Bioaerosols Quizlet PDF

# Bytowe Źródła Aerozoli Biologicznych - Associated with human activity: - Agriculture and the food processing industry - Wastewater management and waste disposal. ## Types of illnesses whose causative agents are airborne: - **Viral**: - Chickenpox - Influenza - Rubella...

# Bytowe Źródła Aerozoli Biologicznych - Associated with human activity: - Agriculture and the food processing industry - Wastewater management and waste disposal. ## Types of illnesses whose causative agents are airborne: - **Viral**: - Chickenpox - Influenza - Rubella - Mumps (parotitis) - **Bacterial**: - Bronchitis and pneumonia - Tuberculosis - Diphtheria - Pertussis - **Fungal**: - Aspergillosis (Aspergillus pulmonary mycosis) - Pulmonary mucormycosis - Cryptococcosis of the lungs - Tracheitis and bronchitis mycosis - Pulmonary mycosis - Pleural mycosis - Mycosis of the sinuses, ears, and internal ears ## Bioaerosol Composition - **Percentage of indoor air that is bioaerosols**: 5-34% - **Size of particles**: - Small particles (less than 5 \(\mu\)m) remain suspended in the air for extended periods - Large particles typically settle out quickly. ## Bioaerosol Particle Locations in the Respiratory System - **930 \(\mu\)m**: Eye, inner ear - **5.59 \(\mu\)m**: Nasal cavity, oral cavity, throat - **3.35,5 \(\mu\)m**: Larynx - **13.3 \(\mu\)m**: Trachea, primary and secondary bronchi - **0.11 \(\mu\)m**: Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli ## Examples of Bioaerosol Particles by Size - **930 \(\mu\)m**: Grass pollen, *Alternaria* spp., *Fusarium* spp. - **5.59 \(\mu\)m**: Grass pollen, *Alternaria* spp., *Fusarium* spp., *Mucor* sp., *Rhizopus* sp. - **3.35,5 \(\mu\)m**: *Cladosporium* spp. *Mucor* sp., *Rhizopus* sp. - **13.3 \(\mu\)m**: *Aspergillius fumigatus*, *Penicillium* spp - **0.11 \(\mu\)m**: *Thermoactinomycetes;Nocardia* spp. # Factors Affecting Bioaerosol Persistence - **UV and ionizing radiation**: Degrades bioaerosols quickly. - **Loss of water**: Bioaerosols are unstable. - **Meteorological factors**: - Atmospheric pressure - Temperature - Humidity - Seasonality - Highest levels of microorganisms in the air during the summer (June- August) - Lowest levels during the winter (December-January) - Location - Least polluted air above mountains, seas, and oceans, and forests - Most polluted air found in cities - Human density increases the number of microorganisms - Densely populated areas - 10-100,000 microorganisms present per cubic meter of air. - Indoor air has a greater concentration of microorganisms than outdoor air. ## Factors that Effect Bioaerosol Persistence - **Climate**: - Lower air quality before rain - Increase air quality after rain - **Location**: - Mountains, seas, oceans, and forests have lower levels of pollutants - Cities have the highest levels, especially in dense areas. ## Time Spent Indoors vs. Outdoors - 80-95% of a person's time is spent indoors - Approximately 20-22 thousand breaths are taken per day. ## Indoor Air Quality Regulations - **Standards established for the workplace**: - PN-EN 13098:2007P - PN-EN 14042:2010 - PN-EN 14583:2008 - PN-EN ISO14698-1:2004 - PN-EN ISO14698-2:2004 ## Acceptable Microorganism Levels in Outdoor Air (EU Regulations) - **EU regulations**: There are no EU standards for outdoor air quality. - **General standards**: - **Bacteria**: - **Unpolluted air**: Less than 1000 per cubic meter - **Moderately polluted air**: 1000-3000 per cubic meter - **Heavily polluted air**: More than 3000 per cubic meter - ***Pseudomonas fluorescens***: - **Unpolluted air**: None - **Moderately polluted air**: Less than 50 per cubic meter - **Heavily polluted air**: More than 50 per cubic meter - **Hemophilic *Staphylococcus aureus***: - **Unpolluted air**: None - **Moderately polluted air**: Less than 25 per cubic meter - **Heavily polluted air**: More than 25 per cubic meter - **Hemophilic *Staphylococcus aureus***: - **Unpolluted air**: None - **Moderately polluted air**: Less than 50 per cubic meter - **Heavily polluted air**: More than 50 per cubic meter - **Actinomycetes**: - **Unpolluted air**: 10 per cubic meter - **Moderately polluted air**: Less than 10-100 per cubic meter - **Heavily polluted air**: More than 100 per cubic meter - **Fungi**: - **Unpolluted air**: 3000-5000 per cubic meter - **Moderately polluted air**: 5000-10000 per cubic meter - **Heavily polluted air**: More than 10000 per cubic meter ## Common Bioaerosol Indicators - ***Pseudomonas fluorescens***: - Indicator of water contamination - **Hemolytic bacteria**: - Indicator of bioaerosols sourced from the respiratory tract of humans and animals. - ***Staphylococcus aureus***: - Leading cause of staphylococcal infections in humans. - Colonizes mucous membranes in 10% of healthy individuals. - Present in 70-90% of individuals as a member of the transient microbiota. ## Microorganism Quantification - **Koch's method**: - Uses sedimentation to determine the number of microorganisms in the air. - Inexpensive and simple method but not very accurate. - Only detects larger particles that settle quickly. - **Volumetric sampling**: - More accurate method using aspirators, aeroskopy, impactors - Collects defined air volumes for analysis. - **Volumetric Sampling Techniques**: - **Impaction**: Collision-based. - **Filtration**: Trapping particles on a filter. - **Impaction**: Air is forced through a small orifice, causing the particles to impact on a surface. - **Electrostatic precipitation**: Particles are collected on a charged plate. - **Centrifugation**: Uses centrifugal force to separate particles. - **Flow cytometry**: Counts and analyzes particles based on their light scattering and fluorescence properties. ## Methods for Quantifying Air Quality - **Cultivation**: - Microbial growth is observed on a growth medium. - **Nuncultivation methods**: - Microscopy (phase contrast, dark field) - Biochemical (detection of microbial metabolites such as enzymes, ergosterol, and toxins) - Luminescence (ATP detection) - Genetic (PCR) - Flow cytometry - **Sedimentation method (Koch)**: - Agar plates are exposed to the environment for a specific time period. - Colonies that develop on the plates are counted. - The number of colonies is then used to calculate the concentration of microorganisms in the air. - **Filtration methods**: - Air is drawn through a filter, trapping microorganisms on the filter. - The filter is then either placed on a growth medium or stained and observed under a microscope. - **Impaction methods**: - Air is directed at a surface, causing microorganisms to impact the surface. - The surface is then incubated or observed to determine the number of microorganisms. - **Electrostatic precipitation methods**: - Microorganisms are collected on a charged plate. - **Flow cytometry**: - Individual cells are analyzed based on their light-scattering and fluorescence properties. - **Luminescence (ATP):** - ATP is a molecule found in all living organisms. - The amount of ATP is proportional to the number of living organisms present. - A reaction is used to generate light, which is then measured to determine the ATP concentration. - **PCR** - Used to detect specific DNA sequences from microorganisms in air samples. - A powerful technique for detecting and quantifying microorganisms in air samples. ## Vector-borne Diseases - **Vectors**: Carry infectious agents to humans either through biting, physical contact, or contamination of food or water. - **Ticks**: - *Ixodes* transmits Lyme disease and babesiosis. - **Bugs**: - *Rhodnius*, *Triatoma*, and *Panstrongylus* transmit *Trypanosoma cruzi*, which causes Chagas disease. - **Mosquitoes**: - *Anopheles* mosquitoes transmit *Plasmodium vivax* and *Plasmodium falciparum*, which cause malaria. - **Sandflies**: - *Phlebothomus* transmits *Leishmania tropica*, which causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease that causes skin ulcers. - **Tsetse flies**: - *Glossina* flies transmit *Trypanosoma brucei gambiense*, which causes African sleeping sickness. ## Other Organisms Involved in Transmission - **Houseflies, green bottle flies, and flesh flies**: - Transmit Protozoa (e.g., *Entamoeba histolytica*, *E. coli*, *Giardia intestinalis*) - Transmit Helminths (eggs) - Spread fungi - Spread bacteria (e.g., typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, tetanus) # Further Resources - **American Industrial Hygiene Association**: www.aiha.org - **Centers for Disease Control and Prevention**: www.cdc.gov - **World Health Organization**: www.who.int