Adaptation and natural selection _ Evol...y Short Introduction _ Oxford Academic.pdf
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Evolution: A Very Short Introduction | Oxford Academic 0123456 ÿ% HÿJKLMNLNOPQÿLQKÿQLNRSLTÿUVTVWNOPQÿX D ÿ08?988ÿ08?98 899 ...
Evolution: A Very Short Introduction | Oxford Academic 0123456 ÿ% HÿJKLMNLNOPQÿLQKÿQLNRSLTÿUVTVWNOPQÿX D ÿ08?988ÿ08?98 899 9 9 !9 "# ## $!% ! & '()*+,-./0ÿ1 ÿ2 " 3),45674 YZ[ÿ]^_`_a^bc`ÿ[de`cfcg^_fÿ_hÿgZ[ÿ_i^a^fÿ_hÿcjcegcg^_fÿi[e`cb[k gZ[ÿ^j[cÿ_hÿcÿl[k^af[imÿcfjÿ^kÿb[fgic`ÿg_ÿe_kgnlcio^f^cf [p_`qg^_fcirÿ]^_`_arsÿtujcegcg^_fÿcfjÿfcgqic`ÿk[`[bg^_fv j[kbi^][kÿgZ[ÿw_j[ifÿgZ[_irÿ_hÿcjcegcg^_fÿcfjÿ^gkÿ]^_`_a^bc` bcqk[kÿcfjÿ]ck^ksÿYZ^kÿ^kÿ]ck[jÿ_fÿgZ[ÿgZ[_irÿ_hÿfcgqic`ÿk[`[bg^_fs ujcegcg^_fkÿci[ÿi[b_af^xc]`[ÿ^fÿwcfrÿj[gc^`kÿ_hÿgZ[ÿ̀^p[kÿ_h cf^wc`kmÿe`cfgkmÿcfjÿw^bi_][kmÿcgÿ[p[irÿ̀[p[`mÿj_ofÿg_ÿgZ[ b[``q`ciÿwcbZ^f[irÿcfjÿ^gkÿb_fgi_`ksÿYZ[ÿg_e^bkÿ_hÿcig^yb^c` k[`[bg^_fmÿZ[i^gc]`[ÿpci^cg^_fÿcfjÿ^gkÿpcir^faÿz^fjkmÿfcgqic` k[`[bg^_fÿcfjÿygf[kkmÿcjcegcg^_fkÿcfjÿ[p_`qg^_fcirÿZ^kg_irm j[g[bg^faÿfcgqic`ÿk[`[bg^_fmÿcfjÿk[dqc`ÿk[`[bg^_fÿci[ÿb_fk^j[i[j ^fÿgqifs 8.9:;5/,0ÿ99 ?@ABCA>DÿFGDGC@AHI ÿ17ÿ86606ÿ76654 71ÿ9498ÿ945ÿ9408ÿ 0 ÿ56879 6ÿ 979 0678ÿJ67ÿ807 4 9468ÿ94ÿ6ÿ7153 65ÿ167ÿ9ÿ06#796ÿ0 90ÿ8ÿ8 170ÿ14ÿ0 6ÿ896 1ÿ0 6ÿ188ÿ76175ÿ1ÿ613014ÿK17ÿ696 ÿ6ÿ96ÿ566165 94ÿ567640ÿ807948ÿ1ÿ9 968 ÿ4 354ÿ807946ÿ1468ÿ 6ÿ0 6 93L167ÿ945ÿ71 1 ÿ ÿ976ÿ309408ÿ0 90ÿ9386ÿ14807138 L1678ÿ17 4ÿ9ÿ976ÿ695 ÿ945ÿ1468ÿ 6ÿ0 6ÿ738868ÿ87130ÿ4 ÿ69ÿ5661640ÿ8ÿ9 4179ÿMK376ÿNO!PÿQ 97 ÿ94 76658ÿ1ÿ518ÿ96ÿ664ÿ765ÿÿ3948ÿMK376ÿNO P ÿ 0 56764 68ÿ67ÿ 6ÿ0 186ÿ1 86765ÿ60664ÿ567640ÿ86 68ÿ4 490376 ÿ98ÿ"97 4ÿ14065ÿ130ÿR1667 ÿ90 13 ÿ9ÿS>IAFÿ86 68 M4 354ÿ11068ÿ945ÿT9 98Pÿ976ÿ186ÿ769068ÿ945ÿ94ÿ4067 7665 51ÿ76658ÿ976ÿ410ÿ51680 90148ÿ1ÿ567640ÿ 5ÿ51ÿ86 68 ÿ30 96ÿ664ÿ7153 65ÿ167ÿ0 6ÿ980ÿ6ÿ0 138945ÿ6978ÿM86679 345765ÿ51ÿ646790148Pÿÿ970< 9ÿ866014ÿ71ÿ9ÿ846 114ÿ94 68079ÿ86 68 ÿ0 6ÿ76ÿ1ÿ 6ÿ"U!ÿ86364 68ÿ1ÿ51 The PDFs of these chapters from "Evolution: a very short introduction" are for your personal use only. Page 4 of 29 They cannot be shared outside of class or published in any way as it will infringe on the copyright. Evolution: A Very Short Introduction | Oxford Academic 01213ÿ561ÿ1331278599ÿ5ÿ3 317ÿÿ 9ÿ31 1213ÿ 7ÿ 713ÿ 31 521376ÿ83ÿ19811ÿ6 ÿ33893ÿ7ÿ51ÿ3156571ÿ6 ÿ 913 5213763ÿ5ÿ89982ÿ1563ÿ50 ÿ561ÿ5 7ÿ7611ÿ7813ÿ53ÿ816127ÿ6 18716ÿ 03ÿ6ÿ 913ÿ53ÿ71ÿ 37ÿ816127ÿ 0 9ÿ 5683 2 ÿ 1 8161213ÿ5 20ÿ 03ÿ82ÿ7186ÿ31 1213ÿÿ71ÿ351ÿ0121 8161213ÿ8ÿ613 5 9ÿ1191ÿ5716ÿ 03ÿ3156571ÿ6 $%ÿ'( 913ÿ52ÿ1ÿ31ÿ7ÿ7199ÿ ÿ920ÿ50 ÿ757ÿ31565782ÿ5121 311ÿ 5716ÿ ÿ 1ÿ 66127ÿ1378571ÿ83ÿ757ÿ 03ÿ3156571ÿ6 913ÿ17112ÿ!!"""ÿ52ÿ!#"""ÿ1563ÿ50 ÿ161ÿ71 13785782ÿÿ716ÿ528593 The PDFs of these chapters from "Evolution: a very short introduction" are for your personal use only. Page 5 of 29 They cannot be shared outside of class or published in any way as it will infringe on the copyright. Evolution: A Very Short Introduction | Oxford Academic 012 34ÿ6789ÿ7ÿ 9ÿ9ÿ7ÿ9ÿ99ÿ7ÿ94ÿ4ÿ99 9ÿ ÿ 9 9ÿ ÿ 9ÿ7ÿ 7ÿ99ÿ7ÿ74 !"ÿ$%&&"$$ÿ'(ÿ)*+,-&,).ÿ$"."&+,'/ÿ,$ÿ0'$$,1."ÿ1"&)%$"ÿ!"*,+)1." 2)*,)+,'/ÿ"3,$+$ÿ4,+!,/ÿ0'0%.)+,'/$ÿ)/5ÿ$0"&,"$ÿ6+!"ÿ$.,7!+ÿ5,8"*"/&"$ 1"+4""/ÿ/'*9).ÿ,/5,2,5%).$ÿ4!,&!ÿ4"ÿ5"$&*,1"5ÿ,/ÿ:!)0+"*ÿ;2"/ 4ÿBB 4,+!'%+ÿ)/?ÿ%/5"*$+)/5,/7ÿ'(ÿ,/!"*,+)/&"@ÿ 0"'0."ÿ!)2"ÿ1*"5ÿ(*'9 )/,9).$ÿ)/5ÿ0.)/+$ÿ+!)+ÿ!)5ÿ&!)*)&+"*,$+,&$ÿ+!"?ÿ.,A"5ÿ'*ÿ('%/5ÿ%$"(%.@ )/5ÿ'2"*ÿ"/'%7!ÿ7"/"*)+,'/$ÿ+!,$ÿ0*'&"$$ÿ!)$ÿ7"/"*)+"5ÿ$+*),/$ÿ'( )/,9).ÿ)/5ÿ0.)/+ÿ$0"&,"$ÿ+!)+ÿ5,8"*ÿ7*")+.?ÿ(*'9ÿ'/"ÿ)/'+!"*@ÿ)/5 (*'9ÿ+!"ÿ)/&"$+*).ÿ('*9$ÿ+!)+ÿ4"*"ÿ'*,7,/)..?ÿ5'9"$+,&)+"5=ÿ!,$ $!'4$ÿ&.")*.?ÿ+!)+ÿ,/5,2,5%).$ÿ4,+!,/ÿ5'9"$+,&)+"5ÿ$0"&,"$ÿ9%$+ÿ!)2" The PDFs of these chapters from "Evolution: a very short introduction" are for your personal use only. Page 6 of 29 They cannot be shared outside of class or published in any way as it will infringe on the copyright. 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Evolution: A Very Short Introduction | Oxford Academic 012034ÿ16ÿ703ÿ8439 ÿ399ÿ1 84767ÿ432169ÿÿ703ÿ236 3ÿ70 7 ÿ67ÿ3ÿ4ÿ8473169ÿ70 6ÿ16ÿ703ÿ162ÿ8 479ÿÿ23639ÿ 69 43ÿ47034ÿ162ÿ16ÿ 41 117ÿ 8 43ÿ170ÿ 97ÿ7034ÿ983139 4ÿ3 83ÿ ÿ8 48019 ÿ19ÿ 0ÿ 43ÿ 6ÿ16ÿ 1 3 43ÿ70 6ÿ!"ÿÿ179ÿ ÿ377349ÿ43ÿ 41 3# $03ÿ19741 716ÿÿ 41 117ÿ17016ÿÿ983139ÿ 6ÿ213ÿ9ÿ93 164 716ÿ%036ÿ29ÿ43ÿ43ÿ4ÿ1&34367ÿ0 473419719ÿ4339 43ÿ3383ÿ70 7ÿ43ÿ47034ÿ614 ÿ16ÿ70314ÿ0 473419719ÿ$019ÿ19 3ÿ7ÿ97417ÿ8312433ÿ4 39ÿ010ÿ674ÿ 71629ÿ6ÿ4 1ÿ'2363 ()ÿ37336ÿ4339ÿ ÿ0 47341971ÿ70 7ÿ19ÿ39143ÿ16ÿ63ÿ433 9 0ÿ9ÿ370162ÿ19ÿ70 9ÿ3ÿ3383ÿ16ÿ70 7ÿ433ÿ6ÿ6 938 473ÿ4339ÿ736ÿ7ÿ13423ÿ4 ÿ3 0ÿ7034ÿ$019ÿ19716 37336ÿ4339ÿ19ÿ66 74ÿ6ÿ29ÿÿ1&34367ÿ4339ÿ1ÿ0 881 /0ÿ23 73ÿ6ÿ84 3ÿ03 70ÿ 62ÿ* 0ÿÿ703ÿ 41 117ÿÿ29ÿ19 4162ÿ37336ÿ4339ÿ* 6ÿ6 74ÿ983139ÿ13ÿ16ÿ1&34367 2324801 ÿ938 473ÿ88 7169ÿ6ÿ9ÿ63ÿ 1207ÿ3837ÿ703 67ÿÿ134917ÿ16ÿ9 0ÿ983139ÿ9ÿÿ03ÿ19ÿ243 734ÿ70 6ÿ17016ÿ 91623ÿ88 716ÿ3 93ÿ70343ÿ43ÿ1&343639ÿ37336ÿ88 7169 4ÿ3 83ÿ34716ÿÿ24 89ÿ43ÿ 43ÿ 6ÿ16ÿ9 3ÿ0 6 439ÿ70 6ÿ16ÿ70349ÿ933ÿ+0 8734ÿ,#ÿ6ÿ703ÿ9 3ÿ19ÿ74 3ÿ4ÿ 6 7034ÿ236371ÿ 41679ÿ334ÿ16ÿ0 69ÿ6ÿ 6ÿ7034ÿ983139 16ÿ6 743ÿ703ÿ1&343639ÿ37336ÿ88 7169ÿ43ÿ34ÿ91207ÿ16 8 4196ÿ170ÿ703ÿ134917ÿ17016ÿ88 7169ÿ613ÿ703 917 716ÿ4ÿ2ÿ4339ÿ$03ÿ1&34363ÿ19ÿ3 93ÿ0 69ÿ 6ÿ 3 433ÿ37336ÿ88 7169ÿ 6ÿ1 84767ÿ1 81 716ÿÿ70393 236371ÿ439 79ÿ19ÿ70 7ÿ0 6ÿ88 7169ÿ43ÿ197162 1903ÿ170 439837ÿ7ÿ6ÿÿ9 ÿ4716ÿÿ 4ÿ236 39ÿ013ÿ 97ÿ 41679 70 7ÿ43ÿ8439367ÿ17016ÿ703ÿ0 6ÿ983139ÿ43ÿ 6ÿ413 -643 93ÿ 117ÿ16ÿ703ÿ 346ÿ4ÿ19ÿ. 1ÿ43 162ÿ6 1&343639ÿ37336ÿ88 7169 4567859ÿ;6@5'8)ÿ9282ÿ159ÿ589ÿ'22ÿ'922 ÿÿ5658ÿ97229 9 1ÿ59ÿ' 9ÿ5 ÿ929ÿ52ÿ9222ÿ969ÿ 12ÿ9 589ÿ2 ÿÿ'2ÿ 262 52ÿÿ9)2ÿ 182ÿ12ÿ9658829ÿ5 The PDFs of these chapters from "Evolution: a very short introduction" are for your personal use only. 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Evolution: A Very Short Introduction | Oxford Academic 0123456ÿ124ÿ8964 ÿ0856ÿ 4 ÿ82ÿ4 168 5ÿ928ÿ1 ÿ86ÿ1 0842ÿ5210ÿ82ÿ942606ÿ6ÿ145ÿ54 54ÿ64249824ÿ616ÿ8231 55 116168 ÿ68ÿ642ÿ4 28 4 6ÿ5ÿ8964 ÿ24554ÿ5ÿ4ÿ4014 ÿ 1642ÿ ÿ6ÿ584645ÿ5445ÿ15ÿ9ÿ4 4 ÿ64ÿ6456ÿ4610ÿ 1 ÿ 4 8261 6ÿ412ÿ4294 68 ÿ5ÿ8964 ÿ1 4 4ÿ5 ÿ15ÿ64 46218212ÿ1 21 ÿ89ÿ 26 ÿ 6642!45ÿ2454 01 4ÿ68ÿ041 45 82ÿ89ÿ 164200125ÿ68ÿ635ÿ"61 0#3ÿ5404 68 ÿ1058ÿ145ÿ54 54ÿ89 64ÿ8 542168 ÿ616ÿ54 45ÿ8964 ÿ58ÿ06604ÿ4 8068 12ÿ 1 34$ÿ15 08 3ÿ15ÿ642ÿ4 28 4 6ÿ8545ÿ8ÿ4ÿ 1004 345ÿ5404 68 ÿ00 /0ÿ22 64 ÿ68ÿ44ÿ635ÿ15ÿ64ÿ 124ÿ%4ÿ561 04ÿ828083ÿ89ÿ584 8231 55ÿ8 42ÿ08 3ÿ4 8068 12ÿ645ÿ5 ÿ15ÿ64ÿ58& 1004ÿ'()(*+ ,-..('.ÿ854ÿ842 ÿ4 425ÿ2454 04ÿ561 60ÿ240164ÿ985505ÿ 1 65ÿ 4ÿ 425688 345678ÿ:484;? 16210ÿ5404 68 ÿ5ÿ64ÿ8 0ÿ401 168 ÿ982ÿ116168 ÿ616ÿ15 5688ÿÿ68ÿ42 10ÿ64565ÿ@84 42ÿ5404 68 ÿ845ÿ86ÿ4 455120 24154ÿ64ÿ8 42100ÿ5210ÿ82ÿ 42ÿ89ÿ8A523ÿ28 4ÿ ÿ64 80168 ÿ15ÿ1ÿ804ÿB4 ÿ6424ÿ5ÿ 84668 ÿ62165ÿ616ÿ 8 942 5 455ÿÿ 84668 ÿ982ÿ1ÿ064ÿ24582 4ÿ1ÿ24 4ÿ4 428 45 5210ÿ9ÿ64ÿ856ÿ5 45590ÿ64ÿ89ÿ105ÿ 4 84ÿ 88 ÿ1ÿ80168 ÿ64ÿ80168 5ÿ5210ÿ28 1 06ÿ1ÿ 4 4 24154ÿ1045ÿ89ÿ64ÿ101164ÿ 8 54C4 45ÿ89ÿ 84668 124ÿ86ÿ 8 D 4ÿ68ÿ 8083 10ÿ56168 5ÿ%4ÿ6254 455ÿ1 924C4 6ÿ 1ÿ61564ÿ89ÿ1 42653ÿ124ÿ400ÿ 8 E 4ÿ89ÿ64ÿ 456ÿ 425688ÿ 8083 10ÿ41045ÿ89ÿ 84668 ÿ5 5404 68 ÿ1 63ÿ8 ÿ64ÿ1 06ÿ89ÿ1045ÿ68ÿ8 61ÿ1645ÿ ÿ1 1 10ÿ54 45ÿ86ÿ100ÿ942604ÿ1045ÿ041 4ÿ45 4 1 65ÿ 6ÿ8 0ÿ6854 616ÿ5 44ÿÿ 8265ÿ1 F82ÿÿ 8 64565ÿ6ÿ8642ÿ1045 "84645ÿ8 0ÿ64ÿG81 6ÿ1045ÿ124ÿ1 464ÿ ÿ64ÿ941045 4 ÿ926!ÿ1045ÿ1 4ÿ68ÿ 826ÿ941045H6ÿ1 45ÿ58 35 I28 4ÿ ÿ 4163ÿ642ÿ35Jÿ1 ÿ5 4 65H 49824ÿ 43ÿ10084 68ÿ164ÿ" 455ÿ5ÿ86ÿ3121 644ÿI 86ÿ522530ÿ5 4ÿ941045 56ÿ 4ÿ 885ÿ1 ÿ1 8ÿ1 463ÿ1045ÿ89ÿ64ÿ28 3ÿ54 45Jÿ 1 ÿ1105ÿ5 ÿ15ÿ08 5ÿ6424ÿ124ÿ58 10ÿ4212 45ÿÿ64 1 06ÿ68ÿ346ÿ1635ÿ1 ÿ941045ÿ124ÿ 885ÿ58ÿ616ÿ1045ÿA42ÿ The PDFs of these chapters from "Evolution: a very short introduction" are for your personal use only. 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Evolution: A Very Short Introduction | Oxford Academic 01234ÿ4264789 032ÿ9 2 ÿ094ÿ22037ÿ3ÿ01242742ÿ 794 14 024303 ÿ 7 3028ÿ301ÿ2ÿ873 2ÿ3ÿ012ÿ132441ÿ74 01234ÿ004 0322 ÿ07ÿ22 ÿ2ÿ8224ÿ1 2ÿ42ÿ024ÿ131 42ÿ9 28ÿ3ÿ10ÿ2022ÿ2ÿ8ÿ72ÿ6232ÿ1 2ÿ70124ÿ2 7ÿ30338037ÿ9 1ÿ ÿ798ÿ4743ÿ ÿ0122ÿ14 024ÿ42ÿ124302 !"ÿ$% 131ÿ ÿ2ÿÿ 7 2ÿ3ÿ702ÿ012ÿ 2 ÿ2ÿ301ÿ012 14 024303 ÿ010ÿ 2ÿ012ÿ9 2 9ÿ3ÿ03ÿ3ÿ6 ÿ7ÿ01234 22ÿ07ÿÿ6472ÿ132ÿ70124ÿ2ÿ3ÿ028ÿ07ÿ1 2ÿ224 7 643 &701ÿ2'2ÿÿ2 72ÿ14 024303 ÿÿ013ÿ()*+,-ÿ()-)/0123ÿ8ÿ30 647ÿ 790ÿ74ÿ012ÿ4310ÿ692ÿ7ÿÿ348 ÿ472 24ÿ3 ÿ6232ÿ0122ÿ14 024303 ÿ42ÿ728ÿ07ÿ2ÿ 53942ÿ67 9203ÿ010ÿ012ÿ42ÿ70ÿ3ÿ012 22ÿ778ÿ860037 ÿ07ÿ012 6232ÿ2 34720ÿÿ9 1ÿ2ÿ14 024303 ÿ2403ÿ87 70ÿ22ÿ3 2ÿ07ÿ126ÿ943ÿ8ÿ012ÿ702ÿ3 94ÿ7 0ÿ29 2ÿ7 724ÿ943ÿ7ÿ01234ÿ2ÿ44324 ÿ82 7 ÿ2ÿ301ÿ01234 27479 ÿ8ÿ29039ÿ03ÿ42ÿ6774ÿ924ÿ8ÿ012ÿ798 647ÿ2ÿ20024ÿ2ÿ07ÿ2 62ÿ6428074ÿ3ÿ01234ÿ03ÿ242ÿ24 82 7 ÿ42ÿÿ3 7 2320ÿ6232ÿ74ÿ2'624320ÿ09832ÿ7ÿ012 24783 ÿ7ÿ9310ÿ90ÿ7 ÿ03ÿ1 2ÿ22ÿ17ÿ07ÿ2 724ÿ01ÿ7603ÿ74ÿ9310ÿ132ÿ2ÿ301ÿ724ÿ03ÿ42 64224428ÿÿ22 ÿ: 2ÿ2 ÿ620 94ÿ2ÿ7940136 14 024303 ÿ702ÿ43ÿ3 42 28ÿ43 ÿ574ÿ2'62ÿ72 04763ÿ47ÿ6232ÿ42ÿ64228ÿ7ÿÿ0ÿ010ÿ82020ÿ2ÿ33 01234ÿ7940136ÿ7 ÿ: 2ÿ301790ÿ0122ÿ824ÿ79403ÿ2 702ÿ2'628ÿ42ÿ790ÿ7ÿ2 740ÿ131ÿ798ÿ2ÿ7012432 26728ÿ74ÿ2'62ÿ3ÿ77 3ÿ74ÿ778ÿ8ÿ012ÿ42ÿ702ÿ3 2'0422ÿ6774ÿ61 3ÿ162ÿ0ÿ012ÿ28ÿ7ÿ012ÿ03ÿ2 7 The PDFs of these chapters from "Evolution: a very short introduction" are for your personal use only. Page 27 of 29 They cannot be shared outside of class or published in any way as it will infringe on the copyright. Evolution: A Very Short Introduction | Oxford Academic 012 3ÿ5678ÿ69 ÿ85678ÿÿ8ÿ658ÿ88ÿÿ559 ÿ!" #$ÿ%&' ÿ() # *&*ÿ#(! ) ÿ ÿ!"ÿ() !+!ÿ), ()-&!#" .ÿ!)ÿ/ÿ* 0& !ÿ,&)1ÿ1)#!ÿ)!"&ÿ# !-! ) #$ÿ *ÿ !&)*-(* !"ÿ#.( ÿ!&1ÿ#+-ÿ#(! ) ÿ!)ÿ" " "!ÿ!" #ÿ* 0& (2ÿ3#ÿ' "4ÿ5-#!ÿ& -*$ÿ !ÿ #ÿ- 67ÿ!"!ÿ1ÿ.()(6#8ÿ! #ÿ&ÿ*.! 4$ /)!"ÿ) ÿ9ÿ;
