AKI quiz.docx

\#\#\# Quiz 1 1\. \*\*What is the most common cause of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?\*\* \- A) Prerenal causes \- B) Intrinsic renal causes \- C) Postrenal causes \- D) Nephrotoxic drugs 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a key marker for diagnosing AKI?\*\* \- A) Serum Sodium \- B) Serum Creati...

\#\#\# Quiz 1 1\. \*\*What is the most common cause of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?\*\* \- A) Prerenal causes \- B) Intrinsic renal causes \- C) Postrenal causes \- D) Nephrotoxic drugs 2\. \*\*Which of the following is a key marker for diagnosing AKI?\*\* \- A) Serum Sodium \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Blood Glucose \- D) Serum Potassium 3\. \*\*Which of the following is a typical feature of prerenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Increased renal blood flow \- B) Decreased renal perfusion \- C) Kidney stones \- D) Acute glomerulonephritis 4\. \*\*Which class of drugs is commonly associated with the development of AKI?\*\* \- A) Beta-blockers \- B) NSAIDs \- C) Statins \- D) Antihistamines 5\. \*\*What is the primary treatment for prerenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Antibiotics \- B) Hydration and volume expansion \- C) Diuretics \- D) Dialysis 6\. \*\*Which of the following is a complication of untreated postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Hypercalcemia \- C) Obstructive uropathy \- D) Dehydration 7\. \*\*Which diagnostic test is least useful in the early stages of AKI?\*\* \- A) Urine output measurement \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- D) Serum Potassium 8\. \*\*Which of the following is an adverse effect of diuretics in AKI management?\*\* \- A) Hypokalemia \- B) Hyperkalemia \- C) Hyponatremia \- D) Hypocalcemia 9\. \*\*What is the role of vasopressors in the management of AKI?\*\* \- A) To increase urine output \- B) To reduce kidney perfusion \- C) To maintain blood pressure and renal perfusion \- D) To promote diuresis 10\. \*\*Which of the following is a risk factor for developing AKI?\*\* \- A) Diabetes Mellitus \- B) Hyperlipidemia \- C) Hypertension \- D) Chronic dehydration 11\. \*\*What is the goal of fluid therapy in prerenal AKI?\*\* \- A) To induce diuresis \- B) To improve renal perfusion \- C) To treat hyperkalemia \- D) To lower blood pressure 12\. \*\*Which of the following medications should be avoided in patients with AKI?\*\* \- A) ACE inhibitors \- B) Calcium channel blockers \- C) Statins \- D) Beta-blockers 13\. \*\*Which of the following is an appropriate initial management strategy for postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Administering NSAIDs \- B) Relieving the obstruction \- C) Initiating dialysis immediately \- D) Providing high-dose diuretics 14\. \*\*What does oliguria refer to in the context of AKI?\*\* \- A) Increased urine output \- B) Decreased urine output \- C) Blood in the urine \- D) Painful urination 15\. \*\*Which electrolyte disturbance is most commonly associated with AKI?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hypernatremia \- C) Hypokalemia \- D) Hypocalcemia 16\. \*\*Which of the following therapies is used to manage hyperkalemia in AKI?\*\* \- A) Calcium gluconate \- B) Sodium bicarbonate \- C) Insulin with glucose \- D) All of the above 17\. \*\*What is the primary cause of intrinsic renal AKI?\*\* \- A) Hypovolemia \- B) Tubular necrosis \- C) Urinary tract obstruction \- D) Cardiac failure 18\. \*\*Which of the following is a complication of severe AKI?\*\* \- A) Hypotension \- B) Hyperphosphatemia \- C) Pulmonary edema \- D) Hypokalemia 19\. \*\*Which of the following is used to monitor the progression of AKI?\*\* \- A) Serum glucose levels \- B) Urine specific gravity \- C) Serum creatinine levels \- D) Blood pressure 20\. \*\*Which of the following is a key step in preventing AKI?\*\* \- A) Early detection and treatment of dehydration \- B) Administration of high-dose NSAIDs \- C) Restriction of fluid intake \- D) Delaying the initiation of diuretics \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. A) Prerenal causes 2\. B) Serum Creatinine 3\. B) Decreased renal perfusion 4\. B) NSAIDs 5\. B) Hydration and volume expansion 6\. C) Obstructive uropathy 7\. B) Serum Creatinine 8\. A) Hypokalemia 9\. C) To maintain blood pressure and renal perfusion 10\. A) Diabetes Mellitus 11\. B) To improve renal perfusion 12\. A) ACE inhibitors 13\. B) Relieving the obstruction 14\. B) Decreased urine output 15\. A) Hyperkalemia 16\. D) All of the above 17\. B) Tubular necrosis 18\. C) Pulmonary edema 19\. C) Serum creatinine levels 20\. A) Early detection and treatment of dehydration \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 2 1\. \*\*Which of the following conditions is most commonly associated with prerenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Dehydration \- B) Glomerulonephritis \- C) Kidney stones \- D) Pyelonephritis 2\. \*\*What is a characteristic finding in intrinsic AKI?\*\* \- A) Normal kidney parenchyma \- B) Acute tubular necrosis \- C) Bladder outlet obstruction \- D) Dehydration 3\. \*\*Which class of drugs is most likely to cause nephrotoxicity leading to AKI?\*\* \- A) Statins \- B) Aminoglycosides \- C) Beta-blockers \- D) Antihypertensives 4\. \*\*Which diagnostic marker is considered more sensitive than creatinine in detecting early AKI?\*\* \- A) Cystatin C \- B) Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) \- C) Serum Sodium \- D) Serum Potassium 5\. \*\*Which type of AKI is characterized by an obstruction in the urinary tract?\*\* \- A) Prerenal \- B) Intrinsic \- C) Postrenal \- D) Glomerular 6\. \*\*Which therapeutic strategy is recommended for preventing AKI in patients receiving contrast media?\*\* \- A) Withholding diuretics \- B) Administering N-acetylcysteine \- C) Restricting fluid intake \- D) Administering high-dose antibiotics 7\. \*\*What is a common cause of postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Dehydration \- B) Obstruction of the urinary tract \- C) Hypertension \- D) Diabetes Mellitus 8\. \*\*Which of the following medications can worsen AKI if not properly managed?\*\* \- A) Loop diuretics \- B) ACE inhibitors \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Antihistamines 9\. \*\*Which clinical sign is most indicative of severe AKI?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Oliguria \- C) Increased urine output \- D) Hyperglycemia 10\. \*\*Which lab value is most indicative of AKI?\*\* \- A) Decreased serum calcium \- B) Increased serum creatinine \- C) Decreased blood glucose \- D) Increased hemoglobin 11\. \*\*Which of the following is a primary risk factor for AKI in hospitalized patients?\*\* \- A) High blood pressure \- B) Use of nephrotoxic drugs \- C) High protein diet \- D) Use of statins 12\. \*\*What is the goal of treatment in intrinsic renal AKI?\*\* \- A) Increase renal perfusion \- B) Protect the remaining renal function \- C) Relieve urinary obstruction \- D) Reduce blood glucose levels 13\. \*\*Which condition is a common complication of AKI?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hypercalcemia \- C) Hyponatremia \- D) Hypomagnesemia 14\. \*\*Which of the following drugs should be used cautiously in patients with AKI?\*\* \- A) NSAIDs \- B) Antacids \- C) Statins \- D) Beta-blockers 15\. \*\*Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of uremia in AKI?\*\* \- A) Dry skin \- B) Hypertension \- C) Fatigue \- D) Jaundice 16\. \*\*What is the first-line treatment for hyperkalemia in AKI?\*\* \- A) Calcium gluconate \- B) IV fluids \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Diuretics 17\. \*\*Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Polyuria \- B) Anuria \- C) Hematuria \- D) Pyuria 18\. \*\*Which of the following complications is most likely to occur in AKI?\*\* \- A) Hypotension \- B) Hypernatremia \- C) Pulmonary edema \- D) Hypoglycemia 19\. \*\*Which of the following tests is useful in assessing the severity of AKI?\*\* \- A) Urinalysis \- B) Serum potassium \- C) Blood pressure monitoring \- D) Urine osmolality 20\. \*\*Which of the following drugs is used to treat metabolic acidosis in AKI?\*\* \- A) Sodium bicarbonate \- B) Calcium gluconate \- C) Insulin \- D) Loop diuretics \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. A) Dehydration 2\. B) Acute tubular necrosis 3\. B) Aminoglycosides 4\. A) Cystatin C 5\. C) Postrenal 6\. B) Administering N-acetylcysteine 7\. B) Obstruction of the urinary tract 8\. B) ACE inhibitors 9\. B) Oliguria 10\. B) Increased serum creatinine 11\. B) Use of nephrotoxic drugs 12\. B) Protect the remaining renal function 13\. A) Hyperkalemia 14\. A) NSAIDs 15\. C) Fatigue 16\. A) Calcium gluconate 17\. B) Anuria 18\. C) Pulmonary edema 19\. A) Urinalysis 20\. A) Sodium bicarbonate \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 3 1\. \*\*Which of the following conditions is a primary cause of prerenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Dehydration \- B) Kidney stones \- C) Glomerulonephritis \- D) Pyelonephritis 2\. \*\*What is the hallmark of intrinsic renal AKI?\*\* \- A) Increased renal perfusion \- B) Acute tubular necrosis \- C) Urinary tract obstruction \- D) Hyperkalemia 3\. \*\*Which of the following drug classes is most likely to induce AKI?\*\* \- A) NSAIDs \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Statins 4\. \*\*What is a common finding in postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Kidney stones \- B) Glomerular injury \- C) Acute tubular necrosis \- D) Dehydration 5\. \*\*Which of the following is a key risk factor for developing AKI in hospitalized patients?\*\* \- A) Hyperlipidemia \- B) Diabetes Mellitus \- C) Use of nephrotoxic drugs \- D) Low-protein diet 6\. \*\*Which type of AKI involves direct damage to the kidney tissue?\*\* \- A) Prerenal \- B) Intrinsic \- C) Postrenal \- D) Prehepatic 7\. \*\*Which of the following is a primary goal in the management of AKI?\*\* \- A) Reduction of blood pressure \- B) Correction of electrolyte imbalances \- C) Weight loss \- D) Decrease in protein intake 8\. \*\*Which diagnostic test is most indicative of AKI?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Blood Glucose \- C) Serum Calcium \- D) Blood Pressure 9\. \*\*Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with AKI?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hyponatremia \- C) Hypercalcemia \- D) Hypokalemia 10\. \*\*What is the first-line treatment for hyperkalemia in AKI?\*\* \- A) Sodium bicarbonate \- B) Calcium gluconate \- C) IV fluids \- D) Diuretics 11\. \*\*Which clinical sign is most associated with postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Hematuria \- B) Anuria \- C) Proteinuria \- D) Polyuria 12\. \*\*Which of the following drugs should be avoided in patients with AKI?\*\* \- A) Statins \- B) NSAIDs \- C) Beta-blockers \- D) Antihistamines 13\. \*\*Which condition is a potential complication of AKI?\*\* \- A) Hypertension \- B) Hypercalcemia \- C) Hypoglycemia \- D) Pulmonary edema 14\. \*\*Which of the following is a recommended therapy for managing metabolic acidosis in AKI?\*\* \- A) Sodium bicarbonate \- B) Calcium gluconate \- C) Insulin \- D) Loop diuretics 15\. \*\*Which of the following is a sign of intrinsic renal AKI?\*\* \- A) Increased renal perfusion \- B) Acute tubular necrosis \- C) Hypernatremia \- D) Polyuria 16\. \*\*Which of the following is used to monitor renal function in AKI?\*\* \- A) Serum glucose \- B) Serum creatinine \- C) Serum calcium \- D) Serum potassium 17\. \*\*Which type of AKI is most likely to occur due to severe dehydration?\*\* \- A) Prerenal \- B) Intrinsic \- C) Postrenal \- D) Prehepatic 18\. \*\*What is the primary treatment for postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Relieving the obstruction \- B) Administering diuretics \- C) Administering antibiotics \- D) Reducing fluid intake 19\. \*\*Which of the following is a typical finding in AKI?\*\* \- A) Increased urine output \- B) Oliguria \- C) Hypercalcemia \- D) Hyponatremia 20\. \*\*Which of the following is a major determinant of AKI prognosis?\*\* \- A) Serum creatinine levels \- B) Blood pressure \- C) Blood glucose levels \- D) Urine output \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. A) Dehydration 2\. B) Acute tubular necrosis 3\. A) NSAIDs 4\. A) Kidney stones 5\. C) Use of nephrotoxic drugs 6\. B) Intrinsic 7\. B) Correction of electrolyte imbalances 8\. A) Serum Creatinine 9\. A) Hyperkalemia 10\. B) Calcium gluconate 11\. B) Anuria 12\. B) NSAIDs 13\. D) Pulmonary edema 14\. A) Sodium bicarbonate 15\. B) Acute tubular necrosis 16\. B) Serum creatinine 17\. A) Prerenal 18\. A) Relieving the obstruction 19\. B) Oliguria 20\. D) Urine output \-\-- \#\#\# Quiz 4 1\. \*\*Which of the following is the most common cause of prerenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Dehydration \- B) Glomerulonephritis \- C) Pyelonephritis \- D) Kidney stones 2\. \*\*What is the hallmark of postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Acute tubular necrosis \- B) Urinary tract obstruction \- C) Glomerular injury \- D) Dehydration 3\. \*\*Which drug class is most likely to cause AKI?\*\* \- A) NSAIDs \- B) Beta-blockers \- C) Calcium channel blockers \- D) Statins 4\. \*\*Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly seen in AKI?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hyponatremia \- C) Hypercalcemia \- D) Hypokalemia 5\. \*\*What is a key risk factor for developing AKI in the elderly?\*\* \- A) Hyperlipidemia \- B) Diabetes Mellitus \- C) Dehydration \- D) Obesity 6\. \*\*Which type of AKI is most commonly associated with dehydration?\*\* \- A) Prerenal \- B) Intrinsic \- C) Postrenal \- D) Prehepatic 7\. \*\*Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat hyperkalemia in AKI?\*\* \- A) Sodium bicarbonate \- B) Insulin with glucose \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) Beta-blockers 8\. \*\*Which clinical sign is most associated with postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Hematuria \- B) Anuria \- C) Proteinuria \- D) Polyuria 9\. \*\*Which diagnostic test is most indicative of AKI?\*\* \- A) Serum Creatinine \- B) Blood Glucose \- C) Serum Calcium \- D) Blood Pressure 10\. \*\*What is the first-line treatment for prerenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Diuretics \- B) Fluid resuscitation \- C) Antibiotics \- D) Dialysis 11\. \*\*Which of the following is a common complication of AKI?\*\* \- A) Pulmonary edema \- B) Hypertension \- C) Hypoglycemia \- D) Hypercalcemia 12\. \*\*Which of the following is a typical finding in AKI?\*\* \- A) Increased urine output \- B) Oliguria \- C) Hypercalcemia \- D) Hyponatremia 13\. \*\*Which of the following is used to monitor renal function in AKI?\*\* \- A) Serum glucose \- B) Serum creatinine \- C) Serum calcium \- D) Serum potassium 14\. \*\*Which of the following conditions is a potential complication of AKI?\*\* \- A) Hyperkalemia \- B) Hypocalcemia \- C) Hyperglycemia \- D) Hypomagnesemia 15\. \*\*Which of the following is used to treat metabolic acidosis in AKI?\*\* \- A) Sodium bicarbonate \- B) Calcium gluconate \- C) Insulin \- D) Diuretics 16\. \*\*Which of the following is a major determinant of AKI prognosis?\*\* \- A) Serum creatinine levels \- B) Blood pressure \- C) Blood glucose levels \- D) Urine output 17\. \*\*Which type of AKI involves direct damage to the kidney tissue?\*\* \- A) Prerenal \- B) Intrinsic \- C) Postrenal \- D) Prehepatic 18\. \*\*What is the primary treatment for postrenal AKI?\*\* \- A) Relieving the obstruction \- B) Administering diuretics \- C) Administering antibiotics \- D) Reducing fluid intake 19\. \*\*Which of the following is a key marker for diagnosing AKI?\*\* \- A) Serum Sodium \- B) Serum Creatinine \- C) Blood Glucose \- D) Serum Potassium 20\. \*\*Which of the following drugs should be avoided in patients with AKI?\*\* \- A) Statins \- B) NSAIDs \- C) Beta-blockers \- D) Antihistamines \*\*Answers:\*\* 1\. A) Dehydration 2\. B) Urinary tract obstruction 3\. A) NSAIDs 4\. A) Hyperkalemia 5\. C) Dehydration 6\. A) Prerenal 7\. B) Insulin with glucose 8\. B) Anuria 9\. A) Serum Creatinine 10\. B) Fluid resuscitation 11\. A) Pulmonary edema 12\. B) Oliguria 13\. B) Serum creatinine 14\. A) Hyperkalemia 15\. A) Sodium bicarbonate 16\. D) Urine output 17\. B) Intrinsic 18\. A) Relieving the obstruction 19\. B) Serum Creatinine 20\. B) NSAIDs \-\-- \#\#\# Short Answer Questions \*\*Pros and Cons\*\* 1\. \*\*What is one key advantage of using diuretics in the management of AKI?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Diuretics, particularly loop diuretics like furosemide, can help manage fluid overload and improve urine output, potentially converting oliguric AKI to non-oliguric AKI, which is associated with better outcomes. 2\. \*\*Identify one disadvantage of using ACE inhibitors in patients with AKI.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* ACE inhibitors can decrease GFR by inhibiting the constriction of the efferent arterioles, which may worsen renal function in patients with AKI, particularly in those with prerenal causes. 3\. \*\*What is a major benefit of early fluid resuscitation in prerenal AKI?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Early fluid resuscitation can restore renal perfusion, prevent the progression to intrinsic renal damage, and improve outcomes. 4\. \*\*List one con of using nephrotoxic drugs in patients at risk for AKI.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Nephrotoxic drugs, such as NSAIDs and aminoglycosides, can exacerbate kidney injury by directly damaging renal tubular cells or by reducing renal blood flow, leading to worsening AKI. \*\*Tests Used\*\* 5\. \*\*What test is commonly used to monitor renal function in AKI?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Serum creatinine is commonly used to monitor renal function in AKI, as it reflects the kidney\'s ability to filter waste products. 6\. \*\*Describe the purpose of measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in assessing AKI.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* BUN is measured to assess renal function, as elevated levels may indicate decreased kidney function and the accumulation of waste products in the blood. 7\. \*\*Which test is used to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in AKI?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis is used to assess the severity of metabolic acidosis in AKI, particularly by measuring bicarbonate levels and pH. 8\. \*\*Name one test that is more sensitive than serum creatinine for detecting early AKI.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Cystatin C is more sensitive than serum creatinine for detecting early AKI, as it is less influenced by muscle mass and more accurately reflects changes in GFR. \*\*What is Meant by These Terms\*\* 9\. \*\*What is meant by 'prerenal AKI'?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Prerenal AKI refers to kidney injury caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys, often due to dehydration, heart failure, or shock, without direct damage to the kidney tissue. 10\. \*\*Define 'intrinsic renal AKI' and its typical causes.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Intrinsic renal AKI involves direct damage to the kidney tissue itself, commonly caused by acute tubular necrosis, glomerulonephritis, or nephrotoxic drugs. 11\. \*\*Explain the term 'postrenal AKI'.\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Postrenal AKI occurs due to an obstruction in the urinary tract, such as kidney stones, tumors, or strictures, leading to a backup of urine and increased pressure on the kidneys. 12\. \*\*What does 'oliguria' refer to in the context of AKI?\*\* \- \*\*Answer:\*\* Oliguria refers to a significant reduction in urine output, typically defined as less than 400 mL of urine produced in 24 hours, and is often a sign of worsening renal function in AKI. \#\#\# Additional Multiple-Choice Questions 1\. \*\*Which condition is most likely to cause intrinsic AKI?\*\* \- A) Dehydration \- B) Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) \- C) Kidney stones \- D) Urethral obstruction \- \*\*Answer\*\*: B) Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) 2\. \*\*Which patient population is at the highest risk of developing AKI?\*\* \- A) Young healthy adults \- B) Elderly patients with multiple comorbidities \- C) Patients with controlled hypertension \- D) Patients on statin therapy \- \*\*Answer\*\*: B) Elderly patients with multiple comorbidities 3\. \*\*Which combination of medications should be avoided in patients at risk for AKI?\*\* \- A) NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics \- B) Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and statins \- C) Antihistamines, antacids, and insulin \- D) Statins, fibrates, and anticoagulants \- \*\*Answer\*\*: A) NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and diuretics 4\. \*\*Which strategy is most effective in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy in patients at risk for AKI?\*\* \- A) Administering NSAIDs prior to contrast exposure \- B) Increasing fluid intake before and after the procedure \- C) Administering high-dose diuretics \- D) Withholding all medications \- \*\*Answer\*\*: B) Increasing fluid intake before and after the procedure 5\. \*\*Which of the following is a key component of managing hyperkalemia in AKI?\*\* \- A) Calcium channel blockers \- B) Potassium chloride supplements \- C) Insulin with glucose \- D) Loop diuretics alone \- \*\*Answer\*\*: C) Insulin with glucose \#\#\# Additional Short Answer Question 6\. \*\*Describe the initial steps in managing a patient with suspected prerenal AKI due to dehydration.\*\* \- \*\*Answer\*\*: The initial steps include rapid assessment of the patient's volume status, which is typically followed by fluid resuscitation using isotonic saline to restore renal perfusion. Continuous monitoring of urine output, electrolytes, and renal function should be done to guide further management. If fluid resuscitation does not improve renal function, further investigation to rule out intrinsic renal causes may be necessary. These additional questions and answers should provide a more comprehensive coverage of the topics related to AKI, ensuring that all key areas---causes, risk factors, associated medications, prevention, and management---are thoroughly assessed.