Culture and Communication PDF

Culture and Communication Culture is a framework in which we communicate – Stephen Roberts What is Culture? Discuss some of the communication examples you have brought to class … How are they integrating culture? What is the reason for doing this?  Le...

Culture and Communication Culture is a framework in which we communicate – Stephen Roberts What is Culture? Discuss some of the communication examples you have brought to class … How are they integrating culture? What is the reason for doing this?  Lesson Outcomes Identify and apply Trompenaars’ Cultural Framework. Dr. Fons Trompenaars’ Model on Culture Watch the video. Be aware… There are MANY cultural models This model is by no means used to stereotype people. The model is a first step to understanding another culture. This will help us to interact with another culture and predict responses. This is not a black-&-white-model. Each dimension has two extreme tendencies on a continuum. Trompenaars’ Model on Culture Universalism vs. Particularism Individualism vs. Collectivism Neutral vs. Emotional Achievement vs. Ascription Specific vs. Diffuse Time vs. Time Past Future Sequential Synchronic Internal Control vs. External Control  Trompenaars’ model explained Universalism vs. Particularism (What is more important, rules or relationships?) Universalist cultures believe that rules direct the situation, where particularist societies believe that the situation UNIVERSA directs the rules. LISM Where would Bahrain score on this? PARTICULARISM Universalism VS Particularism (No Music) - YouTube  Trompenaars’ model explained The rules apply equally to Particularist cultures pays the whole ”universe” of attention to the obligations of members, regardless of relationships and unique relationships circumstances General rules, codes, values and standards Human friendship, ”What is good and right extraordinary achievement can be defined and always and situations, the ”spirit of applied” law” more important than the Universalist countries: ”letter of law” USA, UK, Netherlands, Particularist countries: Russia, Germany, Scandinavian Latin-America, and China countries PARTICULARISM UNIVERSALISM Universalism VS Particularism (No Music) - YouTube  Trompenaars’ model explained Individualism vs. Collectivism (Communitarianism) (Do we function in a group or as individuals?) Individualist societies promote the individual. In collectivist societies INDIVIDUALIS the group is more M important than the individual. Where would Bahrain score on this? COLLECTIVISM  Trompenaars’ model explained competition, self- cooperation, social thought, self-reliance, concern, public service self-interest, personal and social legacy growth and fulfillment (Reliance on informal (own goals) controls, team Frequent use of “I” approach, group goals) Ties between Frequent use of “We” individuals are loose: strong, cohesive in- everyone is expected groups, often extended to look after families (with uncles, him/herself and aunts and his/her immediate grandparents) family INDIVIDUALIS COLLECTIVISM M  Trompenaars’ model explained Neutral vs. Emotional / Affective (Do we display our emotions?) Neutral societies promote non emotional interactions, where NEUTRAL emotional societies promote emotions to be shown. Where would Bahrain score on this? EMOTIONAL / AFFECTIVE  Trompenaars’ model explained Neutral cultures Affective cultures Incorrect to show one’s Display emotions feelings openly Control of feelings Reactions are shown Lack of emotional tone immediately verbally Hide emotion and and/or non-verbally communicate in a more by gestures in the subtle way and avoid form of body signals. physical contact which They don’t avoid sometimes makes it physical contact difficult for members of other cultures to read (Italian, Arabic, between the lines and get Spanish) the message. (Japanese) NEUTRAL EMOTIONAL / AFFECTIVE Trompenaars’ model explained Achievement vs. Ascription (Do we have to prove ourselves to receive status or is it given to us?) Achievement orientation gives credit to what you do. Ascription orientation ACHIEVEMENT gives credit to who you are. Where would Bahrain score on this? ASCRIPTION Achievement and Ascription Cultures - YouTube Trompenaars’ model explained What you have What your status achieved attributed to you Individuals derive What a person is their status from and how others what they have relate to his/her accomplished position (Status linked to Status linked to goals obtained or age, connections, performance) wealth , gender, family name Achievement and Ascription Cultures - YouTube Trompenaars’ model explained Specific vs. Diffuse  (How separate we keep our private and working lives?)  Specific societies promote functional relationships.  Diffuse societies promote human SPECIFIC relationships. Where would Bahrain score on this? DIFFUSE Specific & Diffuse Cultures - Natasha visits China - YouTube Trompenaars’ model explained Specific cultures Diffuse cultures  individuals are open to Like most introverts, sharing a large public diffuse culture people space with others and a guard both spaces small private space they guard closely and share carefully, because entry with only friends and into public space also associates. affords entry into private  Specific cultures like space. Austria, Switzerland, the China, Spain and United Kingdom and the Venezuela are examples United States show a strong separation between of diffuse cultures where work and private life. work and private life are Invitations to public spaces closely linked but are common. intensely protected. Specific & Diffuse Cultures - Natasha visits China - YouTube  Trompenaars’ model explained Time Past – Present – Future Orientation Sequential vs. Synchronic (Do we do things one at a time or several things at once?) Sequential societies SEQUENTIAL promote step by step approach. Synchronic societies promote doing several things at once. SYNCHRONIC Where would Bahrain score on this? Sequential and Synchronic Cultures - YouTube Trompenaars’ model explained Monochronic cultures Polychronic cultures Doing one thing at a Doing multiple time. things at the same They value a certain time. orderliness and sense of Ex. A manager's there being an office in a polychronic appropriate time and culture typically has an place for everything. open door, a ringing They do not value phone and a meeting interruptions. all going on at the same time cultures The Germans tend to be include the French and monochronic the Americans. SEQUENTIAL SYNCHRONIC Sequential and Synchronic Cultures - YouTube  Trompenaars’ model explained Internal vs. External control (Do we control our environment or are we controlled by it?) Internally controlled orientation promotes being the “master of your own fate”. Externally controlled INTERNAL orientation promotes CONTROL ideas of destiny. Where would Bahrain score on this? EXTERNAL CONTROL  Trompenaars’ model explained People believe that they People believe that nature, or can control nature or their their environment, controls them; they must work with their environment to achieve environment to achieve goals. goals. This includes how At work or in relationships, they they work with teams and focus their actions on others, and within organizations they avoid conflict where Ex. Strategies possible.  Allow people to develop People often need reassurance that they're doing a good job. their skills and take control Ex. Strategies of their learning;  Provide people with the right  Be open about conflict and resources to do their jobs disagreement, and allow effectively. people to engage in  Manage conflict quickly and constructive conflict. quietly. INTERNAL EXTERNAL CONTROL CONTROL VALUES draw the big lines of culture … IDENTIFY THE KEY VALUES OF A PEOPLE AND YOU WILL UNDERSTAND HOW THEY THINK … Let us compare some countries Chinese Europe African Middle Latin North South an Eastern Americ Americ Asian an a Filial Peace Freedom Self- Religion Religion Family Piety of Respect Expressi on & Worship Hard Respect Right to Personal Obedien Individu Educatio Work for life Responsi ce alism n nature bility Toleranc Equality Toleranc Respect Good Risk Sacrifice e & e for Manners Taking Solidarit Elders y Harmon Freedom Participa Health & Toleranc Self Respect y tion Hygiene e & Reliance Respect Dhillon, P. (2013) A Survey of Cultural Values: Is a Universally Ethical Financial System Possible? Moral Cents, Volume 2, Issue 2. Accessed online (September 6, 2017) Trompenaars’ Model on Culture Universalism vs. Particularism Individualism vs. Collectivism Neutral vs. Emotional Achievement vs. Ascription Specific vs. Diffuse Time vs. Time Past Future Sequential Synchronic Internal Control vs. External Control ROLE PLAY – Group activity You have 7 minutes to develop a scenario (role play) that incorporates both dimensions The whole group will help present the scenario The class will guess what dimension you have been assigned. Effective communication for … Universalism Vs Particularism Effective communication for … Individualis m Vs Effective communication for … Neutral Vs Emotional Effective communication for … Achievement Vs Ascription