Academic Writing PDF

Lecture 1 [21-08-24] 16 August 2024 12:06 Overview: Scholarly writing. Nonfiction. Part of academic work. Adhering to standards. Formal tone. Focus on evidence-based arguments. Uses the third person point of view. PRACTICE, PRACTICE AND PRACTICE. What is Academic writing?...

Lecture 1 [21-08-24] 16 August 2024 12:06 Overview: Scholarly writing. Nonfiction. Part of academic work. Adhering to standards. Formal tone. Focus on evidence-based arguments. Uses the third person point of view. PRACTICE, PRACTICE AND PRACTICE. What is Academic writing? Genre of writing up research paper in academic contexts. Like any genre, it has specific audience(more specific and narrower), conventions and style of writing. Essentially based on concrete evidence and can be verified- Not subjective-arguments matter and not opinion. Not derived from imagination or speculations. However, creativity and passion play a role. Formalised prose style, specialised and disciplinary language. Reading an Abstract - It is like an overview of your paper - Use third person - After title it is the most important part of the paper - The first sentence should be indicative (can be very general) and it can start to become specific - Methodology - process that we have to follow - Abstract should be about 200 - 300 words - Lecture 2 04 September 2024 12:09 Structure of a Academic Paper: 1) Abstract - overview 2) Introduction - Basic introduction - It can be from general to specific 3) L.R. (Literature Review) - Usually given in larger paper that focuses on wider audience - It is like a review on a paper made by someone else - It is appreciated - After reviewing a few papers you will understand the pattern, methods they have used, their limitations, gap(like they missed out) 4) Methodology - Methods used - The questions - The objective - Process of the entire process 5) Discussion - The uniqueness of what we found - What we have understood through our research 6) Limitations - The limitation we faced - Like what we couldn't accomplish 7) Conclusion - Our findings Lecture 3 13 September 2024 11:55 Free writing - writing without any structure. Paragraph Writing : INTRO - the first section should include topic sentence and a sentence to provide background info to provide transition SUPPORTING SENTENCE - follows intro; discusses controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples and other information CONCLUSION - the final section; summrizes the connections between the info discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph and the paragraphs controlling idea Lecture 4 20 September 2024 12:35 Descriptive Simplest type Provide facts or information "identify ", "report", "record", "summarise" and "define" Ex: Summary of an Article Persuasive One-step further than analytical writing All the features of analytic writing with the addition of your pov. Includes "argue", "evaluate", "discuss" and "take a position" Analytical Answers - why? How, and so what Critical evaluation Analyze, compare, contrast, relate and examine Critical Makes logical connections between ideas Offices your own perspective based on your evaluation of the available evidence "critique", disagree, debate, evaluate Style for Literature Review 21 October 2024 14:40 1. APA style: - American Psychological Association - New times roman font of size 12 or arial size 11 - Set 1 inch page margins - Apply double line spacing - Capitalize major words - Indent every paragraph by half inch - Including a Running Head (shortened version of the title, on top left) on each page if submitting for a publication, page number on top right - Authors name and publication date are in-text and in the reference list page [for ex: (Vincent, 1990)- Sir name of the author] - Mainly used by psychology, commerce and social studies 2. MLA format: - Modern Language Association - Same fonts as APA - Same margins as APA - Same line spacing as APA - Same capitalizing as APA - In-text citation (Vincent 105) [105 is the page number] 3. IEEE style - Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers style - Not necessary to mention the authors name, page used , date of publication - Refer to the source like - ex: 4. Chicago/Turbarian Style - Page number in top left or bottom centre - Mostly on fine arts and science, art related areas - Same in text citation as MLA style Lecture 5 08 November 2024 11:03 References: - at the end - The author the paper references various papers that they made their literature review from - The author refences various papers that they perused for writing their own paper L.R'S references: - At the end - Referencing page numbers from the paper that we are reviewing with author name, journal and year of publishing - Only one person is referenced by us, when we are assigned the work in class In-text citations: - Within text - Various formats References Section (End of Document) General References: ○ List all references at the end of the document. ○ Include all papers the author reviewed to build their literature review. ○ Organize references alphabetically or by citation style requirements. Literature Review References (L.R's References): ○ Place L.R's references in a separate section at the end. ○ Cite with details such as the author's name, journal title, and year of publication. ○ Include page numbers where specific sections are referenced. ○ Only cite the individual(s) assigned for the specific review task (as designated in class). In-Text Citations Within Text:  ○ Use in-text citations in various formats, depending on the reference style used (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). ○ Match each in-text citation to a full reference in the end references section. Approaches and research Quantitative Qualitative - Focuses on testing theory and - Focuses on ideas and hypothesis formulating a theory or - Analyse through mathematical and hypothesis statical analysis - Analysed by categorising, - Mainly expressed in numbers, summarizing and drafts and tables interpreting - Objective - Mainly expressed in words - Specific - Predictive - Subjective - Holistic - Explantry Definition for : mixed research : Methodology that involved collecting, analyzing and integrating quantitative ( experiments, service etc… ) and qualitative ( Focus groups, interviews etc… ) research. Triangulation : It refers to the use of multiple methods and data sources in the study of the same phenomenon. It makes a research more valid because it combines multiple observers, theories, and methods.d Grounded Theory : It is a systematic methodology that has been applied to Qualitative research. The theory is grounded in actual data which means the analysis and development of theories happens after you have collected the data. The study based on grounded theory litely begins with the question or even with the collection of qualitative data. Ontology : The science or study of being and it deals with the nature of reality. Epistemology : The theory of knowledge deals with how knowledge is gathered and from which sources. Steps for researching : So a research problem is the area of concern or the condition to be improved or a difficulty to be improved. Review of the literature: Comprehensive summary or an analysis of the previously research topic. Creativity or imagination plays a crucial role in this level. Prepare the research design It is a framework that explains different methods and techniques used by the researcher.