ALH2202 Pharmacology Basics Study Guide PDF

Study Guide ALH2202 Topic #1 Pharmacology Basics This study guide is for the sole purpose of helping the student structure their studying habits. In no way are all items listed inclusive or exclusive of potent...

Study Guide ALH2202 Topic #1 Pharmacology Basics This study guide is for the sole purpose of helping the student structure their studying habits. In no way are all items listed inclusive or exclusive of potential test questions. You are responsible for material from the lecture and your readings in the textbook. Chapter 02 – Pharmacologic Principles 1. Recall the common terms used in pharmacology. a. Recall and be able to define the terms: Absorption, Bioequivalent, Bioavailability, Biotransformation, Cumulative effects, Distribution, Drug elimination, Duration of action, Efficacy, Excretion, Half-life, Metabolism, Potency, Prodrugs, Steady-state, Synergistic, Therapeutic index. i. Recall the number of half-lives that it generally takes for a drug to achieve stedy- state. b. Recall and define the following terms related to drug names: generic name, chemical name, proprietary name, non-proprietary name, and trade name 2. Understand the general concepts of pharmacology including pharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. a. What are the 4 phases of pharmacokinetics? b. What are the various types of drug therapy? (ex. palliative therapy, empiric therapy, maintenance therapy, supplemental therapy, etc.) c. Identify and define the terms: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacognosy, pharmacotherapeutics 3. Demonstrate an understanding of the various drug dosage forms as related to drug therapy. a. Describe the concept of first-pass effect. Which type of drug administration is most affected by the first-pass effect. Chapter 03 – Lifespan Considerations 1. Recall the influences of the patient’s age on the effects of drugs and drug responses. a. Identify the most common dosage calculation for pediatric patients. i. It is important to understand the terminology when discussing pediatric patients. Pediatric patients are defined based on age. 1. A neonate is defined as between birth and 1 month of age. 2. An infant is between 1 and 12 months of age. 1  Study Guide ALH2202 Topic #1 3. A child is between 1 and 12 years of age. ii. There is a difference between the most common and the most accurate methods of dosage calculation in pediatric patients. 1. The most common method of dosage calculation in pediatric patients is based on body weight. 2. The most accurate method of dosage calculation in pediatric patients (most often used in neonates) is body surface area (BSA) calculation. b. Identify the factors affecting dosage calculations in older adults. 2. Identify the various drug-related concerns during pregnancy and lactation. a. Identify the various FDA Pregnancy Safety Categories for drugs. b. Identify the important phases of pregnancy and the risks associated with medication use during each. i. During which trimester is exposure to drugs most detrimental? ii. During which trimester is exposure to drugs most likely? 3. Identify the impact of age-related physiologic changes on the pharmacokinetic aspects of drug therapy. a. Identify the factors affecting drug use in the elderly including schedule of medications, cost of medications, drug interactions, polypharmacy, nonadherence, and pharmacokinetic changes. i. Drug interactions are particularly problematic in patients with polypharmacy. b. Identify body system changes in the elderly that affect drug dosing. c. Identify important considerations for drug use in the pediatric patient including organ maturity, renal output, body surface area, etc. d. Recall the unique characteristics of the neonate that contribute to drug toxicity. 4. Recall how age-related changes in pharmacokinetics influence various drug effects and drug responses across the lifespan. Chapter 04 – Cultural, Legal, and Ethical Considerations 1. Recall the important components of drug legislation at the state and federal levels. a. Identify the major legislation for drug safety b. Describe the concept of standards of practice, or standards of care. 2. Identify the various categories of controlled substances and identify specific drug examples in each category. 2  Study Guide ALH2202 Topic #1 a. Define the terms informed consent, legend drugs, narcotic, negligence, orphan drugs, and placebo. b. Recall the five schedules for controlled drugs and their description. c. Recall the dispensing restrictions of the various schedules for controlled drugs. Chapter 05 – Medication Errors: Preventing and Responding 1. Recall the following terms related to drug therapy: adverse drug event, adverse drug reaction, allergic reaction, idiosyncratic reaction, medical error, medication error, and medication reconciliation. a. Define the above terms 2. Identify the most encountered medication errors. a. Recall methods of preventing medication errors. b. Describe the difference between a medication error and adverse drug reaction. c. Describe what is meant by high-risk (high alert) medications. d. Describe the many factors associated with medication errors including high-alert medications, error prone abbreviations, do not crush list of medications, look-alike, and sound-alike (LASA) drugs 3. Identify the impact of medication errors on patients and identify activities that a healthcare worker can perform to help prevent medication errors. a. Identify the most common medication errors and recall the most appropriate methods to minimize these errors. Chapter 07 – Over-the-Counter Drugs and Herbal and Dietary Supplements 1. Identify the differences among prescription drugs, over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, herbals, and dietary supplements. a. Define the terms alternative medicine, complementary medicine, dietary supplement, herbal medicine, iatrogenic effects, legend drug, and over-the-counter drug 2. Identify the differences between the federal legislation governing the promotion and sale of prescription drugs and the legislation governing OTC drugs, herbals, and dietary supplements. a. Recall the criteria for a drug to receive over-the-counter status. 3  Study Guide ALH2202 Topic #1 b. Describe the difference between an over-the-counter product and an herbal supplement. c. What was the importance of the “Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994”? 3. Identify the potential dangers associated with the use of OTC drugs, herbals, and dietary supplements. a. Describe the various risks to the patient with OTC drug use. b. Understand that there is a potential risk of masking symptoms of serious conditions with OTC drug use. 4