AFCAT Polity Revision PDF: Indian Constitution & Polity Compilation

 COMPLETE POLITY REVISION  COMPLETE POLITY COMPILATION FIRST CABINET 1. 1ST PRIME MINISTER PT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU 2. 1ST HOME MINISTER VALLABHBHAI PATEL...

 COMPLETE POLITY REVISION  COMPLETE POLITY COMPILATION FIRST CABINET 1. 1ST PRIME MINISTER PT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU 2. 1ST HOME MINISTER VALLABHBHAI PATEL 3. 1ST RAILWAY MINISTER JOHN MATHAI 4. 1ST DEFENCE MINISTER SARDAR BALDEV SINGH 5. 1ST FINANCE MINISTER RK SHANMUGAM CHETTY 6. 1ST EXTERNAL MINISTER JAWAHARLAL NEHRU 7. 1ST LAW MINISTER DR B.R AMBEDKAR 8. 1ST EDUCATION MINISTER MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD 9. 1ST FOOD AND AGRICULTURE MINISTER RAJENDRA PRASAD 10. 1ST MINISTER OF COMMERCE HOMI JAHANGIR BABA COMMITTEES AND THEIR HEADS COMMITTEES HEAD 1. COMMITTEE ON RULES OF PROCEDURE RAJENDER PRASAD 2. COMMITTEE ON FUNCTIONS OF CONSTITUENT G.V MAVALANKAR ASSEMBLY 3. STATES COMMITTEE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU 4. ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS, VALLABHBHAI PATEL MINORITIES AND TRIBAL AND EXCLUDED AREAS 5. DRAFTING COMMITTEE DR BR AMBEDKAR 6. UNION POWER COMMITTEE JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU INTRODUCTION TO CONSTITUTION  THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY WAS SET UP AS PER ‘CABINET MISSION’ OF 1946.  THE FIRST MEETING WAS HELD ON 9THDEC 1946 UNDER THE PRESIDENTSHIP OF  SACHIDANAND SINHA (PROVISIONAL PRESIDENT)  DR RAJENDER PRASAD BECAME ITS FIRST PRESIDENT.  THE ‘CONSTITUTION OF INDIA’ WAS ADOPTED ON 26 NOVEMBER 1949  MEMBERS OF DRAFTING COMMITTEE – 1. N GOPALASWAMI AYYANGAR 2. AK AYYAR 3. KM MUNSHI 4. MOHAMMED SADULLAH 5 DP KHAITAN (LATER TT KRISHNAMACHARI) 6 BL MITTAR (N MADHAV RAO)  IT TOOK 2 YEARS 11 MONTHS 18 DAYS FOR MAKING OF CONSTITUTION  CONSTITUTIONAL ADVISOR WAS “B.N RAO”  DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF CONSTITUTION IS 26 JAN 1950  “26 NOVEMBER” IS OBSERVED AS CONSTITUTION DAY  SOURCES OF CONSTITUTION COUNTRY BORROWED FEATURE 1. AUSTRALIA CONCURRENT LIST FREEDOM OF TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE JOINT SITTING OF THE TWO HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT 2. CANADA FEDERATION WITH STRONG CENTRE VESTING OF RESIDUARY POWERS IN CENTRE APPOINTMENT OF STATE GOVERNOR BY THE CENTRE ADVISORY JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COURT 3. IRELAND DPSP NOMINATION OF MEMBERS IN RAJYA SABHA METHOD OF ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT 4. JAPAN PROCEDURE ESTABLISHED BY LAW 5. USSR FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES IDEALS OF JUSTICE IN PREAMBLE 6. UK PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT RULE OF LAW SINGLE CITIZENSHIP CABINET SYSTEMS BICAMERALISM PREROGATIVE WRITS PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES 7. US FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS INDEPENDENCE OF JUDICIARY JUDICIAL REVIEW IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT POST OF VICE PRESIDENT REMOVAL OF SUPREME COURT AND HIGH COURT JUDGE 8. GERMANY SUSPENSION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS DURING EMERGENCY 9. SOUTH AFRICA ELECTION OF MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA PROCEDURE FOR AMENDMENT IN INDIAN CONSTITUTION 10. FRANCE REPUBLIC IDEALS OF EQUALITY, FRATERNITY, LIBERTY IN THE PREAMBLE NATIONAL SYMBOLS NATIONAL SYMBOL INFORMATION REGARDING IT 1. NATIONAL FLAG THE DESIGN OF THE NATIONAL FLAG WAS ADOPTED ON 22 JULY 1947 THE RATIO OF WIDTH TO LENGTH IS 2:3  THE DESIGN OF THE WHEEL AT THE CENTRE IS TAKEN FROM THE ABACUS OF THE SARNATH LION CAPITAL OF ASHOKA THE “DHARMACHAKRA” AT THE CENTRE HAS 24 SPOKES. DESIGNED BY “PINGALI VENKAYYA”  2. NATIONAL EMBLEM THE NATIONAL EMBLEM IS AN ADAPTATION FROM THE SARNATH LION CAPITAL OF ASHOKA THE FOUR SMALLER ANIMALS AT THE BOTTOM OF NATIONAL EMBLEM ARE HORSE, BULL, LION AND ELEPHANT. THE NATIONAL EMBLEM WAS ADOPTED BY GOI ON 26 JANUARY 1950. “SATYAMEV JAYATE” INSCRIBED HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM MUNDAKA UPANISHAD. WRITTEN IN “DAVANAGARI SCRIPT” 3. NATIONAL ANTHEM THE NATIONAL ANTHEM “JANA GANA MANA” WAS FIRST SUNG AT THE CALCUTTA SESSION OF INC IN 1911 DECEMBER. ADOPTED ON 24 JAN 1950 THE SONG WAS COMPOSED BY RABINDRANATH TAGORE THE PLAYING TIME FOR THE FULL VERSION OF THE SONG IS 52 SECONDS. 4. NATIONAL SONG THE NATIONAL SONG “VANDE MATARAM” HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM BANKIM CHANDRA CHATTERJEE’S ANAND MATH. IT WAS FIRST SUNG AT 1896 KOLKATA SESSION OF INC. ADOPTED ON 24 JANUARY 1950. 5. NATIONAL CALENDER BASED ON “SAKA ERA” ADOPTED ON 22 MARCH 1957 6. NATIONAL BIRD PEACOCK (PAVO CRISTATUS) 7. NATIONAL ANIMAL TIGER (PANTHERA TIGRIS) 8. NATIONAL FRUIT MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA) 9. NATIONAL FLOWER LOTUS (NELUMBO NUCIFERA) 10. NATIONAL TREE BANYAN (FICUS BENGHALENSIS) 11. NATIONAL AQUATIC ANIMAL DOLPHIN (PLATANISTA GANGETICA) 12. NATIONAL RIVER THE GANGA PARTS OF CONSTITUTION PART SUBJECT ARTICLE 1. PART 1 UNION AND ITS TERRITORY ART 1- 4 2. PART 2 CITIZENSHIP ART5-11 3. PART 3 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ART12-35 4. PART4 DPSP ART36-51  5. PART 4A FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES ART 51A 6. PART 5 UNION ART 52 - 151 7. PART 6 STATES ART152- 237 8. PART 8 THE UNION TERRITORIES ART239 - 242 9. PART 9 THE PANCHAYATS ART243 – 243O 10. PART 9 A THE MUNICIPALITIES ART 243P – 243ZG 11. PART 9 B THE COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES ART 243ZH – 243ZT THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL ART 244 TO 244A 12. PART 10 AREAS 13. PART 16 EMERGENCY ART352 - 360 14. PART 20 AMENDMENT ART 368 PREAMBLE  BASED ON “OBJECTIVE RESOLUTION” MOVED BY PT JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU  42n CAA 1976 ADDED THREE NEW WORDS SOCIALIST, SECULAR AND INTEGRITY.  IDEAS OF JUSTICE (SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC) HAVE BEEN TAKEN FROM USSR d  IDEAS OF LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FRATERNITY HAVE BEEN TAKEN FROM FRENCH REVOLUTION. WE, the people of INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic and secure to all its citizen. Justice, social, economic and political Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship Equality of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation. In our constituent assembly on this 26th day of November, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this Constitution. SCHEDULE OF CONSTITUTION NAME OF SCHEDULE INFORMATION RELATED TO IT 1. FIRST SCHEDULE Contains the list of states and union territories and their territories. 2. SECOND SCHEDULE Contains provisions of salary and allowances to the President, Governors of States, Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House of the People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of  the Legislative Council of a State, the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High Courts and the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India. 3. THIRD SCHEDULE Contains the Forms of Oaths or Affirmations. 4. FOURTH SCHEDULE Contains provisions as to the allocation of seats in the Council of States. 5. FIFTH SCHEDULE Contains provisions as to the Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes. 6. SIXTH SCHEDULE Contains provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. 7. SEVENTH SCHEDULE Contains the Union list, State list and the concurrent list. 8. EIGHTH SCHEDULE Contains the list of recognised languages. 9. NINTH SCHEDULE (1ST CAA Contains provisions as to validation of certain Acts and 1951) Regulations. 10. TENTH SCHEDULE (52ND Contains provisions as to disqualification on ground of CAA 1985) defection. 11. ELEVENTH SCHEDULE (73RD Contains the powers, authority and responsibilities of CAA 1992) Panchayats. 12. TWELFTH SCHEDULE (74TH Contains the powers, authority and responsibilities of CAA 1992) Municipalities. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS CALLED AS “MAGNA CARTA OF INDIA” TAKEN FROM “US BILL OF RIGHTS” ARTICLE 20 AND 21 REMAIN IN FORCE EVEN DURING EMERGENCY ARTICLE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT 1. ARTICLE 14- 18 RIGHT TO EQUALITY 2. ARTICLE 19 -22 RIGHT TO FREEDOM (SPEECH, EXPRESSION, ASSEMBLY, ASSOCIATION, PRACTICE ANY PROFESSION, TO RESIDE ANYWHERE IN COUNTRY) 3. ARTICLE 23 -24 RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION 4. ARTICLE 25 - 28 RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION 5. ARTICLE 29 - 30 CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS 6. ARTICLE 32 RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES  FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES ADDED THROUGH 42ND CAA ARTICLE 51A HAVE ALL THESE FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES FORMED ON RECOMMENDATION OF ‘SWARN SINGH COMMITTEE' S. NO FUNDAMENTAL DUTY 1. Abide by the Indian constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem 2. Cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom 3. Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India 4. Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so 5. Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women 6. Value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture 7. Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures 8. Develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform 9. Safeguard public property and to abjure violence 10. Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement 11. Provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years. DPSP FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DPSP ARE CALLED AS “CONSCIENCE OF CONSTITUTION”. CLASSIFIED INTO GANDHIAN, SOCIO ECONOMIC AND LIBERAL PRINCIPLES NAME OF ARTICLE INFORMATION REGARDING IT (IMPORTANT ONES) 1. ARTICLE 43 - PROMOTION OF COTTAGE INDUSTRIES 2. ARTICLE 44 - UNIFORM CIVIL CODE  3. ARTICLE 50 - SEPARATION OF JUDICIARY FROM EXECUTIVE 4. ARTICLE 51 - PROMOTION OF INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY 5. ARTICLE 48A - PROTECTION AND IMPROVEMENT OF ENVIRONMENT - AND SAFEGUARDING OF FORESTS AND WILDLIFE 6. ARTICLE 49 - PROTECTION OF MONUMENTS AND PLACES OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE 7. ARTICLE 39A EQUAL JUSTICE AND FREE LEGAL AID IMPORTANT BODIES PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT ELIGIBILITY - - CITIZEN OF INDIA - CITIZEN OF INDIA - OVER 35 YEARS ABOVE AGE OF 35 YEARS - - MUST NOT HOLD ANY - MUST NOT HOLD ANY OFFICE OF - - PROFIT OFFICE OF PROFIT ELECTORAL ELECTED MEMBERS OF BOTH MEMBERS OF BOTH COLLEGE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT HOUSE OF ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLIES OF THE - STATE LEGISLATURES STATES DO NOT TAKE PART IN - THE ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE ELECTION LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UNION TERRITORY OF DELHI AND PONDICHERRY OATH - CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA - PRESIDENT RESIGNATION - VICE PRESIDENT - PRESIDENT TERM - 5 YEARS - 5 YEARS ARTICLE - 52 - 63 IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER IMPEACHMENT OF PRESIDENT LIES IN ‘ARTICLE 61’. PARDONING POWER OF PRESIDENT LIES IN ‘ARTICLE 72’. PRESIDENT IS THE SUPREME COMMANDER OF ARMED FORCES. ONLY PRESIDENT WHO WAS ELECTED TWICE IS ‘RAJENDRA PRASAD’. THE REMOVAL OF VICE PRESIDENT OCCURS IN ‘RAJYA SABHA’. VICE PRESIDENT IS THE EX OFFICIO CHAIRMAN OF RAJYA SABHA. IN THE ABSENCE OF PRESIDENT, VICEPRESIDENT CAN ACT AS PRESIDENT AND HE GETS THE SALARY OF PRESIDENT. PRIME MINISTER HE IS THE ‘REAL EXECUTIVE’ OF THE STATE. PM FINDS ITS MENTION IN ARTICLE 75. ACCORDING TO 91 CAA ,THE STRENGTH OF MINISTERS CANNOT BE MORE THAN 15 % OF TOTAL STRENGTH OF LOK SABHA. PM IS ALSO THE HEAD OF “NITI AAYOG”. COUNCIL OF MINISTERS IS MENTIONED IN ARTICLE 75A.  GOVERNOR HE IS APPOINTED BY ‘PRESIDENT’. HE HOLDS OFFICE AT THE PLEASURE OF PRESIDENT. ACCORDING TO 7TH CAA TWO OR MORE STATES CAN HAVE SAME GOVERNOR. MENTIONED IN ‘ARTICLE 153’. SPEAKER HE PRESIDES OVER ‘LOK SABHA’. FOR HIS REMOVAL A 14 DAYS NOTICE IS MUST. HE DECIDES ON DEFECTION. HE PRESIDES OVER JOINT SITTING AND DECIDES WHETHER A BILL IS MONEY BILL OR NOT. HE CAN EXERCISE “CASTING VOTE” INCASE OF EQUALITY OF VOTES. 1ST SPEAKER WAS “G.V MAVALANKAR”. CHAIRMAN VICE PRESIDENT IS THE “EX OFFICIO CHAIRAMN” OF RAJYA SABHA. 1ST CHAIRMAN WAS “DR SARVAPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN” LANGUAGES IN 8TH SCHEDULE LANGUAGE RECOGNISED IN 1. ASSAMESE 1950 2. BENGALI 1950 3. BODO 2003 4. DOGRI 2003 5. GUJARATI 1950 6. HINDI 1950 7. KASHMIRI 1950 8. KANNADA 1950 9. KONKANI 1992 10. MALAYALAM 1950 11. MANIPURI 1992 12. MARATHI 1950 13. MAITHILI 2003 14. NEPALI 1992 15. ODIA 1950 16. PUNJABI 1950 17. SANSKRIT 1950 18. SINDHI 1967 19. SANTHALI 2003 20. TAMIL 1950 21. TELUGU 1950 22. URDU 1950 IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER CLASSICAL LANGUAGES – TAMIL, SANSKRIT, TELUGU, KANNADA, MALAYALAM, ODIA, MARATHI, BENGALI, ASSAMESE, PALI AND PRAKRIT. ‘SINDHI’ WAS ADDED THROUGH 21 CAA. KONKANI, MANIPURI, NEPALI WERE INSERTED THROUGH 71 CAA. MAITHILI, DOGRI, BODO AND SANTHALI WERE INSERTED BY 92ND CAA. LANGUAGES ARE MENTIONED IN “8th SCHEDULE”. LIST AND SUBJECTS IN IT UNION LIST STATE LIST CONCURRENT LIST 1. DEFENCE POLICE EDUCATION 2. BANKING TRADE FOREST TRADE 3. CURRENCY AGRICULTURE MARRIAGE 4. FOREIGN AFFAIRS FISHERIES ADOPTION 5. COMMUNICATION IRRIGATION CRIMINAL LAW 6. FOREIGN JURISDICTION ADMINISTRATION OF OATH APPOINTMENT OATH ADMINISTERED BY CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA/ IN HIS ABSENCE 1. PRESIDENT SENIORMOST JUDGE OF SUPREME COURT 2. VICE PRESIDENT PRESIDENT OR SOME PERSON IN THAT BEHALF BY THE PRESIDENT 3. JUDGE OF SUPREME COURT PRESIDENT OR SOME PERSON IN THAT BEHALF BY THE PRESIDENT 4. GOVERNOR CHIEF JUSTICE OF HIGH COURT/ IN HIS ABSENCE SENIORMOST JUDGE OF THAT COURT 5. MINISTER IN UNION COUNCIL OF PRESIDENT MINISTERS 6. COMPTROLLER AND AUDITER PRESIDENT GENERAL (CAG) 7. MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT PRESIDENT 8. MEMBER OF LEGISLATURE ASSEMBLY GOVERNOR 9. MINISTER IN STATE COUNCIL OF GOVERNOR MINISTERS 10. JUDGE OF HIGH COURT GOVERNOR 11. CHAIRMAN OF UPSC PRESIDENT 12. ATTORNEY GENERAL PRESIDENT 13. ADVOCATE GENERAL GOVERNOR 14. CHAIRMAN OF SPSC GOVERNOR  RESIGNATION APPOINTMENT SUBMITS RESIGNATION TO 1. PRESIDENT VICE PRESIDENT 2. VICE PRESIDENT PRESIDENT 3. PRIME MINISTER PRESIDENT 4. JUDGE OF SUPREME COURT PRESIDENT 5. JUDGE OF HIGH COURT PRESIDENT 6. GOVERNOR PRESIDENT 7. SPEAKER OF LOK SABHA DEPUTY SPEAKER OF LOK SABHA 8. DEPUTY SPEAKER OF LOK SABHA SPEAKER OF LOK SABHA 9. DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF COUNCIL CHAIRMAN OF STATES 10. MEMBER OF HOUSE OF CHAIRMAN (RAJYA SABHA)/ SPEAKER (LOK PARLIAMENT SABHA) 11. MEMBER OF PUBLIC SERVICE PRESIDENT COMMISSION (UNION/JOINT) 12. MEMBER OF PUBLIC SERVICE PRESIDENT (STATE) CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES NAME OF CONSTITUTIONAL BODY INFORMATION REGARDING IT 1. ATTORNEY GENERAL - ARTICLE 76 - APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT - FIRST LEGAL OFFICER OF - GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. HAS THE RIGHT TO AUDIENCE IN ALL COURTS AND CAN TAKE PART IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF EITHER HOUSE OF PARLIAMENT, BUT HE CANNOT VOTE. - QUALIFICATION IS SAME AS JUDGE OF - SUPREME COURT. HOLDS OFFICE DURING THE PLEASURE OF PRESIDENT 2. ADVOCATE GENERAL - ARTICLE 165 - HIGHEST LAW OFFICERIN THE STATE - QUALIFICATION IS SAME AS JUDGE OF - HIGH COURT APPOINTED BY “GOVERNOR”. - HOLDS OFFICE DURING THE PLEASURE OF GOVERNOR. 3. ELECTION COMMISSION - ARTICLE 324 - RESPONSIBLE FOR CONDUCTIONG FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS OF  PRESIDENT, VICE PRESIDENT, PARLIAMENT AND STATE LEGISLATURE - HOLDS OFFICE FOR “6YEARS” OR AGE OF 65 YEARS - CAN BE REMOVED BY PRESIDENT ON BASIS OF RESOLUTION PASSED BY BOTH HOUSES. 4. UPSC - ARTICLE 315 – 323 - HOLD OFFICE FOR 6YEARS OR UPTO AGE OF 65 YEARS - APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT 5. SPSC - APPOINTED BY GOVERNOR - HOLD OFFICE FOR 6YEARS OR UPTO THE AGE OF 62YEARS 6. NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SC - ARTICLE 338 - APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT - INVESTIGATE AND MONITOR ALL MATTERS RELATING TO CONSTITUTIONAL AND OTHER LEGAL SAFEGUARDS FOR THE SCs 7. NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR ST - ARTICLE 338-A - 89TH CAA BIFURCATED AND MADE TWO BODIES NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR SC AND NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR ST. 8. FINANCE COMMISSION - ARTICLE 280 - APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT 9. COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR - ARTICLE 148 GENERAL - APPOINTED BY PRESIDENT - AUDITS THE ACCOUNT RELATED TO ALL EXPENDITURE FROM CONSOLIDATED AND CONTIGENCY FUND OF INDIA - CALLED AS “GUIDE, FRIEND AND PHILOSPHER OF THE PUBLIC ACCOUNT COMMITTEE” OF PARLIAMENT. IMPORTANT AMENDMENTS AMENDMENT YEAR IMPORTANCE 1. 7TH CAA 1956 Reorganisation of states on linguistic basis and abolition of Class A, B, C and D states and introduction of Union Territories. Two or more state can have same governor & high court. 2. 10TH CAA 1961 Dadra, Nagar and Haveli included in Indian Union as a Union Territory on acquisition from Portugal. 3. 12TH CAA 1961 Goa, Daman and Diu included in Indian Union as a Union Territory on acquisition from Portugal. 4. 14TH CAA 1962 Pondicherry incorporated into Indian Union after transfer by France. 5. 21ST CAA 1967 Sindhi added as language in the 8th schedule. 6. 36TH CAA 1975 Sikkim included as an Indian state. 7. 42ND CAA 1976 Fundamental Duties prescribed; India became Socialist Secular Republic. 8. 44TH CAA 1978 Right to Property deleted from the list of fundamental rights. 9. 52ND CAA 1985 Defection to another party after election made illegal. 10. 61ST CAA 1989 Voting age reduced from 21 to 18. 11. 71ST CAA 1992 Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali added as languages in the Eighth Schedule. 12. 73 RD CAA 1993  Introduction of Panchayati Raj, addition of Part IX to the Constitution. 13. 74 TH CAA 1993 Introduction of Municipalities. 14. 86 TH CAA 2002 Free and compulsory education to children between 6 and 14 years. 15. 92 ND CAA 2003 Bodo, Dogri, Santhali and Maithli added to the list of recognised languages. 16. 97 TH CAA 2012 Introduction of Part IXB in the Constitution pertaining to Co-operative Societies 17. 101ST CAA 2016 Introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) 18. 102ND CAA 2018 Establishment of National Commission for Backward Classes 19. 103 RD CAA 2019 Reservation for economically weaker sections of the society  SPECIAL PROVISION SPECIAL PROVISION Special status to Kashmir 1. ARTICLE 370 2. ARTICLE 371 Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat 3. ARTICLE 371A Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland 4. ARTICLE 371B Special provision with respect to the State of Assam 5. ARTICLE 371C Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur 6. ARTICLE 371D Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh or the State of Telangana 7. ARTICLE 371E Universities of Andhra Pradesh & Telangana 8. ARTICLE 371F Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim 9. ARTICLE 371G Special provisions with respect to the State of Mizoram 10. ARTICLE 371H Special provisions with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh 11. ARTICLE 371I Special provisions with respect to the State of Goa 12. ARTICLE 371J Special provisions with respect to the State of Karnataka SUPREME COURT V/S HIGH COURT SUPREME COURT HIGH COURT 1. QUALIFICATION – 1. QUALIFICATION – - CITIZEN OF INDIA - CITIZEN OF INDIA -- HAS BEEN HIGH COURT JUDGE FOR - 10 YEARS OF JUDICIAL OFFICE ATLEAST 5 YEARS - 10 YEARS AS AN ADVOCATE OF A HAS BEEN AN ADVOCATE OF HIGH HIGH COURT COURT FOR 10 YEARS 2. MAXIMUM AGE – 62 YEARS  2. MAXIMUM AGE – 65 YEARS 3. RESIGNATION – PRESIDENT 3. RESIGNATION – PRESIDENT 4. APPOINTED – PRESIDENT 4. APPOINTED - PRESIDENT HIGH COURTS OF UNION TERRITORIES UNION TERRITORY HIGH COURT 1. ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS CALCUTTA HIGH COURT 2. LAKSHADWEEP KERALA HIGH COURT 3. PUDUCHERRY MADRAS HIGH COURT 4. DADRA AND NAGRA HAVELI BOMBAY HIGH COURT 5. DAMAN AND DIU BOMBAY HIGH COURT 6. CHANDIGARH PUNJAB & HARYANA HIGH COURT 7. DELHI DELHI HIGH COURT IMPORTANT POINT TO REMEMBER CALCUTTA HIGH COURT IS THE OLDEST HIGH COURT OF INDIA THERE ARE 24 HIGH COURTS IN INDIA SUPREME COURT CAME INTO BEING ON 28TH JAN 1950 DISPUTE RELATED TO WATER DOES NOT COME UNDER SUPREME COURT JURISDICTION ADVISORY JURISDICTION IS MENTIONED IN “ARTICLE 143” WRIT JURISDICTION OF SUPREME COURT IS MENTIONED IN “ARTICLE 32” AND FOR HIGH COURT IT IS MENTIONED IN ‘ARTICLE 226’. WRITS NAME INFORMATION 1. HABEAS CORPUS - IMPLIES THAT A PERSON IMPRISONED OR DETAINED BY THE LAW CAN ENQUIRE FROM THE COURT OF LAW, UNDER WHAT AUTHORITY HE HAS BEEN IMPRISONED OR DETAINED. 2. MANDAMUS - TO “COMMAND” ISSUED BY THE COURT COMMANDING A PERSON OR A PUBLIC AUTHORITY TO DO OR FORBADE TO DO SOMETHING IN THE NATURE OF PUBLIC DUTY 3. QUO WARRANTO - AN ORDER ISSUED BY THE COURT TO PREVENT A PERSON FROM HOLDING OFFICE TO WHICH HE IS NOT ENTITLED AND TO OUT HIM FROM THAT OFFICE. 4. CERTIORARI - ORDERS THE REMOVAL OF A SUIT FROM AN INFERIOR COURT TO SUPERIOR COURT 5. PROHIBITION BY A HIGHER COURT TO STOP PROCEEDINGS IN A LOWER COURT ON THE GROUND OF OVERSTEPPING OF JURISDICTION OR ISOLATION - OF THE RULES OF NATURAL JUSTICE.