AECP 126.pdf

LECTURE 1: Plantation Crop Production c. Vanilla Enterprise 5. Latexes and resins a. Rubber Major Tropi...

LECTURE 1: Plantation Crop Production c. Vanilla Enterprise 5. Latexes and resins a. Rubber Major Tropical Plantation Crops (rimas, papaya) What is Plantation Crops? 6. Medicinal and loosely defined as crops, usually perennial botanical pesticides and require minor changes in the structure a. Lagundi of the product (primary processing) before b. Neem utilization. Plantation crops are perennial crops that Agronomic vs Horticultural Crops are grown on a large scale by an individual HORTI CRITERIA AGRO CROPS or a company. CROPS Cereals, grains, Vegetables, legumes, fruits, peanut, ornamental forages, plants, sugarcanes, plantation Commodities etc. crops, etc. Diversity/unit growing area Less More Management Extensive Intensive Income/unit area Lower Higher Adaptation Limited Wide Eaten as Consumed 2 Main Classification Utilization staples with staples 1. Botanical System (Most precise and Usually universally used) consumed in 2. Functional System fresh form; can a. Agronomic Crops Usually be eaten at b. Horticultural Crops processed and any stage i. Vegetables Consumptio eaten at based on ii. Fruits n mature stage purpose iii. Ornamentals Aesthetic iv. Plantations value Lower Higher 1. Oil crops a. Coconut Important b. Castor vitamins and 2. Fiber crops Carbohydrates minerals, a. Abaca , proteins, and some b. Kapok lipids plus carbohydrates c. Buri Nutritive vitamins and , proteins and 3. Beverage crops value minerals lipids a. Cacao Semi-annual, b. Coffee Semi-annual, annual, c. Tea annual, and biennial, and 4. Spices, Life cycle few perennials few perennials Condiments, Compatibility Essences to cropping Less Highly a. Turmeric system compatible compatible b. Black pepper  Moisture are very high in their length, width, content tenacity, uniformity, spinning when liability and flexibility. The different product is sources of plant fibers are-cotton, harvested Low High jute, coir, abaca and flax. Spices, condiments, and essences Types of Crops in Agriculture: Why and How to o Condiment crops are plants that are Classify grown specifically for their flavorful A variety of crop type classifications are and aromatic seeds, fruit, or leaves, practical in agriculture. Foremost, there’s a which are then used to make list of different types of crops depending on condiments. Some examples of their commercial purposes. Plants can also condiment crops include chili be classified based on their life cycles, peppers, black pepper, mustard, making it easier for farmers to schedule cumin, fennel, and coriander. their planting and harvesting activities. A Latex and resin new group of genetically modified o Crops that produce milky substance organisms has recently taken an essential from its stem. Natural latex, which is place among types of agricultural crops, nearly chemical free, is used in the helping to make food more accessible manufacturing of natural latex while also having some negative mattresses, beauty application environmental impacts. pads, and cushioning. Farmers should always consider the characteristics of various crop types when The Following Types of Oil can be Extracted choosing which ones to plant and planning from Different Oil Crops their agricultural activities. Modern 1. Volatile oil - This type of oil can be used technology will be especially beneficial for for perfume preparation and the large-scale plant type classification and manufacture of cosmetics, facial creams, management. shampoos, soaps, and lubricants. 2. Organic oil – This type of oil extracted from Classification of Plantation Crops plants can be utilized in preparing Oil crops insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and o Production in the Philippines is a other chemicals used controlling insect very promising agricultural pest and diseases. enterprise. Aside from providing 3. Essential and pure oil – This resembles humans and animals with nutritious that of gasoline and diesel and can be used food, oil crops provide a variety of for fuel purposes. uses for industrial, medicinal, 4. Lubricating oil – This type of oil extracted cosmetic, forage, and fertilizer from plants is used as lubricant for preparation. machines, engines, and other equipment of Beverage crops the same kind. o Beverage crops are the crops which 5. Edible oil – This type of oil is very useful provide a potable beverage other for household and culinary purposes. than water. It also includes starch Some of the finished products from this and sugar, which are used in type of oil are cooking oil, cheese, and making beverages. butter. o Ex. Coffee, cacao, tea Fiber crops LECTURE 2: Coconut o Fiber crops or plant fibers are a type of natural fibers as they are What is coconut? obtained naturally and directly from A coconut is the edible fruit of the coconut the different sources of plants and palm (Cocos nucifera), a tree of the palm their products. These fiber crops family. Coconut flesh is high in fat and can  be dried or eaten fresh or processed into shielded by a thick, rocky shell, or coconut milk or coconut oil. The liquid of the endocarp. nut, known as coconut water, is used in The meaty – white edible endosperm can beverages. range in thickness from 1.0 to 2.5 cm (0.4 to 1.0 in). Classification of a Coconut Scientific Name: Cocos nucifera L. Selection of Breeds Kingdom: Plantae – Plants 1. Search for ideal characteristic in the palms Family: Arecaceae Bercht. & J. Presl - 2. Look for genetic diversity Palm family 3. Mark the palms you’ve chosen Genus: Cocos L. - coconut palm 4. Gather seed nuts Species: Cocos nucifera L. - coconut 5. Keep eye on the seedlings palm Common Name: Coconut, Coconut Palm, Origin and Distribution Kelapa, Niyor The origin of Coconut palm is considered as a native of Malesia, a bio-geographical Status of Industry in Coconut region that includes Southeast Asia, Philippine Industry Statistics (2014-2018) Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea, and o 69 out of 82 provinces are coconut- several Pacific Island groups. producing provinces. Coconuts have been documented in o 3.6M hectares or land are planted archaeological digs and ancient with coconut trees. inscriptions, as well as in Sanskrit texts o 2.5M coconut farmers based on related to religion, agriculture, and NCFRS data Ayurveda. Historical records and travel o 347M fruit-bearing trees in the accounts from visitors from China, Arab country. regions, and Italy also highlight their o 14.7 MT annual production in nut significance. Due to their many uses and term. benefits, coconuts have earned titles such o 91.4B pesos are the average export as "Tree of Life," "Tree of Heaven," "Tree earnings (2014-2018). of Abundance," and "Kalpavriksha," which refers to a tree that fulfills all life's needs. Description of the Coconut The term coconut refers to the seed or the Tree – The erect coconut palm, or Cocos fruit of coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). nucifera, belongs to the Arecaceae family Cocos is a monotypic genus of the family and is grown for its fruits, which are mostly Arecaceae. The epithet nut is a misnomer, used to obtain coconut oil for cooking. as the fruit is a drupe botanically. Early Stem – The stem bears noticeable leaf Spanish explorers called it ‘cocos’ or scars and is smooth and light gray in color. ‘monkey face’ ‘nucifera’ means ‘nut Leaves – The pinnately split leaves are bearing’. The spelling ‘cocoanut’ is an old lengthy (up to 7 m/23 ft) and made up of fashioned form of the word coconut 200–250 tapering leaflets. (Pearsall, 1999). Flowers – Each of the 20–60 branches that make up the inflorescence, which is a spike Nomenclature and Description of Some formed at the leaf axil, has a female flower Selected Coconut Varieties at its base and numerous male flowers. 1. Tall Varieties a. West Coast Tall Fruits – The fruit has a solitary seed and is i. Origin: India a drupe. Its three sides are separated by ii. Yielding approximately 80 ridges, giving it an oval shape. coconuts annually. Husk – The coconut's husk is composed of iii. Known for its high oil the exocarp and the mesocarp. content, it’s perfect for Seed – The seed is partially filled with a producing coconut oil. substance called coconut water and  b. East Coast Tall 1. Highly Suitable Areas i. Origin: India a. Rainfall: Well-distributed, with a ii. A popular variety yielding maximum of 1.5 dry months per 60-70 nuts annually. year. iii. Towering at 90 feet. b. Expected Yield: More than 2.5 tons c. Jamaica Tall of copra per hectare per year. i. Origin: Jamaica c. Examples: Calabarzon (Batangas, ii. Yielding up to 200 coconuts Quezon) and Bicol Region annually. (Camarines Sur, Albay). iii. Towering over 100 feet and 2. Intermediate/Suitable Areas boasting a lifespan of up to a. Rainfall: Adequate, with a 80 years. maximum of 3 to 4.5 dry months per 2. Dwarf Varieties year. a. Golden Malayan Dwarf b. Expected Yield: Between 1.5 to 2.5 i. Origin: Malaysia tons of copra per hectare per year. ii. Yields the most delicious c. Examples: Eastern Visayas (Leyte, commercial coconut water Samar) and Southern Mindanao and juice. (Davao del Sur). iii. Can soar up to 60 feet tall. 3. Fairly Suitable Areas b. King Coconut a. Rainfall: Poorly distributed, with a i. Origin: Sri Lanka maximum of 6 dry months per year. ii. Football in shape. b. Expected Yield: Less than 1.5 tons iii. Trees reaching 20 feet. of copra per hectare per year. iv. more potassium than c. Examples: Parts of the Ilocos banana. Region and Cordillera c. Malayan Yellow Dwarf Administrative Region. i. Origin: Malaysia d. This classification helps determine ii. Oblong, medium-sized fruits the best regions for coconut farming initially light yellow-green, based on rainfall patterns and turning pale yellow as they productivity potential. mature. iii. Can grow up to 50 feet tall. Environmental Adaptation iv. Easy-to-grow coconut tree. 1. Climate Adaptation 3. Hybrid Varieties a. Temperature: Coconuts grow best a. Chandra Laksha in warm tropical climates, typically i. Origin: Kerala between 25-30°C. ii. A hybrid of West Coast Tall b. Rainfall: They thrive in areas with and Chowghat Orange 1,500-2,500 mm of annual rainfall. Dwarf coconut. 2. Drought Resistance iii. Produces up to 115 a. Coconuts can endure short periods coconuts annually, with of drought due to their deep root fruits containing 68% oil systems, which help access content. moisture from deeper soil layers. b. Macapuno 3. Ecological Adaptation i. Origin: Philippines a. Coconut palms contribute to ii. Yields dry coconuts with biodiversity, providing habitats for minimal water content, various species like birds and resulting in sweeter, nuttier insects. flesh. Its translucent, firm 4. Salinity Tolerance yet soft texture resembles a. Coconuts can tolerate saline jelly. conditions, making them suitable for coastal regions. Key Production of Coconut 5. Pest and Disease Management  a. While coconut palms have some caterpillars cause impressive harm to the natural resistance to pests and edit in certain regions. diseases, environmental stress can increase vulnerability. Harvesting 1. Identify ripe coconut Soil and Climatic Requirements a. Select coconuts with a diameter of 1. Soil requirement about 6–8 inches (15–20 cm). a. It grows well in almost all types of b. Squeeze the coconut to ensure that soils including sandy, laterite, it's firm. swampy, alluvial, black and saline c. Look for a golden brown color. soils 2. Pole Method - farmers use a long pole with 2. Climatic requirements a cutting tool to cut the coconut bunch, a. Temperature: ideal temperature allowing it to fall to the ground. 27°C to 32°C a. Maneuver the pole into position. b. Altitude: 600meters above sea level b. Cut the coconut free. c. Sunlight: needs full sunlight c. Watch for falling coconuts. d. Humidity: high humidity levels 3. Climbing Method - The climbing method between 70% and 90% to support involves manually climbing the tree to cut flowering and fruit development. the bunches. e. Rainfall: requires 1000 to 2500mm a. Strap on a palm climbing harness annual rainfall for an easy option b. Fashion a makeshift foot strap if Propagation and Care of Seedlings you don't have a climbing harness. 1. Selecting and preparing of seed c. Scale the tree until you’re high a. Choose matured coconut enough to reach the palms. b. Pre-germination soak d. Twist the coconut free by hand. 2. Propagation e. Drop the coconut point-first. a. Planting location b. Planting method Processing 3. Caring for coconut seedlings 1. Drying: Coconuts are dried to produce a. Watering copra, which is used to extract coconut oil. b. Fertilization 2. Shelling: The hard outer shell is removed to c. Mulching access the meat, which can be used in food d. Weed and pest control products or further processed into coconut milk. Production and Management 3. Grating: The meat is grated and used in Coconut producers are too uncovered to products like coconut flakes, desiccated financial hazard and instabilities due to coconut, and coconut flour. advertise cost changes. Thus, the coconut 4. Extraction: Coconut oil is extracted from segment requires inventive, multi-pronged the dried meat or fresh meat through methodologies to address these pressing or solvent extraction methods. challenges and to quicken industry development Marketing 1. Local Markets: Selling fresh coconuts, Pests and Diseases and their Control coconut water, and other raw products 1. Rhinoceros Bettle – Coconut palm is directly to consumers. inclined to invasion by a expansive number 2. Processed Products: Marketing packaged of bugs. The major bothers are the products like coconut oil, coconut milk, and rhinoceros insect, ruddy palm weevil, leaf coconut-based snacks. eating caterpillar, eriophyid vermin and the 3. Export: Exporting raw and processed white grub. Bugs like coreid bug, scale coconut products to international markets. creepy crawlies, coarse bugs and slug  4. Branding and Packaging: Developing 3. Oil strong brands and attractive packaging to 4. Husk appeal to consumers. 5. Shell 5. Online Sales: Utilizing e-commerce 6. Leaves platforms to reach a wider audience. 7. Wood 8. Sticks Coconut Rehabilitation Program 9. Flowers A coconut rehabilitation program is an initiative designed to help coconut farmers LECTURE 3: Coffee Production Management recover and rebuild after natural disasters, pests, or diseases have damaged their Production of the World’s Favorite Beverage crops. These programs aim to restore and The country's coffee production declined enhance coconut production through overall in 2022-2023, partly due to climate activities like replanting coconut trees, challenges and limited access to quality improving soil health, providing training in coffee varieties. sustainable agricultural practices, and According to psa the overall coffee market offering alternative livelihoods for farmers in the philippines is expected to grow at an while new trees grow. annual rate of 8.22% from 2023 to 2028. Despite producing 4 types of coffee such Products and By-products as robusta, liberica, arabica and excelsa 1. Products – are the main outputs obtained the country still remains as a net importer. directly from the primary processing of the coconut plant. These are often the primary Hectarage items that people use or consume. The In the Philippines, coffee production spans examples are: approximately 110,000 hectares. a. Coconut Meat The industry cannot meet the demand b. Coconut Water because production only amounts to less c. Coconut Oil than 1 ton per hectare. This could be less d. Coconut Milk due to unfavorable weather. e. Coconut Sugar f. Virgin Coconut Oil Consumption Statistics g. Coconut Chips The Ph ranks 2nd in coffee consumption in h. Desiccated Coconut Asia. i. Coconut Flour At a household level over 90% of Filipino 2. By-products - are secondary outputs household consume coffee regularly. obtained from the processing of coconuts The Philippines produces around 30,000 to or from parts of the coconut plant that are 35,000 metrics. not used in the main products. These are tons (MT) of coffee annually. This only typically used in various industries, crafts, meets a third of the nation’s demand. or for additional processing. The examples are: What is Coffee? a. Coir It is a popular beverage made from roasted b. Activated Carbon seeds of the coffee plant, known as coffee c. Coconut Shell beans. These beans are derived from the d. Coconut Husk fruits of the Coffea plant, which grows e. Coconut Leaves mainly in tropical regions worldwide. f. Coconut Wood g. Coconut Sticks Optimal Growing Condition h. Coconut Flower Uses of Coconut Plant 1. Flesh 2. Water  1. Climate chocolate, caramel and nuts. A hint of fruit a. Temperature 15°C and 24°C (59°F and berries can be present. to 75°F) 2. Robusta – Coffee with robusta beans is 2. Elevation earthy and has a bitter flavour. It is often a. Arabica coffee: Prefers elevations known for having woody and earthy notes of 1,000 meters (3,280 feet) in it's flavour profile. b. Robusta coffee: Can thrive at lower 3. Liberica – Coffee liberica beans are larger elevations, from 200 meters (656 than Arabica and Robusta beans, with a feet) to 800 meters (2,625 feet). unique shape that resembles a teardrop. 3. Soil type They also have a distinct aroma, with a a. Loamy since it has good drainage floral and fruity scent. and nutrient retention 4. Excelsa – Excelsa coffee is a bean species 4. pH Level: coffee prefers slightly acidic soil known for its exceptional flavor profile. with a pH of 5.2 to 6.3 is ideal for coffee Some of the flavor notes most often cultivation. associated with excelsa coffee include fruity, woody, and earthy notes. Why Soil pH is Important? Because in slightly acidic soil, the Philippines Coffee Industry availability of nutrients such as nitrogen, The Philippines is one of the few countries phosphorus, and potassium is higher. producing four main coffee varieties: These nutrients are crucial for coffee plant Arabica, Robusta, Excelsa, and Liberica. growth, as they support leaf development, Coffee was introduced to the Philippines by flowering, and fruit production. Spanish colonizers in the 18th century, with Cavite as one of the first regions to cultivate Its Family (Rubiaceae) it. Cinchona The coffee sector is an important Gardenia agricultural segment in the Philippines, Madder providing jobs for thousands of Filipino Kratom farmers and supporting small-scale Cat’s claw businesses and cooperatives. Origin and Distribution Coffee Industry 1. Ethiopian Legend Amadeo: Known as the "Coffee Capital of 2. Arabian Peninsula the Philippines," Amadeo is famous for its 3. Europe expansive coffee plantations and annual 4. The New World coffee festivals. 5. Worldwide Plantation Silang and Alfonso: These towns produce 6. America significant amounts of Robusta and 7. 17th century Liberica, known for their distinct flavors and 8. 18th century high quality, which adds to Cavite’s 9. 19th century reputation as a coffee producing region. 10. Contemporary Climate & Soil: The highlands of Cavite In conclusion, all is not lost for the offer an ideal mix of altitude, rich volcanic Philippine coffee industry. Coffee is grown soil, and cool temperatures, all of which in 50 countries along the equatorial zone contribute to the rich and unique flavors of called, “The Bean Belt”. Interestingly, the the coffee grown here. Philippines lies within the Bean Belt. The Philippines is one of the few countries that produces the four varieties of Most Common Varieties commercially-viable coffee it is Arabica, 1. Arabica – Arabica coffee has a slightly Liberica, Excelsa and Robusta, because its sweet flavour accompanied by hints of climatic and soil conditions, whether in the  lowland or the mountain regions, make the production was once a major industry on country suitable for all four varieties. the islands (in 1880, the Philippines was Robusta is the most commonly produced the fourth-largest coffee-producing country variety, contributing 69% of the Philippines’ in the world), the Philippine coffee industry total 2019 coffee bean production. It is experienced mass decline after an mainly used in espresso and instant mixes. outbreak of coffee rust in 1889. It destroyed Arabica, which contributed 23% of the total virtually all of the coffee trees in Batangas, production in 2019, is mostly cultivated in the country’s top coffee-producing region. high elevation areas (1000 meters above Today, Philippine coffee farmers are still sea level) and sells at a premium price. It is trying to recover from that major loss—and primarily used for brewing or blending. volatile weather conditions, plus the The other varieties are Excelsa (7%) with constant threat of natural disasters, are berries bigger than Arabica but smaller making the task that much more difficult. than Liberica, more drought and pest The organization like the cacao project and resistant than other varieties, and Liberica batafama (Bagoba Tagabawa Farmers (1%), also known as Kapeng Barako, which Association) are working with farmers to has a strong flavor and sharp aroma. create more sustainable, future-oriented In 2018 and 2019, the top three producing solutions. Philippine coffee producers have regions were concentrated in Mindanao, begun diversifying their harvest to include namely, Davao region, Central Mindanao weather resilient crops like banana and (South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan pineapples: what they call “disaster dry Kudarat, Sarangani and General Santos crops”. In addition, they’ve begun City) and the autonomous region in Muslim intercropping arabica coffee plants under Mindanao, collectively contributing 68% of pine and alder trees in order to provide the country's total production, with 60,300 shade in drier regions. The overarching and 62,062 metric tons of coffee, goal is to empower coffee. respectively. From January to June 2020, the Philippines’ production of dried coffee Varieties berries reached 23,104 metric tons. The Philippines is one of the few nations The arabica coffee of Cordillera. that produces Arabica, Liberica, Excelsa, Kapeng Barako of Batangas. and Robusta—the four economically viable The excelsa of Quezon and Batangas. types of coffee. Civet coffee of Davao and Cavite. Economic and Social Impact Seed Propagation Livelihood: Coffee farming is a primary Coffee can be propagated asexually source of income for many families in (grafts, cuttings) or sexually (seed). Cavite, supporting local communities and contributing to regional development. Nursery and Other Related Practices Tourism: Cavite’s coffee farms attract Coffee nurseries are places where coffee tourists who are interested in agro-tourism, seedlings are grown in a controlled which boosts local businesses, creates environment to ensure healthy growth. jobs, and promotes cultural heritage related Location: Choose a site that’s free of to coffee. flooding and with access to water. The site Challenges: Cavite’s coffee farmers face should be sheltered from strong winds. various challenges such as aging farmers, Maintenance: Water seedlings twice limited infrastructure, and the influx of control weeds and pests, and provide cheaper coffee imports, which affects dense shade. competitiveness and sustainability. Soil: Use light, loamy soil with good drainage and high organic matter content. Environmental Adaptation In heavy soil, add coarse sand to improve The philippines is still primarily an drainage and aeration. agricultural economy. Although coffee Field Planting 6. Coffee Blister Spot - caused by the Plant in the field - When the seedlings virus Wellman. have 6–8 pairs of leaves, plant them in the Insects Attacking the Berries field on a cloudy day at the start of the 1. Coffee berry borer Scientific Name: rainy season. Avoid planting in hot, dry, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari). windy conditions or during the hottest 2. Die Back Characterized by the part of the day. dying of the branches and twigs Space the plants – The recommended starting from the tip andprogressing spacing depends on the type of coffee. downwards. Causes: Plant the seedlings – Place the seedling ▪ Physiological factors such upright in the hole, and pack the soil as: around it. Over-bearing Nitrogen deficiency; Production and Management and Harvesting cherries from the mature coffee Inadequate plants. The dry method, wet method, and carbohydrate semi-dry method are the three major coffee supply. processing methods. After the coffee fruit is ▪ Pathogenic fungi such as: processed, the coffee beans are run Colletotrichum through the milling process, which includes coffeanu hulling, polishing, cleaning, grading, and Harvesting and Preparation of Product for sorting. Market Management Strategies and Control Measures 1. Harvesting 1. Mechanical Method (for coffee borer) 2. Hulling 2. Chemical Method 3. The dry process 4. The wet process Control of Pest and Diseases 5. The “pulped natural” process The following are the most common and 6. Storage most destructive pest and diseases of 7. Grading (sorting) coffee in the Philippines: 1. Chewing insects - Insects 8. Coffee – beverage brewed from the Attacking the Roots Ex. Cricket, roasted and ground seed of the tropical White/Root Grubs. evergreen coffee plants of African origin. 2. Suckling insects - Insects Attacking the Stem or Trunk or Processing Composting and Food Value Branches Ex. Hemispherical scale, Coffee can be an ally in the fight against Mealybugs. 3. Suckling & chewing insects - diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, Insects Attacking the Young Shoots hepatic injury, cirrhosis,depression, and Leaves Ex. Black Citrus Aphid, suicidal behavior, and neurological and Black Cutworms. cardiovascular disorders. Coffee bioactive components include Control of Pest and Diseases phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acids, Physiological Diseases or Mineral cafestol and kahweal), alkaloids (caffeine Deficiencies Leaves without chlorosis. 1. Boron-Deficient Leaves and trigonelin), diterpenes (cafestol and 2. Manganese-Deficient Leaves kahweal) and other secondary metabolites. 3. Integrated Pest Management of The image of coffee as super functional Coffee food has helped to increase coffee 4. Anthracnose - Symptoms: The first consumption across the globe. symptom to appear on the leaves Related topics on coffee production chain, are brown to dark brown spots up to three cm in diameter and with world consumption and reuses of coffee grayish-white center. At the later by-products in the production of high-value- stages, the spots turn completely adding molecules with potential application gray. in the food industry are addressed and 5. Damping-Off - Nursery disease discussed. caused by Rhizotonia solani.