Activity 2 - Histology and Integument PDF

2 ACTIVITY HIS TOLOGY A ND INTEGUMENT OBJECTIVES 1. How to get ready: Read CHAPTERS 4 AND 5, MCKINLEY ET AL., HUMAN ANATOMY, 5E. All text references are for this textbook. 2. Identify each tissue (26 tissues) in a histology photo or microscope s...

2 ACTIVITY HIS TOLOGY A ND INTEGUMENT OBJECTIVES 1. How to get ready: Read CHAPTERS 4 AND 5, MCKINLEY ET AL., HUMAN ANATOMY, 5E. All text references are for this textbook. 2. Identify each tissue (26 tissues) in a histology photo or microscope slide. 3. Sketch each tissue in the space provided. 4. Identify the features of the integument (skin) on a slide and/or model. 5. Before next class: Preview Axial Skeleton terms lists from SLCC Anatomy Laboratory website or your printed laboratory manual and your textbook. 9  Activity 2 Histology and Integument EPITHELIAL TISSUES Note the following features on each tissue. CELL SHAPES NUMBER OF LAYERS IDENTIFY squamous simple each tissue as an epithelium cuboidal stratified specific type/name of tissue columnar pseudostratified shape of cells number of cell layers specific body location of each tissue specialized structures, when relevant basement membrane, basal surface, apical surface TABLE 2-1. Types of epithelial tissues (10 tissues to identify) NAME BODY LOCATIONS/STRUCTURES TEXT REFERENCES & SKETCH location: air sacs in lungs P. 86, TABLE 4.2A; (alveoli), lining blood vessels, DESCRIBED: PP. 84–85 serous membranes of body cavities structure: single layer of flat cells resembling floor tiles, with a single nucleus in the center of each ❒ basement membrane ❒ apical surface 1 ❒ basal surface ❒ simple squamous function: rapid diffusion, epithelium filtration, and some secretion 10 Lab 2 Histology and Integument TABLE 2-1. Types of epithelial tissues (10 tissues to identify) NAME BODY LOCATIONS/STRUCTURES TEXT REFERENCES & SKETCH ❒ location: lining oral cavity, P. 89 TABLE 4.3A, B; esophagus, vagina, and anus DESCRIBED: PP. 88–91 (non-keratinized); epidermis of skin (keratinized) ❒ stratified squamous ❒ structure: multiple layers epithelium of cells; apical cells squamous; 2 surface cells are alive in non- keratinized; surface cells in ❒ keratinized keratinized are dead and filled 3 with the protein keratin ❒ non-keratinized ❒ basement membrane ❒ apical surface ❒ basal surface ❒ function: protection of underlying tissue ❒ location: lining kidney tubules; P. 86 TABLE 4.2B; ducts of most glands DESCRIBED: P. 85 ❒ structure: single layer of cells as tall as they are wide; spherical, centrally located nucleus 4 ❒ basement membrane ❒ apical surface ❒ simple cuboidal epithelium ❒ basal surface ❒ lumen ❒ function: absorption and secretion ❒ location: large ducts in most P. 90 TABLE 4.3C; exocrine glands DESCRIBED: P. 91 ❒ structure: two or more layers of cells; cells at apical surface are cuboidal 5 ❒ basement membrane ❒ stratified cuboidal ❒ apical surface epithelium ❒ basal surface ❒ function: protection and secretion 11  Activity 2 Histology and Integument TABLE 2-1. Types of epithelial tissues (10 tissues to identify) NAME BODY LOCATIONS/STRUCTURES TEXT REFERENCES & SKETCH location: lining of most of the P. 87 TABLE 4.2C, D; digestive tract (non-ciliated); DESCRIBED: PP. 85,88 lining of uterine tubes (ciliated) structure: single layer of tall, narrow cells; oval shaped nucleus simple columnar epithelium in the basal region of cells ❒ basement membrane 6 ❒ apical surface ❒ ciliated ❒ basal surface 7 ❒ goblet cells ❒ non-ciliated ❒ cilia (when present) function: absorption and secretion (non-ciliated); secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by action of cilia (ciliated) location: rare, found in large P. 90 TABLE 4.3D; ducts of some exocrine glands DESCRIBED: P. 91 and in some regions of the male urethra structure: two or more layers of 8 cells; cells at the apical surface are ❒ stratified columnar columnar ❒ basement membrane epithelium ❒ basal surface ❒ apical surface function: protection and secretion location: ciliated form lines most P. 88 TABLE 4.2E; of the respiratory tract DESCRIBED: P. 88 structure: single layer of cells with varying heights that appear multi-layered; all cells connect to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface 9 ❒ basement membrane ❒ apical surface ❒ pseudostratified columnar ❒ basal surface epithelium ❒ cilia ❒ goblet cells function: protection; ciliated form also involved with secretion of mucin and movement of mucus across surface with ciliary action 12 Lab 2 Histology and Integument TABLE 2-1. Types of epithelial tissues (10 tissues to identify) NAME BODY LOCATIONS/STRUCTURES TEXT REFERENCES & SKETCH location: lining of urinary P. 91 TABLE 4.3E; bladder, ureters, and part of DESCRIBED: P. 91 urethra structure: epithelial appearance varies, depending on whether the tissue is stretched or relaxed; shape of cells on the apical 10 surface changes ❒ basement membrane ❒ transitional epithelium ❒ apical surface ❒ basal surface function: distention and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes in the bladder, ureters, and urethra CONNECTIVE TISSUES Identify on each slide or image: each tissue as a connective tissue each tissue as fuid connective tissue vs. connective tissue proper vs. supporting connective tissue for connective tissues proper: identify loose vs. dense connective tissues specifc name of each connective tissue cells, fbers, ground substance, or matrix any relevant special structures 13  Activity 2 Histology and Integument TABLE 2-2. Types of connective tissue (12 tissues to identify) NAME BODY LOCATIONS/STRUCTURES TEXT REFERENCES & SKETCH location: within blood vessels (arteries, P. 108, TABLE 4.11; FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE (1 tissue) veins, and capillaries), and the heart DESCRIBED: P. 105 structure: contains ❒ erythrocytes ❒ leukocytes ❒ platelets 1 ❒ plasma (matrix) ❒ blood function: erythrocytes transport gases, leukocytes control immune response, platelets initiate blood clotting; plasma transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the body, and contains clotting elements to stop blood loss P. 102 TABLE 4.7A; DESCRIBED: P. 100 LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES (3 tissues): generally have a loose association of fibers in location: subcutaneous layer; surrounding organs structure: vascular, matrix is gel-like with ❒ fibroblasts 2 ❒ collagen fibers ❒ elastic fibers ❒ areolar ❒ ground substance connective tissue function: surrounds and protects tissues and organs; loosely binds epithelium to CONNECTIVE TISSUES PROPER deeper tissues; provides nerve and blood vessel packing extracellular matrix location: forms stroma of lymph nodes, P. 103 TABLE 4.7C; spleen, thymus, and bone marrow DESCRIBED: P. 101 structure: ground substance is gel-like 3 liquid; scattered arrangement of ❒ reticular fibers ❒ reticular ❒ extracellular matrix connective tissue function: provides supportive framework for spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and bone marrow location: subcutaneous layer; covers and P. 102 TABLE 4.7B; surrounds some organs DESCRIBED: P. 100 structure: closely packed 4 ❒ adipocytes, with nucleus ❒ adipose squeezed to one side connective tissue ❒ lipid vacuole (fat droplet) function: stores energy; protects, 14 cushions, and insulates Lab 2 Histology and Integument TABLE 2-2. Types of connective tissue (12 tissues to identify) NAME BODY LOCATIONS/STRUCTURES TEXT REFERENCES & SKETCH location: forms tendons, most ligaments P. 104 TABLE 4.8A; structure: DESCRIBED: P. 101 DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES (3 tissues): generally have a dense association of ❒ collagen fibers (densely packed, 5 parallel) ❒ dense regular ❒ fibroblast nuclei connective tissue ❒ ground substance (scarce) function: attaches muscle to bone and bone to bone; resists stress applied in one direction CONNECTIVE TISSUES PROPER location: walls of elastic arteries; P. 105 TABLE 4.8C; trachea; bronchial tubes; true vocal DESCRIBED: P. 101 cords; suspensory ligaments of penis 6 structure: ❒ elastic fibers (parallel) ❒ elastic connective ❒ fibroblast nuclei tissue ❒ ground substance function: allows stretching of some organs fibers in the extracellular matrix location: dermis; periosteum covering P. 104 TABLE 4.8B; bone; perichondrium covering cartilage, DESCRIBED: P. 101 organ capsules structure: 7 ❒ collagen fibers (bundled; ❒ dense irregular randomly arranged) ❒ fibroblasts connective tissue ❒ ground substance (more than in dense regular connective tissue) function: withstands stresses in all directions; durable 15  Activity 2 Histology and Integument TABLE 2-2. Types of connective tissue (12 tissues to identify) NAME BODY LOCATIONS/STRUCTURES TEXT REFERENCES & SKETCH location: exterior of bones of the body P. 107 TABLE 4.9; structure: calcified matrix arranged in DESCRIBED: P. 105 BONE or OSSEOUS TISSUE (1 tissue) ❒ osteons ❒ osteocytes in lacunae ❒ lamellae (concentric) ❒ central canal ❒ canaliculi 8 function: supports sof structures; protects vital organs; provides levers for ❒ compact bone movement; stores minerals SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUES: includes bone tissue and 3 cartilage tissues location: most of fetal skeleton; covers P. 106 TABLE 4.9A; articular ends of long bones; costal DESCRIBED: P. 103 cartilage; most of the larynx, trachea, and nose structure: ❒ extracellular matrix 9 ❒ lacunae ❒ hyaline cartilage ❒ chondrocytes ❒ perichondrium (ofen visible) function: smooth surfaces for movement at joints; model for bone growth; CARTILAGE TISSUES (3 tissues) supports sof tissue location: intervertebral discs; pubic P. 106 TABLE 4.9B; symphysis; menisci of knee joint DESCRIBED: P. 103 structure: ❒ collagen fibers (parallel) 10 ❒ extracellular matrix ❒ lacunae ❒ fibrocartilage ❒ chondrocytes function: resists compression; absorbs shock in some joints location: external ear; epiglottis of the P. 107 TABLE 4.9C; larynx DESCRIBED: PP. 103–104 structure: contains abundant ❒ elastic fibers (branching) 11 ❒ lacunae ❒ elastic cartilage ❒ chondrocytes 16 function: maintains structure and shape while permitting flexibility  Activity 2 Histology and Integument MUSCLE TISSUES TABLE 2-3. Types of muscle tissue (3 tissues to identify) NAME BODY LOCATIONS/STRUCTURES TEXT REFERENCES AND SKETCH location: walls of hollow internal P. 111 TABLE 4.12C; DESCRIBED: organs: vessels, airways, stomach, P. 109 bladder, and uterus structure: 1 ❒ muscle fiber (spindle-shaped) ❒ nucleus (centrally located) ❒ smooth muscle function: involuntary movements and motion; moves materials through internal organs location: attaches to bones or P. 110 TABLE 4.12A; DESCRIBED: sometimes skin P. 109 structure: ❒ muscle fiber (long, cylindrical, unbranched) 2 ❒ nuclei (multiple per fiber) ❒ skeletal muscle ❒ striations function: moves skeleton; responsible for voluntary body movements, locomotion, and heat production location: heart wall (myocardium) P. 110 TABLE 4.12B; DESCRIBED: structure: P. 109 ❒ muscle fiber (or cardiomyocyte) short, branched ❒ nucleus (one per cell) 3 ❒ striations ❒ cardiac muscle ❒ intercalated discs (between cells) function: involuntary contraction and relaxation; pumps blood in the heart 18 Lab 2 Histology and Integument NERVOUS TISSUE TABLE 2-4. Nervous tissue (1 tissue to identify) NAME BODY LOCATIONS/ STRUCTURES TEXT REFERENCES AND SKETCH location: brain, spinal cord, P. 112 TABLE 4.13; DESCRIBED: P. 111 peripheral nervous tissue structure: ❒ neuron 1 ❒ soma (cell body) ❒ nervous tissue ❒ axon (from multipolar ❒ dendrites neuron smear slide) ❒ neuroglia (glial cells) function: control and communication between tissues 19  Activity 2 Histology and Integument INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Skin and accessory structures TABLE 2-5. Integumentary system STRUCTURES TO IDENTIFY ON SKIN MODEL AND/OR SLIDES TEXT REFERENCES Layers of the skin/integument/cutaneous membrane, P. 119; FIG. 5.1; TABLE 5.2 from superficial to deep: ❒ EPIDERMIS—most superficial layer; keratinized stratified squamous epithelium ❒ Layers of the epidermis: from apical surface to basement P. 121; FIG. 5.2 membrane ❒ stratum corneum ❒ stratum lucidum (thick skin only) ❒ stratum granulosum ❒ stratum spinosum ❒ epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells ❒ stratum basale ❒ melanocytes ❒ keratinocytes ❒ epidermal ridges ❒ DERMIS—deep to the epidermis P. 126; FIG. 5.6 ❒ papillary layer (areolar connective tissue) ❒ dermal papillae ❒ reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue) ❒ hair follicles ❒ arrector pili muscles ❒ sebaceous (oil) glands ❒ sudoriferous (sweat) glands ❒ apocrine sweat gland ❒ merocrine or eccrine sweat gland ❒ sensory receptors ❒ tactile (sensory) receptor or Meissner’s corpuscle ❒ lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle ❒ HYPODERMIS OR SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER (not part of the integument proper)—areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue; ofen called superficial fascia 20  Activity 2 Histology and Integument STUDY AIDS FOR HISTOLOGY AND INTEGUMENT Helpful terms for Histology and Integument TERMS DESCRIPTION the space inside a structure, such as where blood is transported within a blood lumen vessel cilia motile hair-like extension of a cell surface small folds projecting on the apical surface of certain types of epithelial cells, microvilli especially those of the small intestine goblet cells unicellular epithelial gland cells that secrete mucus lacunae cavity or depression canaliculi small passageways papilla nipple-like projection Useful etymology for Histology and Integument PREFIX/SUFFIX DESCRIPTION epi- upon, on derm- skin sub- under myo- muscle pseudo- false trans- across vas- vessel inter- between intra- within micro- small osteo- bone chondro- cartilage -blast embryonic, immature cell -clast to break -cyte cell peri- around 22