AI FUNDAMENTALS PRELIM EXAM.pdf

‭CYBS6101 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PRELIM‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Improved patient care‬ ‭b. Improved legal compliance‬ ‭c. Improved efficiency in legal matters‬ ‭d. Improved understanding of medical terminology‬...

‭CYBS6101 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PRELIM‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Improved patient care‬ ‭b. Improved legal compliance‬ ‭c. Improved efficiency in legal matters‬ ‭d. Improved understanding of medical terminology‬ Z‬ ‭What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. ZF set theory‬ ‭b. PA+ set theory‬ ‭c. PA set theory‬ ‭d. ZFC set theory‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of philosophy?‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They have sparked debates about the limits of knowledge‬ ‭b. They have led to the development of new philosophical systems‬ ‭c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality‬ ‭d. They have led to the abandonment of the use of reasoning‬ ‭ hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the probability distribution in‬ W ‭maximum entropy without explicit‬ ‭constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the probability distribution is uniform‬ ‭b. The Shannon entropy is the probability distribution‬ ‭c. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the probability distribution‬ ‭d. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the probability distribution‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ Z‬ ‭falsehood of its opposite?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Modus ponens‬ ‭b. Affirming the consequent‬ EN ‭c. Modus tollens‬ ‭d. Denying the antecedent‬ ‭Question 8‬ ‭Correct‬ ‭R ‭Mark 1.00 out of 1.00‬ ‭What is the main goal of supervised machine learning?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To identify patterns and relationships in data‬ ‭b. To understand the underlying structure of the data‬ ‭c. To make predictions or decisions based on data‬ ‭d. To model the relationship between input and output variables‬ ‭What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Node expansion‬ ‭b. Pathfinding‬ ‭c. Graph traversal‬ ‭d. Route planning‬ ‭How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. It is a more general form of the second law‬ ‭b. It is independent of the second law‬ ‭c. It is equivalent to the second law‬ ‭d. It is used to prove the second law‬ EN ‭Mark 1.00 out of 1.00‬ ‭If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0%‬ ‭b. 100%‬ ‭R ‭c. 50%‬ ‭d. 25%‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT an example of a problem that could be solved using a greedy‬ W ‭search algorithm?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Finding the shortest path between two points on a map‬ ‭b. Sorting a list of numbers in ascending order‬ ‭c. Solving a puzzle such as the Tower of Hanoi‬ ‭. Solving the knapsack problem (choosing a set of items to maximize value while staying‬ d ‭within a weight limit)‬ ‭What is subjective probability?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A probability based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences‬ ‭b. A probability based on statistical analysis‬ ‭c. A probability based on a coin flip‬ Z‬ ‭d. A probability based on objective, observable data‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of mathematics education?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. They have led to the development of new teaching methods‬ ‭b. They have led to the abandonment of the study of mathematics‬ ‭c. They have led to the development of new mathematics curricula‬ ‭d. They have sparked debates about the importance of proof in mathematics‬ I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,‬ ‭R ‭what is the probability of both event A and‬ ‭B occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 1‬ ‭b. 0‬ ‭c. 0.25‬ ‭d. 0.5‬ ‭What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model‬ ‭b. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions‬ ‭c. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model‬ ‭d. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model‬ ‭Mark 1.00 out of 1.00‬ Z‬ ‭Question 17‬ ‭Correct‬ ‭Mark 1.00 out of 1.00‬ ‭If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 100%‬ ‭b. 0%‬ ‭c. 25%‬ ‭d. 10%‬ ‭R ‭ hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic‬ W ‭type theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. PA+ set theory‬ ‭b. ZFC set theory‬ ‭c. ZF set theory‬ ‭d. PA set theory‬ I‭n what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum‬ ‭information?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum‬ a ‭entropy‬ ‭. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum‬ b ‭information‬ ‭c. They are equivalent‬ ‭d. They are independent of each other‬ Z‬ ‭Can subjective probabilities be used to make predictions about future events?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on an individual's‬ a ‭beliefs, opinions, and experiences‬ ‭about the likelihood of certain events occurring‬ ‭. No, subjective probabilities are not based on objective, observable data and statistical‬ b ‭analysis and cannot be used to make‬ ‭R ‭predictions‬ ‭. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on the outcome of a‬ c ‭coin flip‬ ‭. No, subjective probabilities are not based on a coin flip and cannot be used to make‬ d ‭predictions‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ ‭falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Disjunctive syllogism‬ ‭b. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭c. Modus ponens‬ ‭d. Modus tollens‬ ‭ hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of first-order‬ W ‭predicate calculus?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. PA+ set theory‬ ‭b. ZFC set theory‬ ‭c. PA set theory‬ ‭d. ZF set theory‬ EN ‭3/15/24, 7:43 PM Prelim Exam: Attempt review‬ ‭ hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in‬ W ‭maximum entropy without explicit‬ ‭constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭R ‭a. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the information in a distribution‬ ‭b. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the information in a distribution‬ ‭c. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is uniform‬ ‭d. The Shannon entropy is the information in a distribution‬ ‭What is probability?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring‬ ‭b. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring divided by the total number of events‬ ‭. A measure of the likelihood of an event NOT occurring divided by the total number of‬ c ‭events‬ ‭d. A measure of the likelihood of an event NOT occurring‬ ‭Mark 1.00 out of 1.00‬ ‭ an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple‬ C ‭other events that are not independent of‬ Z‬ ‭each other?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *...‬ ‭b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +...‬ EN ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ c ‭independently of any other events‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ d ‭given another event‬ ‭In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be most useful?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭R ‭a. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important‬ ‭b. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important‬ ‭c. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important‬ ‭d. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important‬ ‭Can subjective probabilities be biased?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. Yes, subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and‬ a ‭experiences, which can be influenced by‬ ‭personal biases‬ ‭b. No, subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, which is unbiased‬ ‭c. No, subjective probabilities are objective and unbiased‬ ‭d. It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences‬ ‭In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭b. Modus ponens‬ ‭c. Modus tollens‬ EN ‭d. Denying the antecedent‬ ‭What is the main advantage of heuristic search over other search algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It is faster‬ ‭b. It is more accurate‬ ‭R ‭c. It can find solutions to problems with a small search space more efficiently‬ ‭d. It can find solutions to problems with a large search space more efficiently‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in practice?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To verify the correctness of software programs‬ ‭b. To prove the consistency of mathematical theories‬ ‭c. To create unbreakable codes for secure communication‬ ‭d. To generate random numbers‬ ‭What is an example of a real-world application of fuzzy logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Automatic stock trading systems‬ ‭b. Automatic image recognition systems‬ ‭c. Automatic temperature control systems‬ Z‬ ‭d. Automatic traffic control systems‬ ‭ hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with‬ W ‭V vertices and E edges?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. O(V)‬ ‭b. O(E)‬ ‭c. O(V + E)‬ ‭d. O(V * E)‬ ‭R ‭How might subjective probabilities be used in risk assessment?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. By taking into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the‬ a ‭likelihood and consequences of‬ ‭potential risks‬ ‭b. By calculating objective, observable data and statistical analysis‬ ‭c. By relying solely on objective, observable data and statistical analysis‬ ‭d. By using a coin flip to determine the likelihood of potential risks‬ ‭How does minmax search handle tie situations?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. By selecting the move with the highest score‬ ‭. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score‬ b ‭for the opponent‬ ‭. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score‬ c ‭for the opponent‬ Z‬ ‭d. By selecting the move with the lowest score‬ ‭What is a defuzzification process in the context of fuzzy logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values‬ ‭b. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values‬ ‭c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values‬ ‭d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values‬ ‭ hat is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search‬ W ‭R ‭algorithm?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes‬ ‭b. It requires less memory to store the visited nodes‬ ‭c. It requires less computation time to search the tree‬ ‭d. It requires more computation time to search the tree‬ ‭In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "belief function" is defined as:‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The likelihood that an event will occur‬ ‭b. The level of uncertainty about an event‬ ‭c. The probability that an event will occur‬ ‭d. The degree of belief that an event will occur‬ I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,‬ ‭what is the probability of event A occurring‬ ‭given that event B has already occurred?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0.25‬ ‭b. 0.5‬ ‭c. 0‬ EN ‭d. 1‬ ‭What is a potential drawback of data mining?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It can be time-consuming and resource-intensive‬ ‭b. All of the above‬ ‭R ‭c. It can be inaccurate if the data is not properly cleaned and processed‬ ‭d. It can be biased if the data is not representative of the population‬ I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,‬ ‭what is the probability of event A occurring‬ ‭given that event B has already occurred?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0.6‬ ‭b. 0‬ ‭c. 0.4‬ ‭d. 1‬ ‭Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It depends on the specific search algorithm being used‬ ‭b. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used‬ Z‬ ‭c. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem‬ ‭d. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution‬ ‭What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred‬ ‭b. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not‬ ‭c. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred‬ ‭d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred‬ ‭R ‭Correct‬ ‭Mark 1.00 out of 1.00‬ ‭Can minmax search handle games with more than two players?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games‬ ‭b. Yes, by using the same algorithm as for two-player games‬ ‭c. Yes, by using a modified version of the algorithm‬ ‭d. It depends on the game‬ ‭In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event‬ ‭b. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized‬ ‭c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events‬ ‭d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring‬ Z‬ ‭In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to:‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event‬ ‭b. Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event‬ EN ‭c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events‬ ‭d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A formula that contains a free variable‬ ‭R ‭b. A formula that contains only predicates‬ ‭c. A formula that contains only closed terms‬ ‭d. A formula that is always true‬ ‭What is the primary purpose of LEXMED?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To provide medical guidance to legal professionals‬ ‭b. To provide a platform for the exchange of legal data‬ ‭c. To provide legal guidance to medical professionals‬ ‭d. To provide a platform for the exchange of medical data‬ ‭What is a common application of data mining in business?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To improve customer service‬ ‭b. To optimize production processes‬ ‭c. To increase sales‬ Z‬ ‭d. All of the above‬ ‭Dempster-Shafer theory is commonly used in which of the following fields?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. Decision making‬ ‭b. Probability and statistics‬ ‭c. Artificial intelligence‬ ‭d. Quantum mechanics‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer‬ W ‭R ‭science?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system‬ ‭b. It allows for the verification of the correctness of software programs‬ ‭c. It allows for the generation of random numbers‬ ‭d. It allows for the creation of secure codes and algorithms‬ ‭What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of‬ a ‭problems‬ ‭b. Depth-first search uses less memory‬ ‭c. Depth-first search is more efficient‬ ‭d. Depth-first search is faster‬ ‭In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. Dimensionality reduction problems‬ ‭b. Regression problems‬ ‭c. Classification problems‬ ‭d. Clustering problems‬ EN ‭Which of the following is NOT a common application of heuristic search algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Planning and scheduling‬ ‭b. Solving puzzles and games‬ ‭c. Image recognition‬ ‭R ‭d. Natural language processing‬ ‭In what year did Kurt Godel first present his incompleteness theorems?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 1975‬ ‭b. 1952‬ ‭c. 1931‬ ‭d. 1879‬ ‭In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The median cost‬ ‭b. The total cost‬ ‭c. The average cost‬ ‭d. The maximum cost‬ ‭ hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available‬ W Z‬ ‭information in maximum entropy without‬ ‭explicit constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the available information‬ EN ‭b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information‬ ‭c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information‬ ‭d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information‬ ‭Can subjective probabilities be measured or quantified?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭R ‭a. Yes, by using objective, observable data and statistical analysis‬ ‭b. Yes, by using a scale or rating system‬ ‭c. No, subjective probabilities are subjective and cannot be measured or quantified‬ ‭d. It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences‬ ‭What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring‬ ‭b. To minimize the cost of risks‬ ‭c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring‬ ‭d. To minimize the impact of risks‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The consistency of arithmetic‬ ‭b. The incompleteness of formal systems‬ ‭c. The completeness of formal systems‬ Z‬ ‭d. The consistency of formal systems‬ ‭What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. They may not find any solution at all‬ ‭b. They use more memory‬ ‭c. They are slower‬ ‭d. They may not find the optimal solution‬ ‭What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model‬ ‭b. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model‬ ‭c. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions‬ ‭d. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model‬ ‭What is the main disadvantage of IDA* search?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It can be computationally expensive‬ ‭b. It is prone to getting stuck in local minima‬ ‭c. It requires a lot of memory to store the search tree‬ ‭d. It is slow to find the optimal solution‬ ‭How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It is used to prove the second law‬ Z‬ ‭b. It is a more general form of the second law‬ ‭c. It is independent of the second law‬ ‭d. It is equivalent to the second law‬ EN ‭In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Denying the antecedent‬ ‭b. Modus tollens‬ ‭c. Modus ponens‬ ‭d. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭R ‭How do subjective probabilities differ from objective probabilities?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. Subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, while objective probabilities are‬ a ‭based on an individual's beliefs,‬ ‭opinions, and experiences‬ ‭. Subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip, while objective probabilities are based on‬ b ‭an individual's beliefs, opinions,‬ ‭and experiences‬ ‭. Subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable data, while objective‬ c ‭probabilities are based on an individual's‬ ‭beliefs, opinions, and experiences‬ ‭. Subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences,‬ d ‭while objective probabilities are‬ ‭based on objective, observable data‬ ‭What is a defuzzification process in the context of fuzzy logic?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values‬ ‭b. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values‬ ‭c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values‬ EN ‭d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values‬ ‭Which of the following statements about iterative deepening is NOT true?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It requires more computation time to search the tree than a breadth-first search algorithm‬ ‭b. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes than a breadth-first search algorithm‬ ‭R ‭c. It is a depth-first search algorithm‬ ‭d. It is a breadth-first search algorithm‬ ‭What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)‬ ‭b. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)‬ ‭c. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)‬ ‭d. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)‬ I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7,‬ ‭what is the probability of either event A or‬ ‭B occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 1‬ ‭b. 0.3‬ Z‬ ‭c. 0‬ ‭d. 0.7‬ ‭ hat is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the‬ W ‭number of edges, m?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. O(n * m)‬ ‭b. O(m)‬ ‭c. O‬ ‭d. O(n + m)‬ ‭R ‭ lpha-beta pruning is used in minimax algorithms for two-player games, where one player is‬ A ‭trying to maximize the score and the‬ ‭other player is trying to minimize the score. In this context, alpha represents:‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of‬ ‭b. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve‬ ‭c. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve‬ ‭d. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of‬ ‭In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The duration of the risk‬ ‭b. The impact of the risk‬ ‭c. The probability of the risk occurring‬ ‭d. The frequency of the risk‬ ‭ an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple‬ C Z‬ ‭other events that are independent of‬ ‭each other?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ a ‭independently of any other events‬ EN ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ b ‭given another event‬ ‭c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +...‬ ‭d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *...‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand theorem?‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A statement that is always false in a given Herbrand interpretation‬ ‭b. A statement that is true in some Herbrand interpretations and false in others‬ ‭c. A statement that is always true in a given Herbrand interpretation‬ ‭d. A statement that is provable from the axioms of first-order predicate logic‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Dempster-Shafer theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Plausibility‬ ‭b. Uncertainty‬ ‭c. Belief‬ ‭d. Conflict‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭b. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula‬ Z‬ ‭c. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭d. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭3/15/24, 7:43 PM Prelim Lab Exam: Attempt review‬ EN I‭n a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class‬ ‭is negative called?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The true positive cost‬ ‭b. The false negative cost‬ ‭R ‭c. The false positive cost‬ ‭d. The true negative cost‬ ‭ ow is the principle of maximum entropy related to the maximum likelihood principle in‬ H ‭statistics?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They are independent of each other‬ ‭b. The maximum likelihood principle is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy‬ ‭c. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the maximum likelihood principle‬ ‭d. They are equivalent‬ I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7,‬ ‭what is the probability of neither event A‬ ‭nor B occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 1‬ ‭b. 0.3‬ Z‬ ‭c. 0.7‬ ‭d. 0‬ ‭In a cost matrix, what does the rows represent?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The actual class‬ ‭b. The predicted class‬ ‭c. The cost of making a prediction‬ ‭d. The probability of a prediction‬ ‭R ‭What is the probability of an event occurring if it is twice as likely to happen as not happen?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 50%‬ ‭b. 0%‬ ‭c. 25%‬ ‭d. 75%‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search‬ W ‭algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The size of the search space‬ ‭b. The type of problem being solved‬ ‭c. The quality of the heuristic function‬ ‭d. The number of processors in the computer‬ ‭What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. PA+ set theory‬ ‭b. ZFC set theory‬ ‭c. ZF set theory‬ ‭d. PA set theory‬ EN I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,‬ ‭what is the probability of both event A and‬ ‭B occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0.5‬ ‭R ‭b. 1‬ ‭c. 0.25‬ ‭d. 0‬ ‭How often is the legal guidance in LEXMED updated?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Monthly‬ ‭b. Daily‬ ‭c. Annually‬ ‭d. Weekly‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of mathematics?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method‬ ‭b. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof‬ ‭c. They have led to the development of new proof techniques‬ Z‬ ‭d. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of artificial intelligence?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms‬ ‭b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence‬ ‭c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine‬ ‭d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED?‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Improved understanding of medical terminology‬ ‭b. Improved patient care‬ ‭c. Improved legal compliance‬ ‭d. Improved efficiency in legal matters‬ ‭Question 41‬ ‭Correct‬ ‭Mark 1.00 out of 1.00‬ ‭Can minmax search handle games with more than two players?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Yes, by using a modified version of the algorithm‬ ‭b. It depends on the game‬ ‭c. Yes, by using the same algorithm as for two-player games‬ ‭d. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games‬ Z‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)‬ EN ‭. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a‬ b ‭decision)‬ ‭c. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)‬ ‭d. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ ‭R ‭truth of at least one of multiple other statements?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Disjunction‬ ‭b. Modus tollens‬ ‭c. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭d. Modus ponens‬ ‭ hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the constraints in‬ W ‭maximum entropy without explicit‬ ‭constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the constraints‬ ‭b. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies none of the constraints‬ ‭c. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies all the constraints‬ ‭d. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies some of the constraints‬ ‭What is the main difference between depth-first search and breadth-first search?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Depth-first search is more efficient than breadth-first search‬ ‭b. Breadth-first search is more efficient than depth-first search‬ ‭. Depth-first search explores all the children of a node before exploring its siblings, while‬ c EN ‭breadth-first search explores all‬ ‭the siblings of a node before exploring its children‬ ‭. Depth-first search is only used to search trees, while breadth-first search is only used to‬ d ‭search graphs‬ ‭R ‭ hat is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph‬ W ‭with V vertices and E edges?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. O(V)‬ ‭b. O(E)‬ ‭c. O(V + E)‬ ‭d. O(V * E)‬ ‭In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative‬ ‭b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative‬ ‭c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive‬ ‭d. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive‬ ‭What is a heuristic function in the context of search algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. A function that estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal‬ ‭. A function that estimates the cost of the most expensive path from the current node to the‬ b ‭goal‬ ‭c. A function that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from the current node to the goal‬ EN ‭d. A function that estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal‬ ‭What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred‬ ‭b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred‬ ‭R ‭c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not‬ ‭d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred‬ ‭In a cost matrix, what does the risk priority refer to?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The severity of the risk‬ ‭b. The duration of the risk‬ ‭c. The risk rating‬ ‭d. The probability of the risk occurring‬ ‭In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is defined as:‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The probability that an event will occur‬ ‭b. The degree of belief that an event will occur‬ ‭c. The likelihood that an event will occur‬ ‭d. The level of uncertainty about an event‬ Z‬ ‭What is an example of a data mining task?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Organizing data into a database‬ ‭b. Visualizing data on a chart‬ EN ‭c. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data‬ ‭d. Collecting data from multiple sources‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of mathematics?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭R ‭a. They have led to the development of new proof techniques‬ ‭b. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems‬ ‭c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof‬ ‭d. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method‬ ‭How does minmax search handle tie situations?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score‬ a ‭for the opponent‬ ‭b. By selecting the move with the highest score‬ ‭c. By selecting the move with the lowest score‬ ‭. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score‬ d ‭for the opponent‬ ‭What is the primary purpose of LEXMED?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To provide legal guidance to medical professionals‬ Z‬ ‭b. To provide a platform for the exchange of medical data‬ ‭c. To provide medical guidance to legal professionals‬ ‭d. To provide a platform for the exchange of legal data‬ EN ‭Why are subjective probabilities important in decision-making?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. Because they take into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences, which‬ a ‭can affect their decision-making‬ ‭b. Because they are based on statistical analysis‬ ‭c. Because they are based on objective, observable data‬ ‭d. Because they are based on a coin flip‬ ‭R ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a predicate?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A function that returns a value based on its input‬ ‭b. A logical symbol that represents a negation‬ ‭c. A statement that is either true or false‬ ‭d. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in‬ W ‭information theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To model communication channels‬ ‭b. To compress data‬ ‭c. To calculate the probability of different outcomes‬ ‭d. To determine the accuracy of a prediction‬ Z‬ ‭How does the order of events in Bayes' theorem affect the calculation of probability?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. The order matters, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events occurring‬ a ‭simultaneously, so the order in which they‬ ‭are listed affects the final probability‬ EN ‭. The order matters, as the probability of one event occurring given another event is not the‬ b ‭same as the probability of the‬ ‭other event occurring given the first event‬ ‭. The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events‬ c ‭occurring sequentially, so the order in‬ ‭which they are listed does not affect the final probability‬ ‭R ‭. The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events‬ d ‭occurring independently of each other‬ ‭What is a disadvantage of fuzzy logic compared to traditional logical reasoning?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It is less accurate and reliable‬ ‭b. It is more computationally expensive‬ ‭c. It is less flexible and adaptable‬ ‭d. It is more difficult to implement and understand‬ ‭Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used‬ ‭b. It depends on the specific search algorithm being used‬ ‭c. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution‬ ‭d. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem‬ Z‬ ‭If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 10%‬ ‭b. 0%‬ EN ‭c. 100%‬ ‭d. 25%‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ ‭falsehood of its opposite?‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Modus ponens‬ ‭b. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭c. Denying the antecedent‬ ‭d. Modus tollens‬ ‭What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model‬ ‭b. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions‬ ‭c. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model‬ ‭d. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model‬ ‭ hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic‬ W ‭type theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. ZFC set theory‬ Z‬ ‭b. ZF set theory‬ ‭c. PA set theory‬ ‭d. PA+ set theory‬ EN ‭What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)‬ ‭b. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)‬ ‭c. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)‬ ‭d. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)‬ ‭R ‭ hat is a common method used in data mining to discover patterns and relationships in‬ W ‭data?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Data collection‬ ‭b. Machine learning‬ ‭c. Data visualization‬ ‭d. Data storage and organization‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ ‭truth of its opposite?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Modus ponens‬ ‭b. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭c. Denying the antecedent‬ ‭d. Modus tollens‬ Z‬ ‭ hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in‬ W ‭maximum entropy without explicit‬ ‭constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. The Shannon entropy is the information in a distribution‬ ‭b. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the information in a distribution‬ ‭c. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the information in a distribution‬ ‭d. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is uniform‬ ‭In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized‬ ‭b. Calculate the probability of an event occurring‬ ‭c. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event‬ ‭d. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events‬ I‭n what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum‬ ‭information?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum‬ a ‭entropy‬ ‭. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum‬ b ‭information‬ ‭c. They are independent of each other‬ ‭d. They are equivalent‬ ‭What is the main goal of data mining?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. To store and organize data efficiently‬ ‭b. To discover patterns and relationships in data‬ ‭c. To collect as much data as possible‬ ‭d. To visualize data in a meaningful way‬ EN ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A formula that contains only predicates‬ ‭b. A formula that contains only closed terms‬ ‭c. A formula that contains a free variable‬ ‭R ‭d. A formula that is always true‬ ‭What is fuzzy logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A form of artificial intelligence that uses approximate reasoning‬ ‭b. A form of artificial intelligence that uses logical reasoning‬ ‭c. A form of artificial intelligence that uses probabilistic reasoning‬ ‭d. A form of artificial intelligence that uses heuristic reasoning‬ ‭In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭b. Modus tollens‬ ‭c. Denying the antecedent‬ ‭d. Modus ponens‬ Z‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a type of heuristic search algorithm?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Hill climbing‬ ‭b. Best-first search‬ EN ‭c. A* search‬ ‭d. Dijkstra's algorithm‬ I‭n supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common problem that can occur‬ ‭during the training process?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭R ‭a. Class imbalance‬ ‭b. Data leakage‬ ‭c. Underfitting‬ ‭d. Overfitting‬ ‭What is Shannon entropy?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The amount of information in a distribution‬ ‭b. The amount of randomness in a distribution‬ ‭c. The amount of uncertainty in a distribution‬ ‭d. The amount of symmetry in a distribution‬ ‭What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred‬ ‭b. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred‬ ‭c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not‬ Z‬ ‭d. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred‬ ‭How does the heuristic function in A* search work?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node‬ ‭b. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node‬ ‭c. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node‬ ‭d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node‬ ‭R ‭What is A* search used for?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To find the most efficient path between two nodes in a graph‬ ‭b. To find the longest path between two nodes in a graph‬ ‭c. To find the shortest path between two nodes in a graph‬ ‭d. To find all possible paths between two nodes in a graph‬ ‭What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To minimize the cost of risks‬ ‭b. To minimize the impact of risks‬ ‭c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring‬ ‭d. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring‬ Z‬ ‭ hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with‬ W ‭V vertices and E edges?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. O(V + E)‬ ‭b. O(E)‬ ‭c. O(V * E)‬ ‭d. O(V)‬ ‭ an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple‬ C ‭other events that are not independent of‬ ‭R ‭each other?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +...‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ b ‭given another event‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ c ‭independently of any other events‬ ‭d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *...‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a feature of LEXMED?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Medical diagnosis assistance‬ ‭b. Medical terminology lookup‬ ‭c. Legal precedent search‬ ‭d. Legal case search‬ ‭What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of‬ a ‭problems‬ ‭b. Depth-first search is faster‬ EN ‭c. Depth-first search is more efficient‬ ‭d. Depth-first search uses less memory‬ ‭Beta represents:‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of‬ ‭R ‭b. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of‬ ‭c. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve‬ ‭d. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using LEXMED?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Limited scope of legal guidance‬ ‭b. Limited accessibility‬ ‭c. Limited user support‬ ‭d. Limited scope of medical guidance‬ ‭ an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple‬ C ‭other events that are both independent‬ ‭and not independent of each other?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +...‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ b ‭independently of any other events‬ Z‬ ‭c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *...‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ d ‭given another event‬ EN ‭In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive‬ ‭b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative‬ ‭c. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive‬ ‭d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative‬ ‭R ‭In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Dimensionality reduction problems‬ ‭b. Clustering problems‬ ‭c. Classification problems‬ ‭d. Regression problems‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Dempster-Shafer theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Conflict‬ ‭b. Belief‬ ‭c. Plausibility‬ ‭d. Uncertainty‬ ‭What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. They may not find the optimal solution‬ ‭b. They may not find any solution at all‬ ‭c. They are slower‬ ‭d. They use more memory‬ EN ‭ hich of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorems for the‬ W ‭formal system of Peano arithmetic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. There are always unprovable statements within the system‬ ‭b. The system cannot prove its own completeness‬ ‭R ‭c. The system cannot prove its own consistency‬ ‭d. The consistency of the system cannot be proven within the system‬ ‭What is an example of a problem that can be solved using depth-first search?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph‬ ‭b. Finding the largest number in a list‬ ‭c. Sorting a list of numbers‬ ‭d. Determining if a graph is bipartite‬ ‭If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 25%‬ ‭b. 0%‬ ‭c. 50%‬ ‭d. 100%‬ Z‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ ‭falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭b. Modus tollens‬ ‭c. Modus ponens‬ ‭d. Disjunctive syllogism‬ ‭R ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a quantifier?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A logical symbol that represents a negation‬ ‭b. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects‬ ‭c. A symbol that specifies the scope of a variable‬ ‭d. A function that returns a value based on its input‬ ‭ an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on‬ C ‭multiple other events?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +...‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ b ‭given another event‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ c ‭independently of any other events‬ ‭d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *...‬ ‭In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The total cost‬ ‭b. The average cost‬ ‭c. The maximum cost‬ EN ‭d. The median cost‬ ‭What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. ZFC set theory‬ ‭b. PA set theory‬ ‭R ‭c. ZF set theory‬ ‭d. PA+ set theory‬ ‭What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)‬ ‭b. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)‬ ‭c. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)‬ ‭d. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)‬ ‭If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0%‬ ‭b. 10%‬ ‭c. 25%‬ ‭d. 100%‬ Z‬ I‭n a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class‬ ‭is negative called?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. The true negative cost‬ ‭b. The false positive cost‬ ‭c. The true positive cost‬ ‭d. The false negative cost‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a feature of LEXMED?‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Legal precedent search‬ ‭b. Legal case search‬ ‭c. Medical terminology lookup‬ ‭d. Medical diagnosis assistance‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A formula that contains only predicates‬ ‭b. A formula that contains a free variable‬ ‭c. A formula that is always true‬ ‭d. A formula that contains only closed terms‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)‬ ‭. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a‬ b Z‬ ‭decision)‬ ‭c. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)‬ ‭d. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)‬ EN ‭ hat is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the‬ W ‭number of edges, m?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. O(n + m)‬ ‭b. O(m)‬ ‭c. O(n * m)‬ ‭d. O‬ ‭R ‭In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common evaluation metric?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Mean squared error‬ ‭b. Accuracy‬ ‭c. Recall‬ ‭d. Precision‬ ‭What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 100%‬ ‭b. 0%‬ ‭c. 50%‬ ‭d. It cannot be determined‬ ‭What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They may not find the optimal solution‬ ‭b. They use more memory‬ ‭c. They may not find any solution at all‬ EN ‭d. They are slower‬ ‭What is the probability of an event occurring if it is equally likely to happen or not happen?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 50%‬ ‭b. 25%‬ ‭R ‭c. 75%‬ ‭d. 0%‬ ‭ an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of multiple events occurring‬ C ‭simultaneously?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *...‬ ‭b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +...‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ c ‭independently of any other events‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ d ‭given another event‬ ‭In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is defined as:‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The likelihood that an event will occur‬ ‭b. The probability that an event will occur‬ Z‬ ‭c. The degree of belief that an event will occur‬ ‭d. The level of uncertainty about an event‬ EN ‭Which of the following best describes the process of greedy search?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next‬ a ‭step‬ ‭. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next‬ b ‭step‬ ‭. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that‬ c ‭R ‭leads to the highest cost‬ ‭. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that‬ d ‭leads to the highest cost‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a type of supervised learning algorithm?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Clustering‬ ‭b. Decision trees‬ ‭c. Neural networks‬ ‭d. K-nearest neighbors‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the falsehood of a statement based on‬ ‭the falsehood of another statement?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭b. Modus tollens‬ Z‬ ‭c. Modus ponens‬ ‭d. Denying the antecedent‬ EN ‭Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The incompleteness of formal systems‬ ‭b. The consistency of arithmetic‬ ‭c. The completeness of formal systems‬ ‭R ‭d. The consistency of formal systems‬ I‭f there are three events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that none of‬ ‭them will occur?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 75%‬ ‭b. 25%‬ ‭c. 0%‬ ‭d. 50%‬ ‭ ow is the maximum entropy distribution found in maximum entropy without explicit‬ H ‭constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. By fitting the data to a specific distribution‬ ‭b. By maximizing the Shannon entropy of the distribution‬ ‭c. By minimizing the error between the model and the data‬ ‭d. By maximizing the likelihood function‬ Z‬ ‭How does minmax search handle tie situations?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score‬ a ‭for the opponent‬ EN ‭. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score‬ b ‭for the opponent‬ ‭c. By selecting the move with the highest score‬ ‭d. By selecting the move with the lowest score‬ I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,‬ ‭what is the probability of event B occurring‬ ‭R ‭given that event A has already occurred?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0.6‬ ‭b. 0.4‬ ‭c. 1‬ ‭d. 0‬ ‭What does LEXMED stand for?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Linux Extension for Medical Devices‬ ‭b. Legal and Medical Expert System‬ ‭c. Legal and Ethical Medical Decision-Making‬ ‭d. Local Exchange for Medical Data‬ ‭ hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available‬ W ‭information in maximum entropy without‬ Z‬ ‭explicit constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the available information‬ ‭b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information‬ EN ‭c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information‬ ‭d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information‬ ‭What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To provide heuristic control over system variables‬ ‭R ‭b. To provide probabilistic control over system variables‬ ‭c. To provide precise, binary control over system variables‬ ‭d. To provide imprecise, approximate control over system variables‬ ‭What is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search algorithm?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time‬ ‭b. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time‬ ‭c. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time‬ ‭d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time‬ I‭f there are two events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that both will‬ ‭occur?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0%‬ Z‬ ‭b. 75%‬ ‭c. 50%‬ ‭d. 25%‬ EN ‭ an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple‬ C ‭other events that are independent of‬ ‭each other?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ a ‭independently of any other events‬ ‭b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +...‬ ‭R ‭c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *...‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ d ‭given another event‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a predicate?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A function that returns a value based on its input‬ ‭b. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects‬ ‭c. A logical symbol that represents a negation‬ ‭d. A statement that is either true or false‬ I‭n a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class‬ ‭is positive called?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The false positive cost‬ ‭b. The false negative cost‬ Z‬ ‭c. The true negative cost‬ ‭d. The true positive cost‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of mathematics?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They have led to the development of new proof techniques‬ ‭b. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method‬ ‭c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof‬ ‭d. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems‬ ‭R ‭ an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on‬ C ‭multiple other events?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +...‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ b ‭given another event‬ ‭c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *...‬ ‭. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring‬ d ‭independently of any other events‬ ‭How is LEXMED typically accessed by medical professionals?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Through a command-line interface‬ ‭b. Through a mobile app‬ ‭c. Through a web browser‬ ‭d. Through a desktop application‬ ‭What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred‬ ‭b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred‬ ‭c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not‬ EN ‭d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred‬ ‭What is the disadvantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It can only handle a small number of variables‬ ‭b. It cannot handle missing data‬ ‭R ‭c. It makes a lot of assumptions about the data‬ ‭d. It cannot handle outliers‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ ‭falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Disjunctive syllogism‬ ‭b. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭c. Modus tollens‬ ‭d. Modus ponens‬ ‭What is Bayes' theorem used for?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on previous events‬ ‭. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of all other‬ b Z‬ ‭events‬ ‭. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of its opposite‬ c ‭occurring‬ ‭d. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the likelihood of other events‬ EN ‭What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions‬ ‭b. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model‬ ‭c. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model‬ ‭d. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model‬ ‭R ‭Which of the following is NOT a common method of mitigating risks?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Transferring the risk to another party‬ ‭b. Accepting the risk‬ ‭c. Reducing the likelihood of the risk occurring‬ ‭d. Increasing the impact of the risk‬ ‭What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Probability‬ ‭b. Statistics‬ ‭c. Belief‬ ‭d. Decision making‬ ‭What is fuzzy logic?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A form of artificial intelligence that uses probabilistic reasoning‬ ‭b. A form of artificial intelligence that uses heuristic reasoning‬ ‭c. A form of artificial intelligence that uses logical reasoning‬ EN ‭d. A form of artificial intelligence that uses approximate reasoning‬ ‭In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be least useful?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important‬ ‭b. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important‬ ‭R ‭c. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important‬ ‭d. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer‬ W ‭science?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It allows for the verification of the correctness of software programs‬ ‭b. It allows for the creation of secure codes and algorithms‬ ‭c. It allows for the generation of random numbers‬ ‭d. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system‬ I‭n what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum‬ ‭information?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum‬ a ‭information‬ ‭. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum‬ b ‭entropy‬ Z‬ ‭c. They are equivalent‬ ‭d. They are independent of each other‬ ‭What type of information is used in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Only the mean and standard deviation of the data‬ ‭b. Only the median and mode of the data‬ ‭c. Any information that is available about the data‬ ‭d. Only the shape of the data‬ ‭R ‭What is a fuzzy rule in the context of fuzzy logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables‬ ‭b. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables‬ ‭c. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables‬ ‭d. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables‬ ‭ hat is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph‬ W ‭with V vertices and E edges?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. O(V)‬ ‭b. O(V * E)‬ ‭c. O(V + E)‬ ‭d. O(E)‬ ‭In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. 2 rows and 2 columns‬ ‭b. 2 rows and 1 column‬ ‭c. 1 row and 1 column‬ ‭d. 1 row and 2 columns‬ EN ‭What is maximum entropy without explicit constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A statistical model that makes the least amount of assumptions about the data‬ ‭b. A statistical model that assumes the data is random‬ ‭c. A statistical model that makes the most amount of assumptions about the data‬ ‭R ‭d. A statistical model that assumes the data follows a specific distribution‬ ‭Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum disorder‬ ‭b. It can be used to predict the probability of different outcomes in a system‬ ‭c. It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is proportional to its energy‬ ‭d. It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium‬ ‭Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is inversely proportional to its energy‬ ‭b. It can be used to predict the probability of different outcomes in a system‬ ‭c. It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium‬ ‭d. It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum order‬ Z‬ ‭Dempster-Shafer theory is commonly used in which of the following fields?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Quantum mechanics‬ ‭b. Artificial intelligence‬ EN ‭c. Decision making‬ ‭d. Probability and statistics‬ ‭If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,‬ ‭what is the probability of neither event A‬ ‭nor B occurring?‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0‬ ‭b. 0.5‬ ‭c. 1‬ ‭d. 0.25‬ ‭What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To provide precise, binary control over system variables‬ ‭b. To provide imprecise, approximate control over system variables‬ ‭c. To provide probabilistic control over system variables‬ ‭d. To provide heuristic control over system variables‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of cognitive science?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine‬ ‭b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning‬ ‭c. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought‬ ‭d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of cognition‬ EN ‭What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Pathfinding‬ ‭b. Node expansion‬ ‭c. Graph traversal‬ ‭R ‭d. Route planning‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to assess and‬ W ‭manage risks?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Identifying potential risks‬ ‭b. Implementing risk mitigation measures‬ ‭c. Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk‬ ‭d. Determining the cost of each risk‬ ‭How often is the legal guidance in LEXMED updated?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Monthly‬ ‭b. Annually‬ ‭c. Daily‬ ‭d. Weekly‬ Z‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)‬ ‭b. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)‬ EN ‭. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a‬ c ‭decision)‬ ‭d. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)‬ ‭What is the goal of maximum entropy without explicit constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭R ‭a. To maximize the likelihood of the data‬ ‭b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information‬ ‭c. To fit the data as closely as possible‬ ‭d. To make the most accurate predictions about the data‬ ‭ hat is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search‬ W ‭algorithm?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes‬ ‭b. It requires less memory to store the visited nodes‬ ‭c. It requires more computation time to search the tree‬ ‭d. It requires less computation time to search the tree‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered provable within a‬ W ‭godelized system of logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It is a theorem of the system‬ Z‬ ‭b. It is a negation of a theorem of the system‬ ‭c. It is a contradiction of a theorem of the system‬ ‭d. It is a combination of theorems of the system‬ EN ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of artificial intelligence?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence‬ ‭b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning‬ ‭c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine‬ ‭d. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms‬ ‭R ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭b. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭c. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭d. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭Which of the following best describes the process of greedy search?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that‬ a ‭leads to the highest cost‬ ‭. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next‬ b ‭step‬ ‭. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next‬ c ‭step‬ Z‬ ‭. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that‬ d ‭leads to the highest cost‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ EN ‭truth of at least one of multiple other statements?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Modus ponens‬ ‭b. Disjunction‬ ‭c. Modus tollens‬ ‭d. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭R ‭In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the highest priority risk?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Low likelihood, high impact‬ ‭b. High likelihood, low impact‬ ‭c. Low likelihood, low impact‬ ‭d. High likelihood, high impact‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is an open formula?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A formula that contains only predicates‬ ‭b. A formula that contains a free variable‬ ‭c. A formula that contains only closed terms‬ ‭d. A formula that is always true‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ Z‬ ‭truth of another statement and the truth of a third statement?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Modus tollens‬ ‭b. Affirming the consequent‬ EN ‭c. Modus ponens‬ ‭d. Hypothetical syllogism‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search‬ W ‭algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The quality of the heuristic function‬ ‭R ‭b. The type of problem being solved‬ ‭c. The number of processors in the computer‬ ‭d. The size of the search space‬ ‭In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 2 rows and 1 column‬ ‭b. 2 rows and 2 columns‬ ‭c. 1 row and 1 column‬ ‭d. 1 row and 2 columns‬ I‭n a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual‬ ‭class is negative called?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The true negative cost‬ ‭b. The true positive cost‬ Z‬ ‭c. The false negative cost‬ ‭d. The false positive cost‬ EN ‭In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the lowest priority risk?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. High likelihood, high impact‬ ‭b. Low likelihood, high impact‬ ‭c. Low likelihood, low impact‬ ‭d. High likelihood, low impact‬ ‭R ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of philosophy of mind?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of mind‬ ‭b. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of mind‬ ‭c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of artificial intelligence‬ ‭d. They have led to new discussions about the nature of consciousness‬ ‭What is a fuzzy rule in the context of fuzzy logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables‬ ‭b. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables‬ ‭c. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables‬ ‭d. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables‬ ‭What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 50%‬ ‭b. 0%‬ ‭c. 100%‬ EN ‭d. It cannot be determined‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It can handle uncertainty and imprecision‬ ‭R ‭b. It can provide a more human-like approach to decision making‬ ‭c. It is based on precise, binary values‬ ‭d. It can handle complex, non-linear relationships‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a godelized system of logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It is able to prove all false statements within the system‬ ‭b. It is able to prove its own consistency‬ ‭c. It is able to prove all true statements within the system‬ ‭d. It is able to represent all possible statements within the system‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's‬ W ‭incompleteness theorems?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The system must be consistent‬ ‭b. The system must be capable of expressing basic arithmetic‬ Z‬ ‭c. The system must be complete‬ ‭d. The system must be finite‬ ‭What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. PA set theory‬ ‭b. ZF set theory‬ ‭c. PA+ set theory‬ ‭d. ZFC set theory‬ ‭R ‭What is the purpose of using a cost matrix in the binary case?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the predicted class‬ ‭b. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the actual class‬ ‭c. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the actual class‬ ‭d. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the predicted class‬ ‭ hat is the primary advantage of using a breadth-first search algorithm over a depth-first‬ W ‭search algorithm?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It is more accurate and reliable‬ ‭b. It explores the entire search space more thoroughly‬ ‭c. It is faster and requires less processing power‬ ‭d. It is easier to implement and understand‬ Z‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand model?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula‬ EN ‭b. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭c. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭d. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula‬ I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ ‭truth of multiple other statements?‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭b. Modus ponens‬ ‭c. Conjunction‬ ‭d. Modus tollens‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The completeness of formal systems‬ ‭b. The consistency of formal systems‬ ‭c. The consistency of arithmetic‬ ‭d. The incompleteness of formal systems‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in‬ W ‭economics?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. To model market equilibrium‬ ‭b. To predict consumer behavior‬ ‭c. To calculate the cost of production‬ ‭d. To model risk and uncertainty‬ EN ‭What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Decision making‬ ‭b. Statistics‬ ‭c. Belief‬ ‭R ‭d. Probability‬ I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,‬ ‭what is the probability of both event A and‬ ‭B occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0.5‬ ‭b. 0‬ ‭c. 1‬ ‭d. 0.25‬ ‭What is the primary goal of godelization?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To encode information in a way that is resistant to tampering or corruption‬ ‭b. To create a system of logic that is consistent but incomplete‬ ‭c. To create a system of logic that is consistent and complete‬ ‭d. To prove the existence of God‬ Z‬ ‭What is the goal of maximum entropy without explicit constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To fit the data as closely as possible‬ EN ‭b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information‬ ‭c. To make the most accurate predictions about the data‬ ‭d. To maximize the likelihood of the data‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search‬ W ‭algorithms?‬ ‭R ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The number of processors in the computer‬ ‭b. The quality of the heuristic function‬ ‭c. The size of the search space‬ ‭d. The type of problem being solved‬ ‭How does the heuristic function in A* search work?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node‬ ‭b. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node‬ ‭c. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node‬ ‭d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a quantifier?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A logical symbol that represents a negation‬ ‭b. A symbol that specifies the scope of a variable‬ Z‬ ‭c. A function that returns a value based on its input‬ ‭d. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects‬ ‭In a cost matrix, what does the impact of a risk refer to?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The probability of the risk occurring‬ ‭b. The severity of the risk‬ ‭c. The frequency of the risk‬ ‭d. The duration of the risk‬ ‭R ‭ hich of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when evaluating the‬ W ‭impact of a risk?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Reputational impact‬ ‭b. Financial impact‬ ‭c. Legal impact‬ ‭d. Frequency of occurrence‬ I‭n a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual‬ ‭class is negative called?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The false positive cost‬ ‭b. The true negative cost‬ ‭c. The true positive cost‬ ‭d. The false negative cost‬ Z‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of artificial intelligence?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine‬ ‭b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence‬ EN ‭c. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms‬ ‭d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of supervised learning?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The learning algorithm is able to learn from unstructured data‬ ‭R ‭b. The learning algorithm is given examples of correct input-output pairs‬ ‭c. The learning algorithm is able to learn from small amounts of data‬ ‭d. The input and output variables are known in advance‬ ‭What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Depth-first search is more efficient‬ ‭b. Depth-first search is faster‬ ‭c. Depth-first search uses less memory‬ ‭. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of‬ d ‭problems‬ ‭What is subjective probability?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A probability based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences‬ Z‬ ‭b. A probability based on statistical analysis‬ ‭c. A probability based on objective, observable data‬ ‭d. A probability based on a coin flip‬ EN ‭What is the probability of an event occurring if it is impossible to happen?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 100%‬ ‭b. It cannot be determined‬ ‭c. 50%‬ ‭R ‭d. 0%‬ ‭ hat is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints over other‬ W ‭statistical models?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It can handle outliers‬ ‭b. All of the above‬ ‭c. It can handle a large number of variables‬ ‭d. It can handle missing data‬ ‭In which type of games is minmax search commonly used?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Games with random elements‬ ‭b. Single-player games‬ ‭c. Multiplayer games‬ ‭d. Games with perfect information, such as chess and tic-tac-toe‬ Z‬ ‭What is the main goal of data mining?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To visualize data in a meaningful way‬ ‭b. To discover patterns and relationships in data‬ EN ‭c. To collect as much data as possible‬ ‭d. To store and organize data efficiently‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered unprovable within‬ W ‭a godelized system of logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭R ‭a. It is not a theorem of the system‬ ‭b. It is not a combination of theorems of the system‬ ‭c. It is not a negation of a theorem of the system‬ ‭d. It is not a contradiction of a theorem of the system‬ ‭ hat is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search‬ W ‭algorithm?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time‬ ‭b. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time‬ ‭c. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time‬ ‭d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time‬ ‭How is the Shannon entropy calculated in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. By summing the logarithms of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution‬ Z‬ ‭b. By taking the mean of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution‬ ‭c. By summing the probabilities of all the events in the distribution‬ ‭d. By taking the median of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution‬ EN I‭n uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to‬ ‭infer the truth of a statement based on the‬ ‭truth of its opposite?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Modus ponens‬ ‭b. Modus tollens‬ ‭R ‭c. Denying the antecedent‬ ‭d. Affirming the consequent‬ ‭What are some factors that can influence an individual's subjective probability?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Personal beliefs, opinions, and experiences‬ ‭b. Objective, observable data and statistical analysis‬ ‭c. The outcome of a coin flip‬ ‭d. All of the above‬ ‭ hich of the following data structures is typically used to implement a breadth-first search‬ W ‭algorithm?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Stack‬ ‭b. Queue‬ ‭c. Hash table‬ ‭d. Heap‬ Z‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. There are always true but unprovable statements within a given formal system‬ EN ‭b. There are always provable statements within a given formal system‬ ‭c. There are always unprovable statements within a given formal system‬ ‭d. There are always false but unprovable statements within a given formal system‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of cognitive science?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭R ‭a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine‬ ‭b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning‬ ‭c. They have led to the abandonment of the study of cognition‬ ‭d. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of philosophy?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They have led to the development of new philosophical systems‬ ‭b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of reasoning‬ ‭c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality‬ ‭d. They have sparked debates about the limits of knowledge‬ ‭What is an example of a data mining task?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data‬ ‭b. Collecting data from multiple sources‬ Z‬ ‭c. Visualizing data on a chart‬ ‭d. Organizing data into a database‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a substitution instance of a formula?‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A formula obtained by negating the original formula‬ ‭. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the quantifiers in the original formula with‬ b ‭logical symbols‬ ‭. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the variables in the original formula with‬ c ‭constants‬ ‭. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the predicates in the original formula with‬ d ‭R ‭functions‬ ‭What is an example of a problem that can be solved using depth-first search?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Determining if a graph is bipartite‬ ‭b. Sorting a list of numbers‬ ‭c. Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph‬ ‭d. Finding the largest number in a list‬ I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,‬ ‭what is the probability of neither event A‬ ‭nor B occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 1‬ ‭b. 0.4‬ ‭c. 0.6‬ Z‬ ‭d. 0‬ I‭n a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual‬ ‭class is positive called?‬ ‭Select one:‬ EN ‭a. The false negative cost‬ ‭b. The true positive cost‬ ‭c. The false positive cost‬ ‭d. The true negative cost‬ ‭R ‭In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to:‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event‬ ‭b. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event‬ ‭c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events‬ ‭d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have‬ W ‭influenced the field of computer science?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. They have sparked debates about the limitations of computation‬ ‭b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of computers‬ ‭c. They have led to the development of new algorithms‬ ‭d. They have led to the development of new programming languages‬ I‭n what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of maximum‬ ‭ignorance?‬ Z‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of maximum ignorance‬ ‭b. They are independent of each other‬ ‭c. The principle of maximum ignorance is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy‬ EN ‭d. They are equivalent‬ ‭In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "plausibility function" is defined as:‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The likelihood that an event will occur‬ ‭b. The probability that an event will occur‬ ‭R ‭c. The degree of belief that an event will occur‬ ‭d. The level of uncertainty about an event‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's‬ W ‭incompleteness theorems?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The system must be complete‬ ‭b. The system must be consistent‬ ‭c. The system must be capable of expressing basic arithmetic‬ ‭d. The system must be finite‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when evaluating the‬ W ‭likelihood of a risk?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. Duration of the risk‬ ‭b. Probability of occurrence‬ Z‬ ‭c. Severity of the risk‬ ‭d. Likelihood of detection‬ ‭In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "conflict function" is defined as:‬ EN ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The degree of belief that an event will occur‬ ‭b. The likelihood that an event will occur‬ ‭c. The level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event‬ ‭d. The probability that an event will occur‬ ‭R ‭Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in practice?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To create unbreakable codes for secure communication‬ ‭b. To generate random numbers‬ ‭c. To prove the consistency of mathematical theories‬ ‭d. To verify the correctness of software programs‬ ‭In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand base?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭b. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭c. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭d. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula‬ ‭ hich of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to assess and‬ W ‭manage risks?‬ ‭Select one:‬ Z‬ ‭a. Determining the cost of each risk‬ ‭b. Implementing risk mitigation measures‬ ‭c. Identifying potential risks‬ ‭d. Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk‬ EN I‭f the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,‬ ‭what is the probability of either event A or‬ ‭B occurring?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. 0.1‬ ‭b. 0.4‬ ‭R ‭c. 1‬ ‭d. 0.6‬ ‭Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It is based on precise, binary values‬ ‭b. It can handle complex, non-linear relationships‬ ‭c. It can handle uncertainty and imprecision‬ ‭d. It can provide a more human-like approach to decision making‬ ‭What is the principle of maximum entropy used for in statistical mechanics?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To determine the probability distribution of a system's energy states‬ ‭b. To predict the movement of particles in a system‬ ‭c. To estimate the temperature of a system‬ ‭d. To calculate the pressure of a gas‬ Z‬ ‭What is a disadvantage of fuzzy logic compared to traditional logical reasoning?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. It is less flexible and adaptable‬ EN ‭b. It is less accurate and reliable‬ ‭c. It is more difficult to implement and understand‬ ‭d. It is more computationally expensive‬ ‭What is the main principle behind greedy search algorithms?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭R ‭a. Minimizing the cost of the path‬ ‭b. Minimizing the number of steps in the path‬ ‭c. Maximizing the number of steps in the path‬ ‭d. Maximizing the cost of the path‬ ‭In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. The frequency of the risk‬ ‭b. The duration of the risk‬ ‭c. The impact of the risk‬ ‭d. The probability of the risk occurring‬ ‭What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭a. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring‬ Z‬ ‭b. To minimize the cost of risks‬ ‭c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring‬ ‭d. To minimize the impact of risks‬ EN ‭How might an individual's subjective probabilities change over time?‬ ‭Select one:‬ ‭. They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable