Abnormal Psychology Summary (Chapters 1-2) PDF

Abnormal Psychology Summary (Chapter 1 - 2) Uploaded by Louise Alenah Labrague ! 0 ratings · 617 views · 29 pages AI-enhanced description Document Information " This document provides an ov...

Abnormal Psychology Summary (Chapter 1 - 2) Uploaded by Louise Alenah Labrague ! 0 ratings · 617 views · 29 pages AI-enhanced description Document Information " This document provides an overview of abnormal ps… Download Copyright & © © All Rights Reserved Download as docx, pdf, or txt Available Formats DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd Share this document ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY # $ CHAPTER 1: ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR IN Thus, defining psychological disorder by HISTORY CONTEXT distress alone doesn’t work, although concepts of distress contribute to a good Abnormality – “abnormal” refers to being definition above/below the norm Facebook Twitter - Most psychological disorders are simply - In abnormal psychology, if behavior extreme expressions of otherwise normal creates problem and becomes disruptive to emotions, behaviors, and cognitive himself or other, then this would be processes % considered abnormal 3) Atypical/Not Culturally Expected – important but also insufficient to Psychopathology – study of mental disorders; determine if a disorder is present by itself focusing on the disorders - Ex: talented/eccentric – people that are - Email Theoretical basis far from the average behavior, but few would be considered disorder (such as - Etiology (nature and cause) - Symptomatology (manifestations of the Lady Gaga wearing meat clothing) symptoms) - The more productive you are in the eyes of society; the more eccentricities society Did-- you find this document useful? Diagnosis Treatment will tolerate. Therefore, “deviating from the average” doesn’t work well as a Psychological Disorder – a psychological definition for problematic abnormal dysfunction within an individual associated with behavior distress/impairment in functioning and a response - View that your behavior is disordered if that is not typical or culturally expected you are violating social norms, even if a number of people are sympathetic to your Criteria defining a psychological disorder: point of view. This definition is useful in ! Dysfunction considering important cultural differences in psychological disorders Is this content inappropriate? ! Distress ! Deviant - Harmful dysfunction – behavior is out of ! Dangerous individual’s control Abnormal Behavior – a psychological Accepted Definition dysfunction within an individual that is associated Psychological Disorder (DSM-5) – behavioral, Report with distress/impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical/culturally expected psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and 1) Psychological Dysfunction – a associated with present distress and impairment breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, behavioral functioning death, pain, or impairment - Ex: experience severe fear all evening - Consider how the apparent when on a date or your emotions are not disease/disorder matches a “typical” functioning properly profile disorder 2) Distress/Impairment – criterion is - Prototype – patient may have only had satisfied if the individual is extremely some features/symptoms of the disorder (a upset minimum number) and still meet the - Criterion itself does not define criteria for the disorder because his/her problematic abnormal behavior. It is quite symptoms is close to the prototype normal to be distressed - Some disorders, by definition, suffering Science of Psychopathology and distress are absent Psychopathology – scientific study of - One of the major difficulties with this psychological disorder problem is that some people enjoy the manic state so much they are reluctant to - Counseling psychologist – study and begin treatment or stay long in treatment. treat adjustment and vocational issues 1 Ad Download to read ad-free ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY encountered by relatively healthy - Data flow from research that attempts individuals three basic things: - Clinical psychologist – concentrate more o To describe psychological on sever psychological disorders disorders - Experimental and social psychologists – o To determine their causes concentrate on investigating the basic o To treat them determinants of behaviors but do not assess or treat psychological disorders - Psychiatrists – investigate the nature and Clinical Description cause of psychological disorders, often from a biological point of view; make Presenting problem – patient “presents” with a diagnoses; and offer treatments. They specific problem emphasize drugs/other biological Presents – traditional shorthand ways of treatments, although most use indicating why the person came to the clinic psychosocial treatment - Psychiatric Social Workers – develop Clinical description – represents the unique expertise in collecting information combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings relevant to the social and family situation that make up a specific disorder of the individual with psychological disorder; concentrating on family Clinical – refers both the types of problems or problems disorders that you would find in a clinic/hospital - Psychiatric Nurses – specialize in the and to the activities connected with assessment care and treatment of patients with and treatment psychological disorders - One important function of the clinical - Marriage and Family Therapists and description is to specify what makes the Mental Health Counselors – provide disorder different from normal behavior or clinical services by hospitals/clinics, from other disorders. Statistical data may usually under the supervision of a also be relevant doctoral-level clinician - Prevalence of the disorder (how many Scientist-Practitioner people in the population as a whole has a disorder?) - Mental health professionals take a - Incidence of the disorder (how many new scientific approach to their clinical work cases occur during a given period, such as - They may function as scientist- a year) practitioners in three ways: o They may keep up with the latest Course – most disorders follow a somewhat scientific developments in their different pattern field and therefore use the most - Chronic course – they tend to last a long current diagnostic and treatment time, sometimes a lifetime procedures. They are consumers of - Episodic course – the individual is likely the science of psychopathology to to recover within a few months only to the advantage of their patients suffer a recurrence of the disorder at a o Scientist-practitioners evaluate later time. This may repeat through a their own assessments/treatment person’s life procedures to see whether they - Time-limited course – disorder will work. They must demonstrate improve without treatment in a relatively clearly whether their treatments short period with little or no risk of are effective or not recurrence o They might conduct research, often in clinics and hospitals, that Differences in the course of disorders are produces new information about differences in onset disorders or their treatment - Acute onset – they begin suddenly 2 Ad Download to read ad-free ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY - Insidious onset – others develop - The bizarre behavior of people afflicted gradually over an extended period with psychological disorders was seen as - It is important to know the typical course the work of the devil and witches of a disorder so that we can know what to - Individuals possessed by evil spirits were expect in the future and how best to deal probably responsible for any misfortune with the problem. This is an important of experienced by people in the local the clinical description community, which inspired drastic action against possessed Prognosis – anticipated course of a disorder. We - Treatment included exorcism , in which may say, “the prognosis is good,” meaning the various religious rituals were performed in individual will probably recover, or “the an effort to rid the victim of evil spirits prognosis is guarded,” meaning the probable - Evil continued to be blamed for outcome doesn’t look good unexplainable behavior - The patients age may be an important part Stress and Melancholy of the clinical description (specific psychological disorder in childhood may - Reflected the enlightened view that present differently from the same disorder insanity was a natural phenomenon, in adulthood/old age) caused by mental or emotional stress, and - Children are often misdiagnosed and that it was curable treated for a medical disorder - Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses, although Developmental psychology – study in behavior symptoms such as despair and lethargy Developmental psychopathology – study of were often identified by the church with changes in abnormal behavior the sin of acedia/sloth - Common treatments were rest, sleep, and Life-span developmental psychopathology – a healthy and happy environment + baths, study of abnormal behavior across life span ointments and various potions Causation, Treatment and Etiology Outcomes - (14th – 15 th centuries) people with physical deformities/disabilities, were often moved Etiology – the study of origins, has to do with from house to house in medieval villages why a disorder begins (what causes it) and as neighbors took turns in caring them includes biological, psychological, and social - Medieval practice of keeping people who dimensions have psychological disturbances in their own community is beneficial - Treatment is also, often important to the - Nicholas Oresme – suggested that the study of psychological disorders. If a new disease of melancholy (depression) was drug/psychosocial treatment is successful the source of some bizarre behavior, in treating a disorder, it may give us some rather than demons hints about the nature of the disorder and its causes Treatment and Possession - Psychopathology is rarely simple because the effect does not necessarily imply the - The sufferer is largely responsible for the cause disorder, which might well be a punishment for evil deeds Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic was associated with a - Purpose of the models is to explain why similar belief among some people someone is “acting like that” - Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) – many people believed it was a divine 1) SUPERNATURAL TRADITION punishment for what they considered Demons and Witches (14th – 15th century) immoral behavior - Possession is not always connected with - People increasingly turned to magic and sin but may be seen as involuntary and the sorcery to solve their problems possessed individual is blameless 3 Ad Download to read ad-free ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY - If exorcism failed, authorities take emotion. Disorders involving these necessary steps to make the body functions would logically be located in the unhabitable by evil spirits through beating brain. He also recognized the importance and other forms of torture of psychological and interpersonal - Strangely the torture approach sometimes contributions of psychopathology worked; the most disturbed, oddly - Galen – adopted the ideas of Hippocrates behaving individuals would suddenly and further developed, creating a powerful come to their senses and experience relief and influential school of thought within from their symptoms the biological tradition - Therapeutic shock treatment was Humoral theory developed (dunking in ice-cold water) - 1st example of associating disorders with a Mass Hysteria “chemical imbalance” - Characterized by large-scale outbreaks of - Hippocratic-Galenic approach assuming bizarre behavior the normal brain functioning was related - Emotion contagion – if someone is to four bodily fluids/ humors : sad/frightened, you will also feel the same o Blood – came from the heart way as them. When this situation o Black bile – from spleen escalates, whole community is affected. o Yellow bile – from the liver People are also suggestible when they are o Phlegm – from the brain in a state of high emotion - Physicians believed that disease resulted - Mob psychology from too much/too little of one of the - Emotion contagion occurring across social humors; ex: networks, raising the possibility that o Melancholer means “black bile” – episodes of mass hysteria may increase derivative from melancholy to Moon and Stars refer aspects of depression - Four humors are related to Greeks’ Paracelsus – suggests that movements of the conception of the four basic qualities: moon and stars had profound effects on people’s o Heat psychological functioning; gravitational effects of o Dryness the moon on bodily fluids might be possible o Moisture cause of mental disorders o Cold - Lunatic – derived from “luna” which is - Sometimes connected to personality traits moon o Sanguine – “red, like blood”; - No scientific/serious evidence ruddy in complexion, presumably - This belief is most noticeable today in from copious blood flowing followers of astrology, who hold that their through the body, and cheerful behavior and the events in their lives can optimistic, although insomnia and be predicted by their day-to-day delirium were thought to be caused relationship to the position of the planets by excessive blood in the brain o Melancholic – depressive (depression was thought to be 2) BIOLOGICAL TRADITION caused by black bile flooding in the brain) Hippocrates and Galen o Phlegmatic – personality (from - Hippocrates – father of modern Western the humor phlegm) indicates medicine; he suggested that psychological apathy and sluggishness but can disorders might also be caused by brain also mean being calm under stress pathology/head trauma and could be o Choleric – from yellow bile, is hot influenced by heredity (genetics) tempered - He considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and 4 Ad Download to read ad-free ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY - Excess of one or more humors were John P. Grey – champion of the biological treated by regulating the environment to tradition in the US and was the most influential increase/decrease heat, dryness, American psychiatrist of the time moisture/cold, depending on which humor - His position was that the cause of insanity was out of balance was always physical. Therefore, the - Bleeding/bloodletting – carefully mentally ill patient should be treated as measured amount of blood was removed physically ill from the body, often with leeches. Other - He also invented the rotary fan to ventilate was induce vomiting (eating tobacco and the hospital a half-boiled cabbage to induce vomiting) - Chinese focused on the movement of air/ The Developmental of Biological Treatments “wind” throughout the body o Unexplained mental disorders - 1930s – physical interventions of electric were caused by blockages of shock and brain surgery were often used. wind/the presence of the cold, dark Their effects of new drugs, were wind (yin) as opposed to warm, discovered quite by accident life-sustaining wind (yang) o Insulin – stimulate appetite and o Treatment involved restoring also seemed to calm the patients proper flow of wind through down; higher dosage resulted in various methods, including convulsion that leads to temporary acupuncture comatose - Hysteria – somatic symptom disorder o Insulin shock therapy – was also (Hippocrates) – physical symptoms abandoned because it was too appear to be the result of a medical dangerous, often resulted to problem for which no physical cause can prolonged coma and even death be found, such as paralysis and some kind - 1970s – mild and modest electric shock to of blindness the head produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia) but otherwise did 19th Century – discovery of the nature and a little harm cause of syphilis and strong support form o Electroconvulsive therapy John P. Grey - 1950s – first effective drugs for severe Syphilis – sexually transmitted disease caused psychotic disorders were developed in a by a bacterial organism entering the brain, systematic way include believing everyone is plotting against o Opium (derived from poppies) – you (delusion of persecution) or that you are used as sedatives along with other God (delusion of grandeur) herbs and folk remedies o Rauwolfia serpentine (reserpine) - Although these symptoms are similar to and neuroleptics (major those of psychosis – psychological tranquilizers) – for the first time disorders characterized in part by beliefs hallucinatory and delusional that are not based on reality (delusions), thought processes could be perceptions that are not based on reality diminished in some patients; these (hallucinations) drugs also controlled agitation and - The condition was designated a disease, aggressiveness general paresis, because it had consistent o Benzodiazepines (minor symptoms (presentation) and a consistent tranquilizers) – reduce anxiety course that resulted in death o Benzodiazepines (valium and - Louis Pasteur – germ theory of disease, Librium) – most widely prescribed facilitated the identification of the specific drugs in the world bacterial microorganism that caused o Bromides – class of sedating syphilis drugs, they were reported as being - Penicillin cures syphilis effective for many serious psychological and emotional 5 Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Ad Download to read ad-free Download