Introduction to Agriculture (Agric 1100) PDF

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED Introduction to Agriculture (Agric 1100) Carl Michael P. Lim Department of Soil Science College of Agriculture Central Luzon State University Agriculture and The Ecosystem Introduction Land as an Ecosystem Properties of an Ecosystem Agriculture...

ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED Introduction to Agriculture (Agric 1100) Carl Michael P. Lim Department of Soil Science College of Agriculture Central Luzon State University Agriculture and The Ecosystem Introduction Land as an Ecosystem Properties of an Ecosystem Agriculture and the Environment Environmental and Social Issues in Agriculture  Introduction Land has been man’s habitat and living space. It is where most of his sustenance and much of his fuel (food), clothing, and shelter has been drawn. Since land in itself is so diverse, its uses are equally diverse.  Introduction The land may be used for growing food or timber for housing, airports, factories, recreational spaces, and many other uses that reflect the complexities of modern life. Introduction There are many standpoints from which land uses may be considered. The land is considered as an ecosystem Land as an Ecosystem Land as an Ecosystem An ecosystem is defined as a recognizable, defined area of the earth, sharing common structural features and being maintained by specific interrelated biotic and abiotic processes.  Land as an Ecosystem An ecosystem is composed of biotic and abiotic components All of these components interact with each other to create a balanced, self- sustaining system.  Land as an Ecosystem Man comes at the end of the food chain, consuming directly in the forms of plant products such as vegetables or in the form of meat and milk produced by animals that feed on plant materials. Land as an Ecosystem In using land as an ecosystem, man seeks to manipulate the ecological processes Land as an Ecosystem Furthermore, humans intervene to act as managers of the ecosystem. Land as an Ecosystem Humans act as managers of ecosystems by implementing practices that aim to balance resource use with environmental health. This includes: Land as an Ecosystem 1. Sustainable Agriculture - Using crop rotation, organic farming, and integrated pest management to enhance soil health and reduce chemical use. Land as an Ecosystem 2. Conservation Efforts - Protecting natural habitats, restoring degraded lands, and preserving biodiversity through national parks and wildlife reserves. Land as an Ecosystem 3. Water Management - Implementing irrigation systems, rainwater harvesting, and watershed management to ensure efficient water use. Land as an Ecosystem 4. Urban Planning: - Designing cities with green spaces, efficient waste management, and sustainable transportation to minimize environmental impact. Land as an Ecosystem 5. Policy and Regulation - Enforcing environmental laws and regulations to protect ecosystems from overexploitation and pollution.  Land as an Ecosystem In using land, he/she almost invariably simplifies the ecosystem by removing or suppressing the components for which it has no use to him/her and imposing a single-species plantation crop or a field of rice. Properties of an Ecosystem Stability Resilience Self-organization Diversity (Complexity) Efficiency (Productivity) Equitability Sustainability Properties of an Ecosystem Stability The ability of the system to maintain some form of equilibrium in the presence of perturbations (storms/earthquakes/fires, etc.) Properties of an Ecosystem Resilience The ability to maintain or re-establish structure and behavior when disturbed or the rate of return to equilibrium rather than disturbance. In an agroecosystem, this is the ability to maintain productivity in the face of stress or disturbances. Properties of an Ecosystem Self-organization The ability to maintain or re-establish itself through mutually reinforcing interactions. Properties of an Ecosystem Diversity (Complexity) Diversity refers to the number of species or biotic richness of an ecosystem while complexity refers to both the number of system components and the number and nature of their interactions. Properties of an Ecosystem Efficiency (Productivity) Describes the output per unit input applied in the system. Ecological efficiency, on the other hand, is the conversion of food resources to biomass by organisms. Properties of an Ecosystem Equitability Represents the evenness of both product distribution and access to inputs within an ecosystem. Properties of an Ecosystem Sustainability simply refers to the ability of an ecosystem to maintain structure and functions indefinitely or the long-term stability.  Agriculture and the Environment Agriculture and the Environment The highest land use in terms of area is agriculture. “Land use” is the term used to describe the human use of land. Agriculture and the Environment At the global scale, it is the most significant land use in terms of environmental impacts. Agriculture and the Environment The modern agricultural practices and techniques, transformed agricultural production tremendously, but at the cost of environmental consequences.  Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Fertilizers Farm Chemicals Farm Wastes Soil Erosion Drainage Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Fertilizers The use of fertilizers has grown tremendously. There is evidence that nitrate levels in both rivers and ground waters have increased as a result of N fertilizers. Nitrates in drinking water poses health hazards especially in pregnant women as this may cause blue-baby syndrome. Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Fertilizers Eutrophication is another impact of excessive N and P fertilizer application. In this phenomenon, phytoplankton and other aquatic plants become more abundant and when the increased mass of OM decomposers, the dissolved oxygen content of water may be depleted. Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Farm Chemicals –The use of pesticides (chemicals used to control pests and diseases) and herbicides (for weeds) have increased parallel with the use of the fertilizer. Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Farm Chemicals – These include other related chemicals used in agricultural production such as insecticides, fungicides, bactericides, molluscicides, and others. – It is estimated that about 70-90% of the crop-grown areas of the world received pesticides during the production period. Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Farm Chemicals –Pesticides play a vital role in modern intensive agriculture for without their use, cereal crop production would fall estimated at 24% to 45%. Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Farm Chemicals These are toxic to wide range of organisms affecting even those non- target species. Another effect is that some pests develop resistance, thus increasing doses of new types of chemicals required to achieve pest control. Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Farm Wastes Agricultural and animal wastes are significant environmental burdens that may lead to ground and water pollution if not utilized properly. For example, the burning of agricultural wastes results in air pollution and emission of the GHG. Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Soil Erosion Soil erosion is the wearing away of soil particles either by water or wind. Its undesirable consequences are sedimentation, siltation of rivers, and to other water bodies, eutrophication, decrease of soil fertility, and low yields. Impacts of Agriculture to the Environment Drainage Because of the pressure of population increase, wetlands are being drained and used for crop and animal production. Environmental and Social Issues in Agriculture Environmental and Social Issues in Agriculture the main concerns are; Resource degradation Pollution Loss of habitats and biodiversity Increase in natural risks Impact on food quality and consumer health  Resource Degradation Land degradation happens when there is; ▪ Overgrazing – the practice of grazing too many livestock for too long a period on land unable to recover its vegetation ▪ Intensive cultivation ▪ Fires (forest fires) ▪ Improper water management ▪ Improper waste management ▪Improper irrigation practice causing salinization and water logging Pollution Pollution is the main concern in areas of intensive cultivation. The causes are: ▪ Agrochemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides, ▪ Poor waste management from livestock production including improper manure handling, slaughterhouses, and food processing plants. Burning of crop residues Loss of habitat and biodiversity Natural water resources taken for irrigation may also destroy water habitats. Fencing, competition with livestock, habitat degradation, disturbances, poaching, and hunting may deplete wildlife. Increase in natural threats Greenhouse gas emitted to the air caused the ‘greenhouse effect’ which is a major cause of climate change. Global warming then increases floods, hurricanes, droughts, desertification, and melting of glaciers and permafrost. Deforestation and overgrazing increases flood risk, land degradation, landslides, and mudflows. Impact on food quality and consumer health Irrigation water which are contaminated, inappropriate agrochemicals, and unhygienic treatment and storage may spoil agricultural products. Some diseases of animals can be transmitted to humans. Impact on food quality and consumer health Antibiotics which are poorly administered including other veterinary chemicals can enhance the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria, with detrimental effects to humans and animals.  Reporting Topics 1. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues of High-Value Agriculture 2. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Smallholder Agriculture 3. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Livestock Development and Rangeland Management  Reporting Topics 4. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Agro-enterprise and Forest- based Enterprise Development 5. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Fisheries Development 6. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Forestry Development 7. Rice and the Green Revolution 1. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues of High Value Agriculture AMBA, Jhay-Em B. AGAT, Danna Paola S. ANTONIO, Dexter M ALBOR, Johrine M. ASUNCION, Raily Joaquin D. ANTONIO, Trixie S. BERCASIO, Angel B. BUNAO, Maritoni B. 2. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Smallholder Agriculture AUSTRIA, Brylee Jamir S. CORPUZ, Sofia Bianca E. CORREA, Howell Elisha V. CUARESMA, Glenises B. DE LEON, Paul Simon U. DE LEON, Jasmine M DELA CRUZ, Jean Maeumi E. GARCIA, Angeline S. 3. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Livestock Development and Rangeland Management FAJARDO, Aerol June A. IGNACIO, Jhalen F. GARMA, Vryant James A. JOSON, Dion Y. LAZARO, Austine Kyle B. KITONGAN, Diane Rose F. LANSANG, Jaimie D. LAPURGA, Jenifer C. 4. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Agro- enterprise and Forest-based Enterprise Development MARQUEZ, Ammiel Marius V. MADAYAG, Krizela Claire S. PASARDAN, Lance Vincent L. MALBINO, Laira R. PASCUAL, Frederick D. MANALASTAS, Angel P. MERCADO, Chyrille Anne A. MERCADO, Mary Kaye  5. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Fisheries Development PASCUAL, Sydney James D. MIRANDA, Hanna Joy T. SONIEGA, Addrian M. ORATA, Maria Luiza W. PACARIEM, Ma. Sohainah C. PARUNGAO, Alzerey B. PASCUAL, Prizcia Jhoie C. 6. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Forestry Development SORIANO, Rodelio V. RAIZ, Zannieh H SORIANO, Zedrick Adrian M. RAMOS, Jillian Mae F. RAMOS, Mayela Fhey A. RESPICIO, Krishan Ann Rozz D. SANTIAGO, Lharraine Mae B. SAPLA, Cyrile Ann G.  7. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Rice and the Green Revolution TANAEL, Arjay G. SEMILLA, Marah Elim Keyl M. TOQUERO, Jess R. SERRANO, Verlyn H. SUMAWAY, Ryzza Micah D. TELLES, Isabel A. TOLENTINO, Jemima Nicole V. VILLAR, Arianne Kim V. DURATION: 20-30 minutes per topic, including the Q&A and 10-item quiz. 1. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues of High Value Agriculture ABANDO, Abigail C. ALCANTARA, Arniño V. ANGELES, Aerielle Hart R. ARABIA, Arman Francis A. APALES, Mary Rose G. BAUTISTA, John Andrei D. ARCO, Chloe Faye M. BORJA, Jonvic G. 2. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Smallholder Agriculture ASUNCION, Aliah Coline R. BULOS, Rizal Lee T. ASUNCION, Crystal Mae S. CABADIDO, Melvin L. AVILA, Rey Ann P. CABIARA, Toby C. BALDOZ, Realyn B. CACHO, Genesis T.  3. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Livestock Development and Rangeland Management BAUTISTA, Angie R. CATALON, Quer L. BUENO, Christine Hazel S. CLAUS, Lance David V. DE JESUS, Elizandra C. DACANAY, Gillian V. DEL VALLE, Erika D. DALUSONG, Efren R. 4. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Agro- enterprise and Forest-based Enterprise Development FUENTES, Liezel P. DANIEL, Ardee V. GALANG, Laurence D. DELA CRUZ, John Lloyd V. IBARRA, Trixie T. ESTEBAN, Troy Jerome R. JULIAN, Alexandra P. GARIBAY, Steven Lee P.  5. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Fisheries Development LASAM, Ellen May A. GREGORIO, Kyle V. MAGALONG, Rose - Marie G. JARDINEZ, Josua A. MARTIN, Allyssa Mae B. LUCES, Jaylord P. ORLANDA, Jade B. MANANGHAYA, Kyle M. 6. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Forestry Development PASCUAL, Precious Mae L. ONTAL, Jhon Carlo D. SAGNIP, Xanda Allyssa L. PANAHON, Patrick Angelo P. SAGUN, Rain Kylie S. QUINTINO, Gian Carlo G. SANTOS, Jazreel C. REYES, Rich Clarence P.  7. Environmental and Socio-Economic Issues on Rice and the Green Revolution SUBA, Jocelyn T. SANCHEZ, Christian Jairuz B. TAGUINOD, Blaise Nicole L. SANTOS, Joshed TALAVERA, Ma. Alexandra L. TAGUIAM, Dwayne Jared F. UGALI, Precious N. TRIUMFANTE, Jaspher O. VILLANUEVA, Queen Princess N. DURATION: 20-30 minutes per topic, including the Q&A and 10-item quiz.  Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Satisfactory (2) Needs Unsatisfactory (0) Improvement (1) Content Demonstrates a Shows good Basic Limited No understanding Knowledge deep understanding understanding; understanding; understanding; demonstrated; of the topic; covers main points covers essential significant gaps in irrelevant content. integrates theory but may lack some points but lacks content knowledge. and practice depth. detail or clarity. effectively. Organization Well-organized; Generally Some organization; Poorly organized; No organization; clear introduction, organized; minor ideas may be difficult to follow; chaotic or body, and issues in structure unclear or jumbled lacks clear disjointed conclusion; logical but overall at times. structure. presentation. flow of ideas. coherent. Presentation Skills Engaging delivery; Good delivery; Satisfactory Weak delivery; No effective excellent eye maintains some eye delivery; minimal poor eye contact; delivery; contact, body contact; clear but eye contact; may lacks clarity and disengaged and language, and vocal may lack struggle with clarity confidence. unclear. clarity; confident. engagement. or engagement. Use of Visual Aids Effective use of Good use of visual Some use of visual Little or no use of No visual aids used. visual aids; aids; supports aids; somewhat visual aids; does enhances content but may relevant but not not enhance understanding; not be fully effectively utilized. understanding. well-prepared and optimized. relevant. Q&A Engagement Actively engages Responds to Limited Avoids audience No engagement with the audience; questions engagement during engagement; during Q&A; no answers questions adequately; shows Q&A; answers may struggles to answer answers provided. thoroughly and some engagement lack depth. questions. thoughtfully. with the audience. Relevance to Directly addresses Addresses most Addresses some Limited relevance No relevance to Learning Outcomes all specified outcomes; clear outcomes; to outcomes; few learning outcomes; learning outcomes; connections but connections may be connections made. disconnected insightful lacks depth in some superficial or presentation connections made. areas. unclear.