Chemical hazards due to products contaminated with harmful chemicals released during the production, handling and storage are used. Substances such as fertilizers, lubricants of implements, painting of buildings, detergents, insecticides, etc. can be harmful. Physical hazards. Fragments of substances that are not part of the product may be present and a  Directorate: Curriculum FET pose a danger. Fragments of glass, stones, wood, plastic and even personal items such as jewelry or haircuts can occur in products. Occupational health and safety It is important that workers handling products from harvest to the table have a good understanding of thorough hygiene to prevent infection. Workers must be trained to work within each area of the handle food chain products properly. They must have the basic knowledge to be able to identify problems. Employers must ensure that workers are healthy at all times, and workers' personal hygiene is very important. The following aspects need attention: Regular bath Correct use of toilets and hand washing with soap afterwards Hand washing before starting work and after possible infection Correct and clean clothes Keep nails and hair short Supply of drinking water on the farm Water supply system must be in good condition and functional. Water containers must be clean and closed. Water containers must be cleaned and disinfected regularly. Not exposed to heat and hazardous substances Disposable cups should be used. Collection / Harvesting of products The harvesting procedure will depend on the type of product. The appearance of the product is important and therefore products for the fresh produce market with the hand harvested. For the processing market, products are usually harvested mechanically. Microbial infestation occurs easily when harvested by hand. Infection Tools for the harvesting process Depending on the type of fruit or vegetable, there are different types of equipment available for harvesting agricultural products.  Directorate: Curriculum FET Common equipment used for harvesting fruits and vegetables are pruning shears or knives, or pole- mounted pruning shears. When fruits or vegetables are difficult to catch, such as avocado pears and fiber peaches, a cushion- like material is placed under the tree so that the fruit is not damaged if it falls. Harvest bags with a shoulder or hip band can be used to harvest fruit with a firm skin, such as citrus. The crop bags are easy to carry and both hands are free to harvest. The bag becomes emptied into a field container by opening the bottom inside the field container without opening the harvest bag to shell. Plastic buckets are suitable containers for harvesting fruits that are easily bruised or damaged, such as tomatoes. The containers must have a smooth finish on the inside so that products are not damaged. Commercial producers use mass crates with a holding capacity of 250 to 500 kg in which products such as apples and cabbage are placed and then sent to the packing store for selection, grading and packaging. Machine harvest Quickly Effective / less labor Can harvest large areas Duration Specialized Requires maintenance Capital intensive Hand harvesting Very slow / takes a long time  Directorate: Curriculum FET Products are not so clean Only small areas can be harvested Depending on the weather conditions Theft Labor intensive Work related aspects Hard physical work Poor working conditions Cheap Low maintenance Harvesters and equipment Harvest containers that are used repeatedly during harvest time must be used regularly during harvest time be cleaned, as determined by the food safety plan. If the farm stores crop containers outside the farm, they must make sure that no unwanted pests and pests are brought in. Containers must be cleaned and sterilized before use for fresh produce. Workers should be instructed to use crop containers only for the purpose for which they are designed and not for other purposes such as garbage and the transport of personal items. The final packaging containers must be protected against any form of contamination. Use only new or sterilized packaging containers. Repair damaged containers or destroy them if they cannot be repaired. Field packing and warehouse transport Careful harvesting, handling and transport of fruits and vegetables to warehouses is essential to the quality of to preserve the product. Shipping containers Berries picked for the fresh market, in addition to blueberries and cranberries, are often grown mechanically harvested and usually packed in shipping containers.  Directorate: Curriculum FET Polyethylene bags Transparent polyethylene bags are used in the field for the packaging of banana bunches, which are then sent to the warehouse is transported by means of mechanical cable tracks running through the banana plantation. This technique of packing and transporting bananas reduces damage to the fruit caused by improper handling. Transport Transport as fast as possible Use the right type of transport Temperature control is important Vehicle inside and outside in good condition Safety must be ensured Vehicle must be disinfected after each load The same vehicle should not be used for animal and vegetable products. Unless proper sanitation takes place Avoid transmissible odors Storage of products: methods and benefits of storage. Types of cooling Cold air cooling: This is the most common cooling method, during which cold air between the packaged products are blown. Hydrocooling: Products are either immersed directly in cold water or sprayed with a fine spray. Water cools faster than air due to its conductivity. However, it is not suitable for all products, especially not for fruit. Ice packs: Products are packaged on flaked or broken ice. It displaces the heat very quickly and also keep the product cold as long as the ice melts. The ice also keeps the air moist, which prevents that the product dries out. However, the cost is very high, it increases the weight of packaging and can packaging material damaged.  Directorate: Curriculum FET Packaging and storage facilities Packaging and storage facilities will depend on the type of product. Regardless of the size of the facility, good practices are applied at all times. The following are requirements: It should be easy to clean. It must withstand pests. Walls, floors and ceiling must be easy to clean. Lights and light bulbs must be covered in case they break. Floor should have a slight drop so that liquids can run off. Sewer system must be functional. Packaging storage and storage areas must be separate. Keep packaging area free of harmful substances, tools, waste materials, etc. Work hygienically at all times. Keep all equipment clean and wash (disinfect) it regularly. Methods of storing agricultural products in Agriculture The following are different methods that can be used in agriculture to store products. The method is determined by several factors, of which the product is probably the most important: Cold storage at temperatures below 10 ° C - fruits and vegetables Freezers - ready-processed products such as meat Underground structures - grain Sealed storage - grain Silos - grain Tanks - wine Drums  Directorate: Curriculum FET Traditional storage in clay pots, buckets, bamboo, etc. Plastic bags and covers - silage Bunkers - silage Requirements for storage structures and containers Must protect product from rodents, birds, insects, etc. Must be able to allow aeration and fumigation if necessary. Do not incur losses due to moisture or temperatures. Must be easy to inspect. Must be able to easily clean or self-clean (silos and milk tank). Must be economical by not driving up costs. Must be protected from fire. Must get rid of water easily. Do not damage easily. Advantages and disadvantages of storage Advantages of pocket storage Contains a certain amount or weight. It is easy to load and handle. It is easy to handle and label individually. Infested bags can be easily treated separately and removed. Product is not exposed to the atmosphere Different grades and types of products can be transported or stored together. Benefits of mass or bulk storage The area exposed to air is less per mass. Pest investment is less due to deeper layers and exclusion of air. Mass handling cheaper. It is faster to handle. Less labor is needed. Disadvantages of retail storage Products are damaged more easily. Products are handled more frequently (cost and labor intensive) Packaging materials are more expensive in the long run.  Directorate: Curriculum FET Pests can cause great damage. Theft can occur. Difficult to move and transport large quantities. Marketing is more difficult. Benefits associated with grain storage on the farm The producer adds value to his grain. By purifying and storing its grain properly, the producer can convert a former cost item into a small cost portion and a large asset portion. After five years, a good quality grain silo was paid off at almost the same rate as central storage would cost for the remaining 25 to 35 years; only the relatively small operating and maintenance costs remain. There are huge savings on transportation. There is easier, automated logistics in the case of flow-through containers. Proper grading, and in the case of, for example, wheat, upward or downward mixing, can yields considerable additional income. Own purification of grain results in the producer screening for keep feed and avoid the fine. By ensuring that the grain is delivered at the correct moisture content, a significantly higher percentage of realization is ensured. Grain can be stored for longer periods at a lower cost, taking full advantage from the time value of grain. Sorting and grading of products STANDARDIZATION  Directorate: Curriculum FET Standardization is the process of setting certain standards for the product. These norms are determined by customs or tradition or by certain authority. It involves determining the basic characteristics of a product on the basis of which the product is then divided into different groups. It also means determining the standard of the product to be produced in terms of size, color, shape, weight, shape and quality. Standards are a model products that form the basis of comparison. PURPOSE OF RATING It is a way of describing the quality of products for buying and selling activities. It protects consumers from unfair trade practices by traders or farmers and also makes it possible for farmers to get a price according to quality and grade. It acts as a basis for determining price and premium price according to quality Importance of rating To ensure quality control / better quality Rating is required to determine the appropriate use of the product. Facilitate marketing The higher the quality of the product, the higher the quality of the processed product Incentive to deliver better quality product To divide the harvested product into prescribed classes. To guide the consumer in the available categories. Better price of product The properties can have one or more of the following types: Grading is to divide the products into different lots, each containing similar properties. Size Large, medium, small, long, short, round, elongated etc. Fragrance that speaks again of taste or class Maturity raw, semi-ripe, ripe in the case of fruit, oilseeds, legumes and cereals Length in case of cotton and wool. Place-oriented like Goa Alfanso, Bydagi peppers, Baiganpalli mango, and Nagpur orange Nasik grapes have specific taste, shape, color, etc. Problems with standardization and grading:  Directorate: Curriculum FET Lack of standards and degrees: One problem with the development of standardization and grading is for many products standards have not been developed. Abuse of standards and degrees: It is seen that many producers use standards and grades in an authorized way. There is a lack of sense of responsibility and national character among our producers and this is a major obstacle in the development of standardization and grading Lack of public awareness: A lack of public awareness is the problem with the development of standardization and grading in our country. The reasons for a lack of public awareness are (i) low standard of living, (ii) illiteracy, (iii) dominance of rural population Lack of test facilities: This is also a major problem in developing standardization and grading. Manufacturers feel it is difficult to get these standards and grades tested. Lack of facilities: Product processing Before an entrepreneur starts adding value to his products, he / she must do complete research and the following factors must be taken into account: Government policies and regulations Socio-economic conditions Level of business acumen among the people Financial support from the bank or other financial institutions The availability and cost of infrastructure Market development Access to appropriate technology. ACTIVITIES / Learners can use previous years' Nov Grade 12 papers to study sample questions. ASSESSMENT CONSOLIDATION The lesson covered all the content as prescribed by the CAPS. The learners understand the content, concepts and concepts surrounding the harvesting of products and quality control. Note: The knowledge and skills you have acquired in this section will help you to better understand the following sections that you still have to study: Marketing of agricultural products.  Directorate: Curriculum FET SUBJECT Agricultural Management Practices Grade 12 TERM 2 Week 2 Lesson 1 TOPIC Marketing LESSON At the end of this lesson you should be able to understand the following concepts: OBJECTIVES Marketing methods and channels: free marketing / cooperative marketing / market agents: Bequest laws: The Agricultural Products Marketing Act. Importance of marketing: discuss the sale of the product. Marketing functions: planning / transportation / processing / standardization and grading / sorting. Advertising: purpose of advertising in marketing; methods of advertising SOURCES Textbook-based resources Agricultural Management Practices Learner's Book Grade 12: INTRODUCTION Learning content covered in term One and Two must link in with the current content that will now be covered: Grade 11 Crop Management Aspects Grade 12 Farm Planning Grade 12 Harvesting products and quality The purpose of this lesson is to cover content associated with Farm Product Marketing. CONCEPTS AND Marketing SKILLS Marketing Methods and Marketing Channels: Marketing methods There are basically four ways in which the producer can market, namely: Free marketing Cooperative marketing Managed marketing International marketing Key elements of marketing The priority of the buyer. Farmers need to understand what the buyer really wants and this requires market research The process of selection. The farmer must decide at what level he wants to market (wholesaler, retailer etc) Building a relationship. There must be a strong relationship and trust between the seller and buyer The marketing process:  Directorate: Curriculum FET Find out what the customers want by doing market research. Identify the commodity (s) that will be suitable for you to produce. Plan the production of the product. How are you going to do that through the. Best season to utilize for the product you have chosen? At the beginning of summer, before it rains. Produce your chosen commodity. Choose the marketing channel that is right for you and where you can make the most profit. Free marketing Products whose marketing is not controlled, that is, where the market mechanism is not influenced by the State or any other organization, is called a free market. The producer markets his products to whom he / she knows The "what", "when" and. "how much" to produce is determined purely by supply and demand. There is little co-operation between the producers and the individual producer trades on his own initiative. Advantages The products are usually of a high quality. Payment is usually in the form of cash. The producer can show initiative and drive. There is usually very little delay in receiving payment. Producers are free to produce what they want, and consumers are free to buy what they want. Price is determined by supply and demand. There are no barriers blocking other producers, leading to more competition. More competition can lead to better products and better prices. New products and ideas are easily developed. Producers have the opportunity to grow their businesses and create prosperity. A free market system can promote agricultural production. It contributes to national economic growth and a increase in employment. Disadvantages Prices fluctuate significantly as supply varies in the market. Marketing costs are high. The producer is responsible for marketing the product. The producer bears great risks. No regulation of products can lead to the sale of harmful products.  Directorate: Curriculum FET Overproduction can lead to large surpluses and a fall in prices, which can lead to large losses for producers. This can lead to job losses. In a free market there are no barriers to dumping of surplus products by other countries, which leads to cheap imports selling to local producers Producers seek to form monopolies to control the market. Essential products such as electricity can become too expensive if the price is not set. The pursuit of huge profits can lead to lower wages for workers. In the free market economy, there are opportunities for entrepreneurs to get rich, while workers do not does not necessarily benefit. The producer sells his products to: Consumers through direct sales, e.g. directly to the public. Food processing factories, e.g. for drying and canning vegetables and fruits. Wholesale for resale to retailers. Marketing options Market directly from their gardens to the surrounding communities. Provide products to hawkers who visit farmers with their pickups and then sell the products in the local town or city. Provides for processing units, for example mills, abattoirs, dairies and fruit warehouses. This is a type of contract production and is usually limited to larger emerging trading units and to emerging irrigation schemes that market their product collectively. Provides for various retail outlets such as the Spar Group which from time to time buys directly from emerging farmers. Sold through farm or market stalls (road stalls) in urban, suburban and rural areas. Sell on contract markets such as government nutrition programs schools, hospitals, retail contracts, hotels, restaurants and tourism outlets. Provide directly to exporters. Large export companies are often eager to work with organized communities. The communities are generally involved in the one Outlets where farmers can sell Wholesale Processing Company Town market  Directorate: Curriculum FET Local market Street vendors Farm gate Local municipal institutions Hospitals / prisons / schools The marketing channels of a free market system Farm gate sales: Direct marketing / Farm road stall: Fresh produce markets: Livestock sales: Retailer: Contract marketing: Marketing to large chain store groups or food processors. Internet marketing: The latest channel for marketing is internet or e-marketing. There is a large variety of electronic trading platforms, such as e-mail, websites and advertising on the internet. Farm Gate Marketing This is mostly when the farmer sells products from his farm. Advantages Disadvantages No marketing costs. The farmer must accept the local price for his product Produce is fresh. The farmer is not necessarily well located to sell his products. Produce are sold at a low price. Risk of robbery is high. Suitable for the small-scale farmer Strangers on the farm increase bio security risk (stealing fruit / vegetables). Produce can be sold by the farmer and costs Volumes that are sold are sometimes small. are thus reduced. There are no transportation costs. Village/Town marketing Advantages Disadvantages  Directorate: Curriculum FET Larger markets can be exploited Transportation of the products may be problematic. Farmers can benefit from more favorable The quality of the products may need to be higher to prices. cater to the needs of more select clients. Price fluctuations are generally small. There must be a constant supply of products available Flexibility regarding the prices of products is needed. Livestock auctions Livestock and game are sold at livestock auctions. Some auctioneers provide a marketing service to emerging as well as commercial farmers. Auctions are usually held monthly. The seller can decide whether he / she accepts the price offered by the buyer (highest bidder) or not. The price obtained at auctions has not been determined and reflects the local position of supply and demand, as well as in the broader market. Advantages Disadvantages The promotion is done on behalf of the farmer The sellers may not get the price they wanted for the animal Payment by the buyer guaranteed Prices may be lower than the "market" price. The market is larger than the local market. Small-scale farmers have access to these sales Fresh produce markets Here, producers sell their fresh produce at large, central facilities through marketing agencies. Advantages Disadvantages If they have products available, farmers can Prices fluctuate. benefit from higher prices in times of shortage. The market is capable of large quantities of the Markets are often far from the I production point. to sell farmers' products.  Directorate: Curriculum FET The farmer can use the services of an agent to The harvest time is critical for the success of the carry out the marketing task harvest, especially with regard to the realization of the right price Quality, packaging and presentation are extremely important and products must meet accepted grading and packaging standards The farmer must be assured that he can bear the higher marketing costs, including the agent commission. Direct marketing: This is when the producer approaches the consumer directly, without the use of a middleman, such as at a roadside stall or farmers' market where producers can sell products directly to consumers. Farmers do not necessarily have to set up a point of sale. Advantages Disadvantages Marketing limits can be lowered and the The farmers must ensure that they have sufficient proof producer can thus receive a higher price for the of acceptable quality to be able to supply their product to product. the consumer / retailer at all times. The sales volumes are guaranteed for the The quality of the product must be high at all times. farmer If the farmers cannot meet the needs of the retailer, they have to buy products to deliver the required order how many presents Internet Marketing: The latest channel for marketing is internet or e-marketing. There is a large variety of electronic trading platforms, such as e-mail, websites and advertising on the internet. Advantages Disadvantages Trading can be done on various online It can be difficult to attract customers. platforms. Online marketing costs money.  Directorate: Curriculum FET It can reach a worldwide audience. Not all consumers buy online. It's very fast. Many people prefer live interaction when they buy. The cost is relatively low. Many visitors do not want to use their credit cards to Customers buy 24 hours a day. make purchases. Products can be delivered directly to There is already a lot of competition. customers. The possibility of fraud is a risk. This type of marketing is not really capital Your farm's location makes these types of sales intensive and does not require a large impossible. investment. Cooperative marketing: The purpose of these co-ops was to increase farmers’ profits. They did this by negotiating the best market prices for produce, finding new markets Marketing of certain products takes place through co-operative organizations with the help lfi a pool system. In accordance with the provisions of the "Cooperative Enterprises Act, 1939", as amended, agricultural cooperatives may only undertake certain specific activities: Marketing of agricultural products and livestock (processed and unprocessed). The provision in agricultural needs, e.g. tools. The provision of certain services, e.g. agricultural insurance. Advantages Disadvantage The producer members of a co-operative are Producers receive the average price of all sales the owners. They have full control and any during a specific year. profit is shared amongst them. Risks are shared by all members. Members receive scale benefits in purchasing and sales. Large volume discounts and large sales contracts can be obtained. The combination of resources can give members access to essentials, such as processing equipment and marketing expertise. A co-operative can grant credit to producers. Costs can be divided, such as equipment,  Directorate: Curriculum FET processing, marketing, advertising and staff costs. Producers can force large suppliers to lower their prices and improve their service delivery to producers by using co-operative purchasing power. They have more bargaining power on the market. With bulk management, the marketing cost per unit is lower. Market Agents (Controlled Marketing) Governing bodies were established by the Marketing Act of 1937. The Act gives Control Boards wide regulatory powers subject to the approval of the Minister of Agriculture and the National Marketing Board. Retailer sales Selling products to a general retailer or store within the geographic area where the product is produced. Advantages Disadvantages Small quantities can be sold on a regular basis. Sometimes the volumes are small. It improves the farmer’s cash flow. Transport and packaging costs are involved. It also encourages entrepreneurship. There may be other competitors in the area, which The producer can provide to more than one supplier, leads to competition. which reduces risk. Is not contractually bound. Interaction exists between seller and buyer. The farmer must ensure that she has sufficient produce of an acceptable quality to provide to the consumer or retailer at all times. The amount of produce must be sufficient at all times. If the farmer cannot provide in the retailer’s needs herself, she will have to purchase products to supply the quantities that the retailer requires. Contract marketing: Marketing to large chain store groups or food processors.  Directorate: Curriculum FET Advantages Disadvantages Usually good turnover of products The farmer must maintain high standards and Regular payments norms in her packaging and products, which Prices usually guaranteed can lead to higher costs. National and international exposure The contract must be adhered to at all times. Job creation opportunities Sustainability of production is very important. Marketing laws: Important laws Agricultural Products Marketing Act (Act 47 of 1996). This law aims to increase market access for all participants and increase the viability of the agricultural sector promote. Agricultural Product Standards Act (Act 119 of 1990). This law governs the sale and export of certain agricultural products, and some imported products. Perishable Products Export Act (Act 9 of 1983). This law governs the export of perishable products from South Africa. Meat Safety Act (Act 40 of 2000). This law sets and maintains national standards abattoirs, promotes meat safety and regulates the import and export of meat. Agricultural Products Agents Act (Act 12 of 1992). This law, which was amended in 2003, led to the establishment of a council for agricultural product agents. Consumer Protection Act (Act 68 of 2008). This law aims to promote a fair, accessible and sustainable marketplace for consumer products and services. The Agricultural Products Marketing Act (1996) Entered into force on 1 January 1997. This allows the State to put in place measures to control the marketing of agricultural products. These measures take the form of laws (statutory measures) and are as follows: Introducing levies Control over the export of agricultural products Pool management Records and feedback Registration  Directorate: Curriculum FET The objectives of the Act are. to increase accessibility to markets for all who participate in the market. to ensure that the marketing of agricultural products is done satisfactorily, for example by providing market information. to ensure that profits from exports are as high as possible, by, for example, lowering quality standards and ensuring that they are respected. to support the agricultural sector so that it can survive and remain profitable. The Act also stipulates that the Minister of Agriculture may be requested to introduce the following measures: Appointment of inspectors: Inspectors appointed by the Minister must do certain work as spelled out in the Act, for example they must inspect certain agricultural products in certain places (eg to determine whether the product is safe to eat) or records of specific agricultural products supply. Prohibit the import or export of certain agricultural products: In exceptional cases, the Minister of Agriculture may by a notice in the Gazette prohibit the import or export of a certain agricultural product, or determine when such a product may be imported or exported. Importance of marketing: Discuss the sale of the product All marketing systems originated within the constraints and conditions established by producers as well as consumers, and by the nature of the goods being marketed. The type of product, the number, size and number of producers, the infrastructure and the policies and types of institutions involved - all this, determines the type of marketing system and the efficiency with which it operates. Marketing features: (Planning / transport / processing / standardization and grading / sorting) Planning The extent to which a business performs the function of 'creating a need' or 'promoting a product' largely determines the success of its marketing and profits. Transport Products are produced at certain times and must be transported. This function is primarily aimed at making products more accessible with the help of transport, eg, by ship, road, air or pipeline, to the place where it is needed. Speed and cost are the most important considerations in choosing the type of transport. Transportation costs differ from product to product due to factors such as distance, mass, perishability, special attention required, etc.  Directorate: Curriculum FET Processing Certain agricultural products such as milk must first be processed before products such as milk powder or butter can be produced. This includes all the essential processing activities needed to change the basic form of the original product and thus make it more acceptable to the consumer. Standardization and grading Standardization is the laying down of standard specifications that give uniformity to a group of products, e.g. with respect to factors such as quality, size, mass, color and moisture content. Grading is the actual sorting process of products according to laid down standard specifications, e.g. grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3. Sales This feature leads to the refinement of sales techniques and includes activities such as the physical arrangements around exhibiting products or goods, demonstrations, increasing sales, product promotions, product policies, packaging, marketing channels and also the best time and place to approach potential buyers. Save Agricultural production varies considerably according to the cell season, but the demand for agricultural products is constant throughout the year. Storage (or storage) is essential to buffer the irregular supply and to guarantee a more regular flow of products to the consumer. Most agricultural products are perishable and make storage difficult unless special services such as refrigeration, canning, bottling or dewatering are applied. Financing The marketing of goods and services involves a large part of capital, e.g. For harvesting, storage, packaging, transportation, processing and promotion of products, techniques such as advertising. and in order for the business to run smoothly until payment for products is received, the seller must have access to sufficient financial resources, that is from equity and / or by credit. Market information It involves the collection, interpretation and dissemination of widely differing information needed in the smooth functioning of the marketing process. An effective pricing mechanism requires buyers and sellers to be well informed and therefore market information is freely available in the public media. Market research done to provide a more effective marketing system is part of the function. Advertising:  Directorate: Curriculum FET Purpose of advertising in marketing; Because the farmer operates in the primary sector of the agricultural industry, advertising is not really part of his / her duties as a crop producer. The reason is obvious. The farmer has a raw product to sell, at. milk, wheat, tomatoes, etc. When the farmer sells this raw product to the secondary agricultural industry, the tomatoes are turned into a product that can be advertised. Methods of advertising. Advertisements: TV, Magazines, Newspapers, Face Book, Radio, Leaflets. Articles: TV, Magazines, Newspapers, Face Book, Radio, Leaflets. Promotions: TV, Magazines, Newspapers, Face Book, Radio, Leaflets. Exhibitions and shows: NAMPO Sponsors and donations. ACTIVITIES / Learners can use previous years' Nov Grade 12 papers to study sample questions. ASSESSMENT CONSOLIDATION The lesson covered all the content as prescribed by the CAPS. The learners understand the content, concepts and concepts surrounding the harvesting of products and quality control. Note: The knowledge and skills you have acquired in this section will help you to better understand the following sections that you still have to study: Role of product organizations.  Directorate: Curriculum FET SUBJECT Agricultural Management Practices Grade 12 TERM 2 Week 3 TOPIC Role of Product Organizations LESSON At the end of this lesson you should be able to understand the following concepts: OBJECTIVES Type of organizations: Name Cooperative Multinational organization, e.g. Cape mohair & wool and Sambic. Advantages and disadvantages of organizations. The role of the product organization in the marketing of the product: Marketing Advertising Quality control Standardization. SOURCES Textbook-based resources Agricultural Management Practices Learner's Book Grade 12: INTRODUCTION Learning content covered in Term One and Two must fit in with the current content that will now be covered: Grade 12 Farm Planning Grade 12 Harvesting products and quality Grade 12 Marketing The purpose of this lesson is to provide content associated with the Role of Product Organizations in Agriculture. CONCEPTS AND Role of Product Organizations in Agriculture. SKILLS There are several organizations that the farmer can join to help market his product. Examples of local organizations are, for example, the Red Meat Producers' Organization, the National Cloud Growers Association, BKB and so on. Examples of multinational organizations include Cape Mohair & Wool and Sambic.  Directorate: Curriculum FET Type of organizations: State organizations at the national level. State organizations at provincial level State organizations at local level The agricultural governing bodies Financial institutions (land bank, development bank and industrial development cooperative) Marketing organizations Benefits of organizations. The farmer can devote all his attention to the primary task of crop or livestock production, while the organizations handle the marketing of products. The consequence of the above is that the farmer can become an expert in his / her exclusive field of production (of agricultural products). The marketing (including sorting, grading, pricing, etc.) is left in the hands of experts who have the time to do it professionally. Due to the sorting and grading processes, products will have the potential to attract buyers’ products are graded to uniform quality levels. Cold storage and transportation are very stupid, and few individual farmers can afford the facilities organizations have the capital to do so. Organizations can provide professional promotion of the product. do for the benefit of all parties. Disadvantages of organizations Too many role players (organizations) in the production line will have a negative impact on the profit margin of the farmer.  Directorate: Curriculum FET The farmer loses control of his / her product as the product is delivered to the first organization in the production line to become part of a pool. The benefit of private entrepreneurship (the farmer) is undermined to some extent by organizations that handle the product on mass. Suppliers of production necessities (such as fertilizers) can exploit the farming industry by pushing up profit margins regardless of adverse production conditions (drought, hassle, etc.). Support of farmers by producer organizations Negotiating for credit with banks on behalf of farmers Organize input and negotiate carting on behalf of farmers Organize markets for farmers Provide technical / scientific advice to the farmers Provide market information Advertise and promote agricultural products Product organization in the marketing of the product: Without state support and without combining their forces in organizations (for the farmers), modem commercial farming will not be financially sustainable. The agricultural industry has developed into a large industry that requires sophisticated support organizations. The role of the product organization in the marketing of a product Business Information Service: This business is responsible for collecting and distributing production and market related information to all role players. Market development and product promotion: Foreign markets are integrated through integrated develop promotional campaigns in collaboration with industry partners. Research, development and technology transfer: This involves the facilitation and management of research programs for the benefit of role players such as producers, consumers and processors. Benefits of product organization Negotiate for credit with banks on behalf of farmers. Organize inputs and negotiate rebates on behalf of farmers. Organize markets for the farmers. Provide technical / scientific advice to the farmers. Provide market information.  Directorate: Curriculum FET Advertise and promote agricultural products. Disadvantages of product organization Limit farmer initiative. Marketing and negotiations are limited. Membership fees must be paid. Advertising The main purpose of advertising is to inform people about new products and services provided, to inform people persuade to buy the product or to make use of the services and to offer special offers. Methods of advertising Online. Newspaper ads. Radio and television. By way of conversations. Pamphlets and posters. Event sponsorships. Direct mail Billboards. Quality control Already covered in previous lesson. Standardization is the setting of standard specifications that give uniformity to a group of products, e.g. with respect to factors such as quality, size, mass, color and moisture content. Grading is the actual sorting process of products according to laid down standard specifications, e.g. grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3. ACTIVITIES / Learners can use previous years' Nov Grade 12 papers to study sample questions. ASSESSMENT CONSOLIDATION The lesson covered all the content as prescribed by the CAPS.  Directorate: Curriculum FET The learners understand the content, concepts and concepts surrounding the harvesting of products and quality control. Note: The knowledge and skills you have acquired in this section will help you to better understand the following sections that you still have to study: Adding value / Packaging.  Directorate: Curriculum FET SUBJECT Agricultural Management Practice