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CYBS6101 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PRELIM Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED? Select one: a. Improved patient care b. Improved legal compliance c. Improved efficiency in legal matters d. Improved understanding of medical terminology...
CYBS6101 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PRELIM Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED? Select one: a. Improved patient care b. Improved legal compliance c. Improved efficiency in legal matters d. Improved understanding of medical terminology Z What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory? Select one: EN a. ZF set theory b. PA+ set theory c. PA set theory d. ZFC set theory hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of philosophy? R Select one: a. They have sparked debates about the limits of knowledge b. They have led to the development of new philosophical systems c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality d. They have led to the abandonment of the use of reasoning hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the probability distribution in W maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: a. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the probability distribution is uniform b. The Shannon entropy is the probability distribution c. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the probability distribution d. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the probability distribution In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the Z falsehood of its opposite? Select one: a. Modus ponens b. Affirming the consequent EN c. Modus tollens d. Denying the antecedent Question 8 Correct R Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 What is the main goal of supervised machine learning? Select one: a. To identify patterns and relationships in data b. To understand the underlying structure of the data c. To make predictions or decisions based on data d. To model the relationship between input and output variables What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called? Select one: a. Node expansion b. Pathfinding c. Graph traversal d. Route planning How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics? Select one: Z a. It is a more general form of the second law b. It is independent of the second law c. It is equivalent to the second law d. It is used to prove the second law EN Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both occurring? Select one: a. 0% b. 100% R c. 50% d. 25% hich of the following is NOT an example of a problem that could be solved using a greedy W search algorithm? Select one: a. Finding the shortest path between two points on a map b. Sorting a list of numbers in ascending order c. Solving a puzzle such as the Tower of Hanoi . Solving the knapsack problem (choosing a set of items to maximize value while staying d within a weight limit) What is subjective probability? Select one: a. A probability based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences b. A probability based on statistical analysis c. A probability based on a coin flip Z d. A probability based on objective, observable data hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of mathematics education? Select one: EN a. They have led to the development of new teaching methods b. They have led to the abandonment of the study of mathematics c. They have led to the development of new mathematics curricula d. They have sparked debates about the importance of proof in mathematics If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5, R what is the probability of both event A and B occurring? Select one: a. 1 b. 0 c. 0.25 d. 0.5 What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning? Select one: a. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model b. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions c. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model d. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Z Question 17 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring? EN Select one: a. 100% b. 0% c. 25% d. 10% R hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic W type theory? Select one: a. PA+ set theory b. ZFC set theory c. ZF set theory d. PA set theory In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum information? Select one: . The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum a entropy . The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum b information c. They are equivalent d. They are independent of each other Z Can subjective probabilities be used to make predictions about future events? EN Select one: . Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on an individual's a beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the likelihood of certain events occurring . No, subjective probabilities are not based on objective, observable data and statistical b analysis and cannot be used to make R predictions . Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on the outcome of a c coin flip . No, subjective probabilities are not based on a coin flip and cannot be used to make d predictions In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement? Select one: a. Disjunctive syllogism b. Affirming the consequent c. Modus ponens d. Modus tollens hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of first-order W predicate calculus? Select one: Z a. PA+ set theory b. ZFC set theory c. PA set theory d. ZF set theory EN 3/15/24, 7:43 PM Prelim Exam: Attempt review hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in W maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: R a. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the information in a distribution b. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the information in a distribution c. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is uniform d. The Shannon entropy is the information in a distribution What is probability? Select one: a. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring b. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring divided by the total number of events . A measure of the likelihood of an event NOT occurring divided by the total number of c events d. A measure of the likelihood of an event NOT occurring Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple C other events that are not independent of Z each other? Select one: a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *... b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +... EN . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring c independently of any other events . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring d given another event In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be most useful? Select one: R a. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important b. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important c. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important d. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important Can subjective probabilities be biased? Select one: . Yes, subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and a experiences, which can be influenced by personal biases b. No, subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, which is unbiased c. No, subjective probabilities are objective and unbiased d. It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule? Z Select one: a. Affirming the consequent b. Modus ponens c. Modus tollens EN d. Denying the antecedent What is the main advantage of heuristic search over other search algorithms? Select one: a. It is faster b. It is more accurate R c. It can find solutions to problems with a small search space more efficiently d. It can find solutions to problems with a large search space more efficiently Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in practice? Select one: a. To verify the correctness of software programs b. To prove the consistency of mathematical theories c. To create unbreakable codes for secure communication d. To generate random numbers What is an example of a real-world application of fuzzy logic? Select one: a. Automatic stock trading systems b. Automatic image recognition systems c. Automatic temperature control systems Z d. Automatic traffic control systems hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with W V vertices and E edges? EN Select one: a. O(V) b. O(E) c. O(V + E) d. O(V * E) R How might subjective probabilities be used in risk assessment? Select one: . By taking into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the a likelihood and consequences of potential risks b. By calculating objective, observable data and statistical analysis c. By relying solely on objective, observable data and statistical analysis d. By using a coin flip to determine the likelihood of potential risks How does minmax search handle tie situations? Select one: a. By selecting the move with the highest score . By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score b for the opponent . By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score c for the opponent Z d. By selecting the move with the lowest score What is a defuzzification process in the context of fuzzy logic? Select one: EN a. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values b. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values hat is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search W R algorithm? Select one: a. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes b. It requires less memory to store the visited nodes c. It requires less computation time to search the tree d. It requires more computation time to search the tree In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "belief function" is defined as: Select one: a. The likelihood that an event will occur b. The level of uncertainty about an event c. The probability that an event will occur d. The degree of belief that an event will occur If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5, what is the probability of event A occurring given that event B has already occurred? Z Select one: a. 0.25 b. 0.5 c. 0 EN d. 1 What is a potential drawback of data mining? Select one: a. It can be time-consuming and resource-intensive b. All of the above R c. It can be inaccurate if the data is not properly cleaned and processed d. It can be biased if the data is not representative of the population If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4, what is the probability of event A occurring given that event B has already occurred? Select one: a. 0.6 b. 0 c. 0.4 d. 1 Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution? Select one: a. It depends on the specific search algorithm being used b. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used Z c. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem d. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem? EN Select one: a. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred b. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not c. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred R Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Can minmax search handle games with more than two players? Select one: a. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games b. Yes, by using the same algorithm as for two-player games c. Yes, by using a modified version of the algorithm d. It depends on the game In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to: Select one: a. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event b. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring Z In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to: Select one: a. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event b. Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event EN c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula? Select one: a. A formula that contains a free variable R b. A formula that contains only predicates c. A formula that contains only closed terms d. A formula that is always true What is the primary purpose of LEXMED? Select one: a. To provide medical guidance to legal professionals b. To provide a platform for the exchange of legal data c. To provide legal guidance to medical professionals d. To provide a platform for the exchange of medical data What is a common application of data mining in business? Select one: a. To improve customer service b. To optimize production processes c. To increase sales Z d. All of the above Dempster-Shafer theory is commonly used in which of the following fields? Select one: EN a. Decision making b. Probability and statistics c. Artificial intelligence d. Quantum mechanics hich of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer W R science? Select one: a. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system b. It allows for the verification of the correctness of software programs c. It allows for the generation of random numbers d. It allows for the creation of secure codes and algorithms What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search? Select one: . Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of a problems b. Depth-first search uses less memory c. Depth-first search is more efficient d. Depth-first search is faster In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used? Select one: Z a. Dimensionality reduction problems b. Regression problems c. Classification problems d. Clustering problems EN Which of the following is NOT a common application of heuristic search algorithms? Select one: a. Planning and scheduling b. Solving puzzles and games c. Image recognition R d. Natural language processing In what year did Kurt Godel first present his incompleteness theorems? Select one: a. 1975 b. 1952 c. 1931 d. 1879 In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called? Select one: a. The median cost b. The total cost c. The average cost d. The maximum cost hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available W Z information in maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the available information EN b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information Can subjective probabilities be measured or quantified? Select one: R a. Yes, by using objective, observable data and statistical analysis b. Yes, by using a scale or rating system c. No, subjective probabilities are subjective and cannot be measured or quantified d. It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices? Select one: a. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring b. To minimize the cost of risks c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring d. To minimize the impact of risks Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems? Select one: a. The consistency of arithmetic b. The incompleteness of formal systems c. The completeness of formal systems Z d. The consistency of formal systems What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms? Select one: EN a. They may not find any solution at all b. They use more memory c. They are slower d. They may not find the optimal solution What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning? R Select one: a. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model b. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model c. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions d. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model What is the main disadvantage of IDA* search? Select one: a. It can be computationally expensive b. It is prone to getting stuck in local minima c. It requires a lot of memory to store the search tree d. It is slow to find the optimal solution How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics? Select one: a. It is used to prove the second law Z b. It is a more general form of the second law c. It is independent of the second law d. It is equivalent to the second law EN In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule? Select one: a. Denying the antecedent b. Modus tollens c. Modus ponens d. Affirming the consequent R How do subjective probabilities differ from objective probabilities? Select one: . Subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, while objective probabilities are a based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences . Subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip, while objective probabilities are based on b an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences . Subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable data, while objective c probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences . Subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences, d while objective probabilities are based on objective, observable data What is a defuzzification process in the context of fuzzy logic? Z Select one: a. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values b. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values EN d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values Which of the following statements about iterative deepening is NOT true? Select one: a. It requires more computation time to search the tree than a breadth-first search algorithm b. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes than a breadth-first search algorithm R c. It is a depth-first search algorithm d. It is a breadth-first search algorithm What is the formula for Bayes' theorem? Select one: a. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B) b. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) c. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A) d. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7, what is the probability of either event A or B occurring? Select one: a. 1 b. 0.3 Z c. 0 d. 0.7 hat is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the W number of edges, m? EN Select one: a. O(n * m) b. O(m) c. O d. O(n + m) R lpha-beta pruning is used in minimax algorithms for two-player games, where one player is A trying to maximize the score and the other player is trying to minimize the score. In this context, alpha represents: Select one: a. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of b. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve c. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve d. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to? Select one: a. The duration of the risk b. The impact of the risk c. The probability of the risk occurring d. The frequency of the risk an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple C Z other events that are independent of each other? Select one: . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring a independently of any other events EN . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring b given another event c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +... d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *... In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand theorem? R Select one: a. A statement that is always false in a given Herbrand interpretation b. A statement that is true in some Herbrand interpretations and false in others c. A statement that is always true in a given Herbrand interpretation d. A statement that is provable from the axioms of first-order predicate logic Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Dempster-Shafer theory? Select one: a. Plausibility b. Uncertainty c. Belief d. Conflict In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe? Select one: a. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula b. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula Z c. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula d. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula 3/15/24, 7:43 PM Prelim Lab Exam: Attempt review EN In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative called? Select one: a. The true positive cost b. The false negative cost R c. The false positive cost d. The true negative cost ow is the principle of maximum entropy related to the maximum likelihood principle in H statistics? Select one: a. They are independent of each other b. The maximum likelihood principle is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy c. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the maximum likelihood principle d. They are equivalent If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7, what is the probability of neither event A nor B occurring? Select one: a. 1 b. 0.3 Z c. 0.7 d. 0 In a cost matrix, what does the rows represent? EN Select one: a. The actual class b. The predicted class c. The cost of making a prediction d. The probability of a prediction R What is the probability of an event occurring if it is twice as likely to happen as not happen? Select one: a. 50% b. 0% c. 25% d. 75% hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search W algorithms? Select one: a. The size of the search space b. The type of problem being solved c. The quality of the heuristic function d. The number of processors in the computer What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory? Select one: Z a. PA+ set theory b. ZFC set theory c. ZF set theory d. PA set theory EN If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5, what is the probability of both event A and B occurring? Select one: a. 0.5 R b. 1 c. 0.25 d. 0 How often is the legal guidance in LEXMED updated? Select one: a. Monthly b. Daily c. Annually d. Weekly hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of mathematics? Select one: a. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method b. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof c. They have led to the development of new proof techniques Z d. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of artificial intelligence? Select one: EN a. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED? R Select one: a. Improved understanding of medical terminology b. Improved patient care c. Improved legal compliance d. Improved efficiency in legal matters Question 41 Correct Mark 1.00 out of 1.00 Can minmax search handle games with more than two players? Select one: a. Yes, by using a modified version of the algorithm b. It depends on the game c. Yes, by using the same algorithm as for two-player games d. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games Z Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms? Select one: a. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution) EN . They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a b decision) c. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists) d. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly) In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the R truth of at least one of multiple other statements? Select one: a. Disjunction b. Modus tollens c. Affirming the consequent d. Modus ponens hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the constraints in W maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the constraints b. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies none of the constraints c. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies all the constraints d. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies some of the constraints What is the main difference between depth-first search and breadth-first search? Z Select one: a. Depth-first search is more efficient than breadth-first search b. Breadth-first search is more efficient than depth-first search . Depth-first search explores all the children of a node before exploring its siblings, while c EN breadth-first search explores all the siblings of a node before exploring its children . Depth-first search is only used to search trees, while breadth-first search is only used to d search graphs R hat is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph W with V vertices and E edges? Select one: a. O(V) b. O(E) c. O(V + E) d. O(V * E) In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent? Select one: a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive d. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive What is a heuristic function in the context of search algorithms? Select one: Z a. A function that estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal . A function that estimates the cost of the most expensive path from the current node to the b goal c. A function that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from the current node to the goal EN d. A function that estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem? Select one: a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred R c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred In a cost matrix, what does the risk priority refer to? Select one: a. The severity of the risk b. The duration of the risk c. The risk rating d. The probability of the risk occurring In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is defined as: Select one: a. The probability that an event will occur b. The degree of belief that an event will occur c. The likelihood that an event will occur d. The level of uncertainty about an event Z What is an example of a data mining task? Select one: a. Organizing data into a database b. Visualizing data on a chart EN c. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data d. Collecting data from multiple sources hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of mathematics? Select one: R a. They have led to the development of new proof techniques b. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof d. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method How does minmax search handle tie situations? Select one: . By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score a for the opponent b. By selecting the move with the highest score c. By selecting the move with the lowest score . By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score d for the opponent What is the primary purpose of LEXMED? Select one: a. To provide legal guidance to medical professionals Z b. To provide a platform for the exchange of medical data c. To provide medical guidance to legal professionals d. To provide a platform for the exchange of legal data EN Why are subjective probabilities important in decision-making? Select one: . Because they take into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences, which a can affect their decision-making b. Because they are based on statistical analysis c. Because they are based on objective, observable data d. Because they are based on a coin flip R In first-order predicate logic, what is a predicate? Select one: a. A function that returns a value based on its input b. A logical symbol that represents a negation c. A statement that is either true or false d. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects hich of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in W information theory? Select one: a. To model communication channels b. To compress data c. To calculate the probability of different outcomes d. To determine the accuracy of a prediction Z How does the order of events in Bayes' theorem affect the calculation of probability? Select one: . The order matters, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events occurring a simultaneously, so the order in which they are listed affects the final probability EN . The order matters, as the probability of one event occurring given another event is not the b same as the probability of the other event occurring given the first event . The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events c occurring sequentially, so the order in which they are listed does not affect the final probability R . The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events d occurring independently of each other What is a disadvantage of fuzzy logic compared to traditional logical reasoning? Select one: a. It is less accurate and reliable b. It is more computationally expensive c. It is less flexible and adaptable d. It is more difficult to implement and understand Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution? Select one: a. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used b. It depends on the specific search algorithm being used c. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution d. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem Z If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring? Select one: a. 10% b. 0% EN c. 100% d. 25% In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the falsehood of its opposite? R Select one: a. Modus ponens b. Affirming the consequent c. Denying the antecedent d. Modus tollens What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning? Select one: a. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model b. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions c. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model d. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic W type theory? Select one: a. ZFC set theory Z b. ZF set theory c. PA set theory d. PA+ set theory EN What is the formula for Bayes' theorem? Select one: a. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) b. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B) c. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A) d. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) R hat is a common method used in data mining to discover patterns and relationships in W data? Select one: a. Data collection b. Machine learning c. Data visualization d. Data storage and organization In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the truth of its opposite? Select one: a. Modus ponens b. Affirming the consequent c. Denying the antecedent d. Modus tollens Z hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in W maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: EN a. The Shannon entropy is the information in a distribution b. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the information in a distribution c. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the information in a distribution d. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is uniform In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to: R Select one: a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized b. Calculate the probability of an event occurring c. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event d. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum information? Select one: . The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum a entropy . The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum b information c. They are independent of each other d. They are equivalent What is the main goal of data mining? Select one: Z a. To store and organize data efficiently b. To discover patterns and relationships in data c. To collect as much data as possible d. To visualize data in a meaningful way EN In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula? Select one: a. A formula that contains only predicates b. A formula that contains only closed terms c. A formula that contains a free variable R d. A formula that is always true What is fuzzy logic? Select one: a. A form of artificial intelligence that uses approximate reasoning b. A form of artificial intelligence that uses logical reasoning c. A form of artificial intelligence that uses probabilistic reasoning d. A form of artificial intelligence that uses heuristic reasoning In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule? Select one: a. Affirming the consequent b. Modus tollens c. Denying the antecedent d. Modus ponens Z Which of the following is NOT a type of heuristic search algorithm? Select one: a. Hill climbing b. Best-first search EN c. A* search d. Dijkstra's algorithm In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common problem that can occur during the training process? Select one: R a. Class imbalance b. Data leakage c. Underfitting d. Overfitting What is Shannon entropy? Select one: a. The amount of information in a distribution b. The amount of randomness in a distribution c. The amount of uncertainty in a distribution d. The amount of symmetry in a distribution What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem? Select one: a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred b. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not Z d. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred How does the heuristic function in A* search work? Select one: EN a. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node b. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node c. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node R What is A* search used for? Select one: a. To find the most efficient path between two nodes in a graph b. To find the longest path between two nodes in a graph c. To find the shortest path between two nodes in a graph d. To find all possible paths between two nodes in a graph What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices? Select one: a. To minimize the cost of risks b. To minimize the impact of risks c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring d. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring Z hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with W V vertices and E edges? Select one: EN a. O(V + E) b. O(E) c. O(V * E) d. O(V) an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple C other events that are not independent of R each other? Select one: a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +... . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring b given another event . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring c independently of any other events d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *... Which of the following is NOT a feature of LEXMED? Select one: a. Medical diagnosis assistance b. Medical terminology lookup c. Legal precedent search d. Legal case search What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search? Z Select one: . Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of a problems b. Depth-first search is faster EN c. Depth-first search is more efficient d. Depth-first search uses less memory Beta represents: Select one: a. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of R b. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of c. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve d. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using LEXMED? Select one: a. Limited scope of legal guidance b. Limited accessibility c. Limited user support d. Limited scope of medical guidance an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple C other events that are both independent and not independent of each other? Select one: a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +... . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring b independently of any other events Z c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *... . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring d given another event EN In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent? Select one: a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative c. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative R In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used? Select one: a. Dimensionality reduction problems b. Clustering problems c. Classification problems d. Regression problems Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Dempster-Shafer theory? Select one: a. Conflict b. Belief c. Plausibility d. Uncertainty What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms? Select one: Z a. They may not find the optimal solution b. They may not find any solution at all c. They are slower d. They use more memory EN hich of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorems for the W formal system of Peano arithmetic? Select one: a. There are always unprovable statements within the system b. The system cannot prove its own completeness R c. The system cannot prove its own consistency d. The consistency of the system cannot be proven within the system What is an example of a problem that can be solved using depth-first search? Select one: a. Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph b. Finding the largest number in a list c. Sorting a list of numbers d. Determining if a graph is bipartite If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both occurring? Select one: a. 25% b. 0% c. 50% d. 100% Z In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement? EN Select one: a. Affirming the consequent b. Modus tollens c. Modus ponens d. Disjunctive syllogism R In first-order predicate logic, what is a quantifier? Select one: a. A logical symbol that represents a negation b. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects c. A symbol that specifies the scope of a variable d. A function that returns a value based on its input an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on C multiple other events? Select one: a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +... . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring b given another event . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring c independently of any other events d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *... In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called? Z Select one: a. The total cost b. The average cost c. The maximum cost EN d. The median cost What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory? Select one: a. ZFC set theory b. PA set theory R c. ZF set theory d. PA+ set theory What is the formula for Bayes' theorem? Select one: a. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A) b. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) c. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B) d. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring? Select one: a. 0% b. 10% c. 25% d. 100% Z In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative called? Select one: EN a. The true negative cost b. The false positive cost c. The true positive cost d. The false negative cost Which of the following is NOT a feature of LEXMED? R Select one: a. Legal precedent search b. Legal case search c. Medical terminology lookup d. Medical diagnosis assistance In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula? Select one: a. A formula that contains only predicates b. A formula that contains a free variable c. A formula that is always true d. A formula that contains only closed terms Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms? Select one: a. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists) . They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a b Z decision) c. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly) d. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution) EN hat is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the W number of edges, m? Select one: a. O(n + m) b. O(m) c. O(n * m) d. O R In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common evaluation metric? Select one: a. Mean squared error b. Accuracy c. Recall d. Precision What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen? Select one: a. 100% b. 0% c. 50% d. It cannot be determined What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms? Z Select one: a. They may not find the optimal solution b. They use more memory c. They may not find any solution at all EN d. They are slower What is the probability of an event occurring if it is equally likely to happen or not happen? Select one: a. 50% b. 25% R c. 75% d. 0% an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of multiple events occurring C simultaneously? Select one: a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *... b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +... . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring c independently of any other events . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring d given another event In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is defined as: Select one: a. The likelihood that an event will occur b. The probability that an event will occur Z c. The degree of belief that an event will occur d. The level of uncertainty about an event EN Which of the following best describes the process of greedy search? Select one: . Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next a step . Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next b step . Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that c R leads to the highest cost . Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that d leads to the highest cost Which of the following is NOT a type of supervised learning algorithm? Select one: a. Clustering b. Decision trees c. Neural networks d. K-nearest neighbors In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the falsehood of a statement based on the falsehood of another statement? Select one: a. Affirming the consequent b. Modus tollens Z c. Modus ponens d. Denying the antecedent EN Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems? Select one: a. The incompleteness of formal systems b. The consistency of arithmetic c. The completeness of formal systems R d. The consistency of formal systems If there are three events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that none of them will occur? Select one: a. 75% b. 25% c. 0% d. 50% ow is the maximum entropy distribution found in maximum entropy without explicit H constraints? Select one: a. By fitting the data to a specific distribution b. By maximizing the Shannon entropy of the distribution c. By minimizing the error between the model and the data d. By maximizing the likelihood function Z How does minmax search handle tie situations? Select one: . By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score a for the opponent EN . By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score b for the opponent c. By selecting the move with the highest score d. By selecting the move with the lowest score If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4, what is the probability of event B occurring R given that event A has already occurred? Select one: a. 0.6 b. 0.4 c. 1 d. 0 What does LEXMED stand for? Select one: a. Linux Extension for Medical Devices b. Legal and Medical Expert System c. Legal and Ethical Medical Decision-Making d. Local Exchange for Medical Data hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available W information in maximum entropy without Z explicit constraints? Select one: a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the available information b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information EN c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems? Select one: a. To provide heuristic control over system variables R b. To provide probabilistic control over system variables c. To provide precise, binary control over system variables d. To provide imprecise, approximate control over system variables What is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search algorithm? Select one: a. It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time b. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time c. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time If there are two events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that both will occur? Select one: a. 0% Z b. 75% c. 50% d. 25% EN an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple C other events that are independent of each other? Select one: . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring a independently of any other events b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +... R c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *... . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring d given another event In first-order predicate logic, what is a predicate? Select one: a. A function that returns a value based on its input b. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects c. A logical symbol that represents a negation d. A statement that is either true or false In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive called? Select one: a. The false positive cost b. The false negative cost Z c. The true negative cost d. The true positive cost hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of mathematics? EN Select one: a. They have led to the development of new proof techniques b. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof d. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems R an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on C multiple other events? Select one: a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) +... . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring b given another event c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) *... . No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring d independently of any other events How is LEXMED typically accessed by medical professionals? Select one: a. Through a command-line interface b. Through a mobile app c. Through a web browser d. Through a desktop application What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem? Z Select one: a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not EN d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred What is the disadvantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: a. It can only handle a small number of variables b. It cannot handle missing data R c. It makes a lot of assumptions about the data d. It cannot handle outliers In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement? Select one: a. Disjunctive syllogism b. Affirming the consequent c. Modus tollens d. Modus ponens What is Bayes' theorem used for? Select one: a. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on previous events . To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of all other b Z events . To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of its opposite c occurring d. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the likelihood of other events EN What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning? Select one: a. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions b. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model c. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model d. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model R Which of the following is NOT a common method of mitigating risks? Select one: a. Transferring the risk to another party b. Accepting the risk c. Reducing the likelihood of the risk occurring d. Increasing the impact of the risk What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory? Select one: a. Probability b. Statistics c. Belief d. Decision making What is fuzzy logic? Z Select one: a. A form of artificial intelligence that uses probabilistic reasoning b. A form of artificial intelligence that uses heuristic reasoning c. A form of artificial intelligence that uses logical reasoning EN d. A form of artificial intelligence that uses approximate reasoning In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be least useful? Select one: a. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important b. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important R c. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important d. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important hich of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer W science? Select one: a. It allows for the verification of the correctness of software programs b. It allows for the creation of secure codes and algorithms c. It allows for the generation of random numbers d. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum information? Select one: . The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum a information . The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum b entropy Z c. They are equivalent d. They are independent of each other What type of information is used in maximum entropy without explicit constraints? EN Select one: a. Only the mean and standard deviation of the data b. Only the median and mode of the data c. Any information that is available about the data d. Only the shape of the data R What is a fuzzy rule in the context of fuzzy logic? Select one: a. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables b. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables c. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables d. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables hat is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph W with V vertices and E edges? Select one: a. O(V) b. O(V * E) c. O(V + E) d. O(E) In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there? Select one: Z a. 2 rows and 2 columns b. 2 rows and 1 column c. 1 row and 1 column d. 1 row and 2 columns EN What is maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: a. A statistical model that makes the least amount of assumptions about the data b. A statistical model that assumes the data is random c. A statistical model that makes the most amount of assumptions about the data R d. A statistical model that assumes the data follows a specific distribution Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true? Select one: a. It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum disorder b. It can be used to predict the probability of different outcomes in a system c. It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is proportional to its energy d. It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true? Select one: a. It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is inversely proportional to its energy b. It can be used to predict the probability of different outcomes in a system c. It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium d. It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum order Z Dempster-Shafer theory is commonly used in which of the following fields? Select one: a. Quantum mechanics b. Artificial intelligence EN c. Decision making d. Probability and statistics If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5, what is the probability of neither event A nor B occurring? R Select one: a. 0 b. 0.5 c. 1 d. 0.25 What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems? Select one: a. To provide precise, binary control over system variables b. To provide imprecise, approximate control over system variables c. To provide probabilistic control over system variables d. To provide heuristic control over system variables hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of cognitive science? Select one: Z a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning c. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of cognition EN What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called? Select one: a. Pathfinding b. Node expansion c. Graph traversal R d. Route planning hich of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to assess and W manage risks? Select one: a. Identifying potential risks b. Implementing risk mitigation measures c. Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk d. Determining the cost of each risk How often is the legal guidance in LEXMED updated? Select one: a. Monthly b. Annually c. Daily d. Weekly Z Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms? Select one: a. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly) b. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution) EN . They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a c decision) d. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists) What is the goal of maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: R a. To maximize the likelihood of the data b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information c. To fit the data as closely as possible d. To make the most accurate predictions about the data hat is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search W algorithm? Select one: a. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes b. It requires less memory to store the visited nodes c. It requires more computation time to search the tree d. It requires less computation time to search the tree hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered provable within a W godelized system of logic? Select one: a. It is a theorem of the system Z b. It is a negation of a theorem of the system c. It is a contradiction of a theorem of the system d. It is a combination of theorems of the system EN hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of artificial intelligence? Select one: a. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine d. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms R In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe? Select one: a. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula b. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula c. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula d. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula Which of the following best describes the process of greedy search? Select one: . Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that a leads to the highest cost . Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next b step . Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next c step Z . Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that d leads to the highest cost In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the EN truth of at least one of multiple other statements? Select one: a. Modus ponens b. Disjunction c. Modus tollens d. Affirming the consequent R In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the highest priority risk? Select one: a. Low likelihood, high impact b. High likelihood, low impact c. Low likelihood, low impact d. High likelihood, high impact In first-order predicate logic, what is an open formula? Select one: a. A formula that contains only predicates b. A formula that contains a free variable c. A formula that contains only closed terms d. A formula that is always true In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the Z truth of another statement and the truth of a third statement? Select one: a. Modus tollens b. Affirming the consequent EN c. Modus ponens d. Hypothetical syllogism hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search W algorithms? Select one: a. The quality of the heuristic function R b. The type of problem being solved c. The number of processors in the computer d. The size of the search space In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there? Select one: a. 2 rows and 1 column b. 2 rows and 2 columns c. 1 row and 1 column d. 1 row and 2 columns In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative called? Select one: a. The true negative cost b. The true positive cost Z c. The false negative cost d. The false positive cost EN In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the lowest priority risk? Select one: a. High likelihood, high impact b. Low likelihood, high impact c. Low likelihood, low impact d. High likelihood, low impact R hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of philosophy of mind? Select one: a. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of mind b. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of mind c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of artificial intelligence d. They have led to new discussions about the nature of consciousness What is a fuzzy rule in the context of fuzzy logic? Select one: a. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables b. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables c. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables d. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen? Z Select one: a. 50% b. 0% c. 100% EN d. It cannot be determined Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic? Select one: a. It can handle uncertainty and imprecision R b. It can provide a more human-like approach to decision making c. It is based on precise, binary values d. It can handle complex, non-linear relationships Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a godelized system of logic? Select one: a. It is able to prove all false statements within the system b. It is able to prove its own consistency c. It is able to prove all true statements within the system d. It is able to represent all possible statements within the system hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's W incompleteness theorems? Select one: a. The system must be consistent b. The system must be capable of expressing basic arithmetic Z c. The system must be complete d. The system must be finite What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory? EN Select one: a. PA set theory b. ZF set theory c. PA+ set theory d. ZFC set theory R What is the purpose of using a cost matrix in the binary case? Select one: a. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the predicted class b. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the actual class c. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the actual class d. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the predicted class hat is the primary advantage of using a breadth-first search algorithm over a depth-first W search algorithm? Select one: a. It is more accurate and reliable b. It explores the entire search space more thoroughly c. It is faster and requires less processing power d. It is easier to implement and understand Z In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand model? Select one: a. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula EN b. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula c. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula d. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the truth of multiple other statements? R Select one: a. Affirming the consequent b. Modus ponens c. Conjunction d. Modus tollens Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems? Select one: a. The completeness of formal systems b. The consistency of formal systems c. The consistency of arithmetic d. The incompleteness of formal systems hich of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in W economics? Select one: Z a. To model market equilibrium b. To predict consumer behavior c. To calculate the cost of production d. To model risk and uncertainty EN What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory? Select one: a. Decision making b. Statistics c. Belief R d. Probability If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5, what is the probability of both event A and B occurring? Select one: a. 0.5 b. 0 c. 1 d. 0.25 What is the primary goal of godelization? Select one: a. To encode information in a way that is resistant to tampering or corruption b. To create a system of logic that is consistent but incomplete c. To create a system of logic that is consistent and complete d. To prove the existence of God Z What is the goal of maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: a. To fit the data as closely as possible EN b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information c. To make the most accurate predictions about the data d. To maximize the likelihood of the data hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search W algorithms? R Select one: a. The number of processors in the computer b. The quality of the heuristic function c. The size of the search space d. The type of problem being solved How does the heuristic function in A* search work? Select one: a. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node b. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node c. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node In first-order predicate logic, what is a quantifier? Select one: a. A logical symbol that represents a negation b. A symbol that specifies the scope of a variable Z c. A function that returns a value based on its input d. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects In a cost matrix, what does the impact of a risk refer to? EN Select one: a. The probability of the risk occurring b. The severity of the risk c. The frequency of the risk d. The duration of the risk R hich of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when evaluating the W impact of a risk? Select one: a. Reputational impact b. Financial impact c. Legal impact d. Frequency of occurrence In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative called? Select one: a. The false positive cost b. The true negative cost c. The true positive cost d. The false negative cost Z hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of artificial intelligence? Select one: a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence EN c. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of supervised learning? Select one: a. The learning algorithm is able to learn from unstructured data R b. The learning algorithm is given examples of correct input-output pairs c. The learning algorithm is able to learn from small amounts of data d. The input and output variables are known in advance What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search? Select one: a. Depth-first search is more efficient b. Depth-first search is faster c. Depth-first search uses less memory . Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of d problems What is subjective probability? Select one: a. A probability based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences Z b. A probability based on statistical analysis c. A probability based on objective, observable data d. A probability based on a coin flip EN What is the probability of an event occurring if it is impossible to happen? Select one: a. 100% b. It cannot be determined c. 50% R d. 0% hat is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints over other W statistical models? Select one: a. It can handle outliers b. All of the above c. It can handle a large number of variables d. It can handle missing data In which type of games is minmax search commonly used? Select one: a. Games with random elements b. Single-player games c. Multiplayer games d. Games with perfect information, such as chess and tic-tac-toe Z What is the main goal of data mining? Select one: a. To visualize data in a meaningful way b. To discover patterns and relationships in data EN c. To collect as much data as possible d. To store and organize data efficiently hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered unprovable within W a godelized system of logic? Select one: R a. It is not a theorem of the system b. It is not a combination of theorems of the system c. It is not a negation of a theorem of the system d. It is not a contradiction of a theorem of the system hat is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search W algorithm? Select one: a. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time b. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time c. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time How is the Shannon entropy calculated in maximum entropy without explicit constraints? Select one: a. By summing the logarithms of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution Z b. By taking the mean of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution c. By summing the probabilities of all the events in the distribution d. By taking the median of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution EN In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to infer the truth of a statement based on the truth of its opposite? Select one: a. Modus ponens b. Modus tollens R c. Denying the antecedent d. Affirming the consequent What are some factors that can influence an individual's subjective probability? Select one: a. Personal beliefs, opinions, and experiences b. Objective, observable data and statistical analysis c. The outcome of a coin flip d. All of the above hich of the following data structures is typically used to implement a breadth-first search W algorithm? Select one: a. Stack b. Queue c. Hash table d. Heap Z Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorems? Select one: a. There are always true but unprovable statements within a given formal system EN b. There are always provable statements within a given formal system c. There are always unprovable statements within a given formal system d. There are always false but unprovable statements within a given formal system hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of cognitive science? Select one: R a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning c. They have led to the abandonment of the study of cognition d. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of philosophy? Select one: a. They have led to the development of new philosophical systems b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of reasoning c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality d. They have sparked debates about the limits of knowledge What is an example of a data mining task? Select one: a. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data b. Collecting data from multiple sources Z c. Visualizing data on a chart d. Organizing data into a database In first-order predicate logic, what is a substitution instance of a formula? EN Select one: a. A formula obtained by negating the original formula . A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the quantifiers in the original formula with b logical symbols . A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the variables in the original formula with c constants . A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the predicates in the original formula with d R functions What is an example of a problem that can be solved using depth-first search? Select one: a. Determining if a graph is bipartite b. Sorting a list of numbers c. Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph d. Finding the largest number in a list If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4, what is the probability of neither event A nor B occurring? Select one: a. 1 b. 0.4 c. 0.6 Z d. 0 In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive called? Select one: EN a. The false negative cost b. The true positive cost c. The false positive cost d. The true negative cost R In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to: Select one: a. Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event b. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have W influenced the field of computer science? Select one: a. They have sparked debates about the limitations of computation b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of computers c. They have led to the development of new algorithms d. They have led to the development of new programming languages In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of maximum ignorance? Z Select one: a. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of maximum ignorance b. They are independent of each other c. The principle of maximum ignorance is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy EN d. They are equivalent In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "plausibility function" is defined as: Select one: a. The likelihood that an event will occur b. The probability that an event will occur R c. The degree of belief that an event will occur d. The level of uncertainty about an event hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's W incompleteness theorems? Select one: a. The system must be complete b. The system must be consistent c. The system must be capable of expressing basic arithmetic d. The system must be finite hich of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when evaluating the W likelihood of a risk? Select one: a. Duration of the risk b. Probability of occurrence Z c. Severity of the risk d. Likelihood of detection In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "conflict function" is defined as: EN Select one: a. The degree of belief that an event will occur b. The likelihood that an event will occur c. The level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event d. The probability that an event will occur R Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in practice? Select one: a. To create unbreakable codes for secure communication b. To generate random numbers c. To prove the consistency of mathematical theories d. To verify the correctness of software programs In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand base? Select one: a. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula b. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula c. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula d. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula hich of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to assess and W manage risks? Select one: Z a. Determining the cost of each risk b. Implementing risk mitigation measures c. Identifying potential risks d. Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk EN If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4, what is the probability of either event A or B occurring? Select one: a. 0.1 b. 0.4 R c. 1 d. 0.6 Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic? Select one: a. It is based on precise, binary values b. It can handle complex, non-linear relationships c. It can handle uncertainty and imprecision d. It can provide a more human-like approach to decision making What is the principle of maximum entropy used for in statistical mechanics? Select one: a. To determine the probability distribution of a system's energy states b. To predict the movement of particles in a system c. To estimate the temperature of a system d. To calculate the pressure of a gas Z What is a disadvantage of fuzzy logic compared to traditional logical reasoning? Select one: a. It is less flexible and adaptable EN b. It is less accurate and reliable c. It is more difficult to implement and understand d. It is more computationally expensive What is the main principle behind greedy search algorithms? Select one: R a. Minimizing the cost of the path b. Minimizing the number of steps in the path c. Maximizing the number of steps in the path d. Maximizing the cost of the path In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to? Select one: a. The frequency of the risk b. The duration of the risk c. The impact of the risk d. The probability of the risk occurring What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices? Select one: a. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring Z b. To minimize the cost of risks c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring d. To minimize the impact of risks EN How might an individual's subjective probabilities change over time? Select one: . They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable
