Age of Exploration PDF

AGE OF EXPLORATION The end of Black Death increased the population of Europe and they wanted Asian Goods, particularly SPICES (used to keep foods from spoiling, to make medicines and perfumes). During the 1400s, Muslim & Italian merchants controlled the trade routes between Asia and Europ...

AGE OF EXPLORATION The end of Black Death increased the population of Europe and they wanted Asian Goods, particularly SPICES (used to keep foods from spoiling, to make medicines and perfumes). During the 1400s, Muslim & Italian merchants controlled the trade routes between Asia and Europe. Europeans knew direct trade w/Asia would make them rich.... So, they began to look for new routes to Asia.  Foundations of Exploration Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration Drive to Explore New Routes Faith, Curiosity Search for wealth Hoped to find new, Other explorers hoped to faster routes to Asia to spread their faith into Europeans desired gain trade foothold new lands expensive luxury goods Another motive—simple Wealth not only goal - curiosity Flow of goods controlled some set out to find fame, glory by Italian merchants – Writings like Marco also blocked by Polo’s very popular in Ottoman Empire Hoped making great Europe, intrigued many Charged high prices for discoveries would bring with tales of exotic these rare goods honor to their names lands, peoples Advances in Technology: Navigation Sailors needed precise means to calculate location Compass brought to Europe from China, let sailors know which direction was north at any time Europeans learned to use astrolabe from Muslims Navigators could chart location based on sun, stars in relation to horizon Advances in Technology: Shipbuilding Deep-draft ships could withstand heavier waves – rode lower in water and had larger cargo holds Caravel, light, fast sailing ship; two features made it highly maneuverable: rudder and triangular sails – lateen; equipped with weapons Maneuverability, defensive ability made caravel most popular for exploring  What were the motives for exploration? Three motives for exploration: gold – opportunities for riches God – religious zeal glory – spirit of adventure  What technology made exploration possible? Chinese rudder introduced in 12th century Square sails replaced by triangular lateen sales -- Work better with cross winds Navigational instruments: astrolabe, cartographers, magnetic compass Knowledge of winds, currents  Explorers from Portugal and Spain The Portuguese The Spanish First country to launch large-scale 1492, Christopher Columbus; 1493, voyages of exploration returned to Spain - Spanish believed Columbus found new route to Asia, hailed him as hero Prince Henry the Navigator - patron, supporter of those who wished to explore 1502 Explorer Amerigo Vespucci sailed coast of South America - not Asia 1513, Núñez de Balboa - Pacific Ocean Early 1400s: established Navigation - Spanish realized they needed to cross Court - ultimate goal—find water route another ocean to reach Asia around Africa to India - Vasco da Gama (1497–1499) 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set out for 1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to Spain with five ships, 250 men 1522, 18 survivors of original fleet sail around southern tip of Africa arrived back in Spain, first to circum- navigate world Portugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation  Voyages to the Americas The Portuguese were the first successful European explorers. Who was the most important figure in the History of Spanish Exploration? Christopher Columbus sails the Atlantic Ocean in August 3, 1492 and lands in Hispañola (an island in the Caribbean Sea) in October 12, 1492. Others: Ferdinand Magellan, John Cabot, Francisco Pizarro, Vasco de Gama Page 408 Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: established a line of demarcation between territories controlled by Portugal (east of the line) and Spain (west of the line)  Review: 1. The first European explorers were the_________ 2. The end of the ___________ paved the way for voyages of discovery. 3. The main reason for a sea route to Asia was for _______. 4. The wealthiest European power at this time was_________. 5. The division of the world was done by the _____________. 6. Which country gained more? 7. What challenges do you see?  Why did Spanish explorers travel to the Americas? Spanish explorers traveled to the Americas to: - find riches - to convert people to Christianity  How did the Spanish conquer the Aztecs? 1- Superior technology; horses; Spanish muskets & canons; metal helmets & armor protected the Spanish from the Indians’ arrows & spears 2 – Native Americans allied w/the Spanish 3 – Disease wiped out the Indian population  Explorers from the Rest of Europe By early 1500s the English and French were exploring northern parts of the Americas; Dutch later joined in explorations. The English The French 1497, first major English voyage of Sent explorers to look for Northwest discovery launched Passage John Cabot sailed to Atlantic coast of what 1534, Jacques Cartier sailed past is now Canada Newfoundland into St. Lawrence River, claimed land as province of New 1577, Sir Francis Drake – sailed north to France, now Canada seek route around North America Weather too cold, headed west around the The Dutch world to get back to England - second By 1600s Netherlands powerful trading man to circumnavigate the globe nation, hoped to find new products, trading partners 1607, Henry Hudson and Northwest Passage  Effects of European Exploration How did European exploration lead to a global exchange? What economic changes occurred in Europe in 1500-1600s? A global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas and technology began. Since this exchange started w/Columbus, it is called the Columbian Exchange. From the Americas TO Europe, Africa, Asia: silver, gold hides dyes potatoes* (Peru) tobacco sweet potato cotton Cacao beans beans maize (corn) peanut tomato squash pineapple pumpkin chili pepper turkey vanilla avocado From Europe, Africa, Asia TO the Americas : wheat, rice, cattle, horse, goat, barley, oats, sheep, chicken, coffee cat, dog, goose, banana rabbit, pig onion honey bee grape (wine) smallpox, dandelion influenza, malaria, measles citrus fruits hoe, scissors sugar cane  Economic Impact and Competition The increase of trade w/colonies encouraged European capitalism: -- investment of $$$ * European nations adopted a new policy: mercantilism: dominated economic thought in the 17th century; the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver – mother country benefited from the colonies’ $; colonies were used to support mother country w/ raw materials & to buy its goods  From Mining to Plantation Agriculture Tainos occasionally rebel, but outgunned by Spanish military technology Smallpox epidemics begin 1518 – Spaniards launch raids to kidnap and replace workers, spread disease further – Taino society disappears by middle of 16th century Limited gold production causes new interest in exploiting Caribbean for sugarcane production *** Requires massive importation of slaves: The Slave Trade 24  The Triangular Trade Page 416 * The triangular trade marked the emergence of a new world economy (connected Europe, Africa, the Americas; manufactured goods from Europe were sent to Africa, where they were exchanged for slaves, who were sent to the Americas, where they were exchanged for raw materials that were then sent to Europe)  Mercantilism New Economic Policy Balance of Trade 1500s, Europeans developed new Mercantilists built wealth two ways— economic policy, mercantilism extract gold, silver from mines at home, colonies; sell more goods than it bought Nation’s strength depended on its from foreign countries = favorable balance of trade wealth - wealthy nation had power for military and expanded influence Favorable balance of trade - country received more gold, silver from other Wealth measured by amount of gold, nations than it paid to them - increased silver possessed by nation its power; weakened foreign competitors Mercantilists believed there was fixed Tariffs on imports; encouraged exports amount of wealth in world that could sell for higher prices than raw materials; controlled sources Mercantilism led to intense Building colonial empires essential to competition between nations mercantilist system – control of resources  THE DUTCH 1. In the late 1500s A.D. the Dutch enjoyed one of the highest standards of living among all the Europeans. They had grown wealthy through trade and commerce. 2. In the late 16th century, the Dutch had thrown off Spanish control in Europe and entered into a period of frantic economic expansion. 3. Although they gained fair amount of wealth and power, their homeland was small, and there was little room for farming or manufacturing. In order to maintain their wealth, the Dutch decided to look at colonizing new lands. 4. They were looking for more wealth; more power and the Destruction of Portuguese trade monopoly in South East Asia 5. This plan was supported by: The Dutch East India Company The Dutch West India Company Dutch King / Government Dutch Navy Dutch Merchants  THE DUTCH Where and when did the explorers go? Caribbean- Netherlands Antilles (1620) Virgin Islands (1625) Tobago (1625-1677) South America- Chile (1600) Guyana (1616) Brazil (1630) Suriname (1650)  Review 1. What was the system of mercantilism? 2. How did European countries react to the Treaty of Tordesillas? 3. Why were countries competing for the ‘New World’? 4. What was the motive of the Dutch? 5. Who gained from the initial contact with the Europeans? 6. What happened to the native population?