AHS 132 Endocrine System Lecture Outline PDF

Okay, here is the transcription of the document you sent, converted into a structured markdown format. # Nassau Community College - Allied Health Sciences AHS 132 - Lecture Chapter Outlines Please complete this document using your text book and power points. This will serve as an excellent review f...

Okay, here is the transcription of the document you sent, converted into a structured markdown format. # Nassau Community College - Allied Health Sciences AHS 132 - Lecture Chapter Outlines Please complete this document using your text book and power points. This will serve as an excellent review for the Lecture (and Lab) test. ## Chapter 18 – Endocrine System Endocrinology = Endocrine System = Glands Exocrine= ducts Endocrine= ductless and secrete hormones True Glands * Pituitary * Thyroid * Parathyroid Adrenal * Adrenal * Pineal Organs with Endocrine Cells * Hypothalamus * Pancreas * Ovaries * Testes * Kidney * Stomach Thymus * Small Intestine * Skin * Heart * Adipose * Liver * Placenta Neuroendocrine System = Pituitary Gland = Hypothalamus = Homeostasis = Intercellular Communication (between and among cells) = Direct = Paracrine = Autocrine = Endocrine = Target Cells = Hormones = 1. Amino Acid derivatives (Biogenic Amines) = Catecholamines = * Epinephrine * Norepinephrine * Dopamine Thyroid hormones = Tryptophan derivatives = * Melatonin = * Serotonin = 2. Peptide Hormones = * ADH / Oxytocin = * Insulin = * GH = * Prolactin = * TSH = * FSH = * LH = 3. Lipid Derivatives= * Steroid hormones * Androgens = * Estrogens = * Progesterone = * Corticosteroids = * Calcitriol = * Eicosanoids= * Leukotrienes from leukocytes = * Prostaglandins from most cells= * Thromboxanes = * Prostacyclins = Hormone Target Area= Local= Paracrines= Long Distance= Endocrines Hormone Transport= Water soluble= Lipid soluble= Hormone Mechanism of Action= Water soluble= Lipid Soluble= Mechanism of Hormone action = a- b- c- Hormone Function = Down Regulation= Up Regulation= Hormones and Receptors+ First Messenger = Second Messenger = CAMP, cGMP, Ca ions Control of Hormone Release= Endocrine Reflexes= Negative Feedback = The Pituitary Gland= Hypophysis = Hypothalamus (Neural Stimulus) = ADH = OXT = Infidibulum= Anterior Pituitary= Adenohypophysis= Regions = * hGH= * TSH= * FSH= * PRL= * ACTH= * MSH= * LH= - above hormones are controlled by the Hypothalamus via * Releasing hormones= * Inhibiting hormones= - travel via * Hypophyseal Portal System = CNS Impulses → Neurosecretory Cells release Inh / Rel Hormones from axon term → Primary Plexus → Hypophyseal Portal System → Secondary Plexus → glandular cells (Adenohypophysis) = Oxytocin (OT) = ADH (Vasopressin)= both made in Hypothalamus travel through axons = Hypothalamohypophyseal Tract= PPoPPosteto be stored in Posterior Pituitary Gland rior Pituitary SEE FIG 18-9 and TABLE 18-8a ### The Thyroid Gland * Butterfly shape * 2 lobes connected by Isthmus * Follicular Cells = line follicles and secrete * T3 - Triiodthyronine = active form * T4 - Thyroxine = * [T4] > [T3] * T4 converted to T3 in blood * Thyroglobulin = * C (clear) cells = * Calcitonin = * Actions of thyroid hormones: * Glycolysis and Oxygen usage = * Calorigenic Effect * BMR = basal metabolic rate = inc BMR → inc 02 usage → inc ATP production→ Calorigenic Effect Regu late Meta bolis m = * Production/ Release: * lodine- * Tyrosine- * Negative Feedback- Inc serum $[T3/T4]$ → dec TRH → dec TSH → dec secretion of T3/T4 * Parafollicular Cells = C Cells = secrete * Calcitonin = * Actions: ### The Parathyroid Glands * Usually 4 glands on lobes of thyroid gland * Principle Cells = Parathyroid Cells = * Actions: increase bone resorption Release: * Negative Feedback ### Adrenal Glands= Suprarenal Glands * 2 glands - R / L * Sit on top of kidney * Retroperitoneal * At level of 12th rib * Two sections to the gland: * Adrenal Cortex= 80 to 90% of the gland * 24+ Steroid hormones called Adrenocorticosteroids / Corticosteroids * Adrenal Medulla= 10to 20% of the gland Epinephrine and Norepinephrine * Direct Sympathetic Nervous System control from Hypothalamus., * Adrenal Cortex Three Zones: * Zona Glomerulosa * secretes Mineralocorticoids= 95% of which is Aldosterone = Actions: 1. 2. 3. Renin - Angiotensin System * Angiotensinogen (liver) Renin (juxtaglomerulo cells of kidney) * Angiotensin 1 (in blood) ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) * Angiotensin 2 ( in blood of lung capillaries) * Systemic Blood = allowing: * secretion of * Aldosterone * Vasoconstriction ### Zona Fasciculata * secretes Glucocorticoids * Corticosterone * Cortisone Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) - 95% of all activity Actions: * 1. * 2. * 3. * 4. * 5. * 6. Anti - inflammatory effects = ### Zona Reticularis * secretes Androgens - very small, sometimes insignificant * Actions: Male= converted to testosterone Female = converted to estrogen ### Adrenal Medulla * Active cells called the Chromaffin Cells which secrete: * Epinephrine (adrenalin) – 75% = * Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)= * Actions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. * Triggers: * 1. * 2. ### Pancreas * Is both an endocrine and exocrine gland * 3 parts: head, body, tail * 99% secretion of digestive enzymes from acini (cells arranged in an acinus) * 1% secretion of endocrine hormones from Pancreatic Islets (islets of Langerhans) ### Pancreatic Islets * Beta cells= 70% = * Alpha cells= 20% = * Delta cells= 5% = * (F cells) - Pancreatic Polypeptide Cells= 5% = * Insulin= * Actions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. * Triggers / Controls: 1. 2. 3. 4. * Glucagon= * Actions: 1. 2. * Triggers / Controls: 1. 2. 3. * Diabetes Mellitus = * Type 1 = * Type 2 = ### Pineal Gland= * small gland attached to roof of 3rd ventricle in epithalarnus * covered by pia mater capsule * composed of neurons, neuroglia and Pinealocytes= which secrete: Melatonin (from serotonin)= Actions: 1. 2. 3. ### Ovaries= R/L side of fallopian tubes secretes: * Estrogens = Estradiol is principle estrogen = * Progesterone= * Relaxin= * Inhibin= ### Testes= 2- R/L in scrotum * secrete: Testosterone (Interstitial Cells) = Inhibin (Nurse Cells (Sertoli Cells)) = ### Thymus Gland = In mediastinum * secretes: Thymosin = a blend of hormones Thymic Humoral Factor Thymic Factor Thymopoietin * Actions: * Intestines = Enteroendocrine Cells = ### Kidneys = * Calcitriol * Erythropoietin = * Renin = Cascade Adipose = * Leptin = Stress – General Adaptation Syndrome =