Abdominal Muscles: Anatomy Guide PDF

Here is the transcription of the provided text and images in a structured markdown format: # ABDOMINAL MUSCLES The following is a description and transcription of the abdominal muscles as depicted in the images. The document includes diagrams with labels pointing to the corresponding parts of the...

Here is the transcription of the provided text and images in a structured markdown format: # ABDOMINAL MUSCLES The following is a description and transcription of the abdominal muscles as depicted in the images. The document includes diagrams with labels pointing to the corresponding parts of the abdominal cavity and surrounding muscles. **Image 1** A lateral view of the torso showing the following parts: * Sternum * Diaphragm * Abdominal cavity * Pelvic inlet * Pelvic cavity * Pubic symphysis **Image 2** An anterior view of the torso, the abdominal area is divided into four quadrants, which are: * Right upper quadrant * Left upper quadrant * Right lower quadrant * Left lower quadrant and also indicates the: * Transumbilical plane * Median plane **Image 3** An anterior view of the torso, the abdominal area is divided into nine regions, which are: * Right hypochondrium * Epigastric region * Left hypochondrium * Right flank * Umbilical region * Left flank * Right groin * Pubic region * Left groin * Subcostal plane * Midclavicular planes * Intertubercular plane **Image 4** A cut-away view of the skin and abdominal wall showing the following structures: * Skin * Superficial fascia-fatty layer (Camper's fascia) * Superficial fascia-membranous layer (Scarpa's fascia) * External oblique muscle * Internal oblique muscle * Transversus abdominis muscle * Transversalis fascia * Parietal peritoneum * Extraperitoneal fascia **Image 5** An anterior view of the abdomen showing the: * Latissimus dorsi muscle * Abdominal part of pectoralis major muscle * Linea alba * External oblique muscle * Aponeurosis of external oblique * Anterior superior iliac spine * Inguinal ligament **Image 6** Two views of the hip and the following parts: * External oblique * Anterior superior iliac spine * Aponeurosis of external oblique * Inguinal ligament * Lacunar ligament * Pubic tubercle * Femoral artery and vein * Pectineal line * Pectineal ligament * Pubic symphysis **Image 7** An anterior view of the abdomen showing the: * External oblique muscle * Rib X * Linea alba * Internal oblique muscle and aponeurosis * Anterior superior iliac spine * Aponeurosis of external oblique **Image 8** **Table 4.1 Abdominal wall muscles** | Muscle | Origin | Insertion | Innervation | Function | | ------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | External oblique | Muscular slips from the outer surfaces of the lower eight ribs (ribs V to XII) | Lateral lip of iliac crest; aponeurosis ending in midline raphe (linea alba) | Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves ($T_7$ to $T_{12}$) | Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle bends trunk to same side, turning anterior part of abdomen to opposite side | | Internal oblique | Thoracolumbar fascia; iliac crest between origins of external and transversus; lateral two-thirds of inguinal ligament | Inferior border of the lower three or four ribs; aponeurosis ending in linea alba; pubic crest and pectineal line | Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves ($T_7$ to $T_{12}$) and L1 | Compress abdominal contents; both muscles flex trunk; each muscle bends trunk and turns anterior part of abdomen to same side | | Transversus abdominis | Thoracolumbar fascia; medial lip of iliac crest; lateral one-third of inguinal ligament; costal cartilages lower six ribs (ribs VII to XII) | Aponeurosis ending in linea alba; pubic crest and pectineal line | Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves ($T_7$ to $T_{12}$) and L1 | Compress abdominal contents | | Rectus abdominis | Pubic crest, pubic tubercle, and pubic symphysis | Costal cartilages of ribs V to VII; xiphoid process | Anterior rami of lower seven thoracic spinal nerves ($T_7$ to $T_{12}$) | Compress abdominal contents; flex vertebral column; tense abdominal wall | | Pyramidalis | Front of pubis and pubic symphysis | Into linea alba | Anterior ramus of $T_{12}$ | Tenses the linea alba | The figure also includes a view of Rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles: * External oblique muscle * Rectus abdominis muscle * Tendinous intersection * Pyramidalis muscle * Posterior wall of rectus sheath * Internal oblique muscle * Arcuate line * Transversalis fascia * Linea alba **Image 9** Two diagrams depicting a transverse section through the upper three-quarters of the rectus sheath (A) and through the lower one-quarter of the rectus sheath (B). Showing in both: * Transversalis fascia * Parietal peritoneum * Linea alba * Rectus abdominis * External oblique * Internal oblique * Transversus abdominis **Image 10** A transverse section showing the layers of the abdominal wall: * Skin * Superficial fascia * Fatty layer (Camper's) * Membranous layer (Scarpa's) * Aponeuroses * External oblique muscle * Internal oblique muscle * Transversus abdominis muscle * Transversalis fascia * Extraperitoneal fascia * Parietal peritoneum * Visceral peritoneum **Image 11** A diagram showing the subdivisions of the extraperitoneal fascia: * Preperitoneal * Retroperitoneal **Image 12** Structures of the inguinal canal are detailed: * Linea alba * Anterior superior iliac spine * Deep inguinal ring * Superficial inguinal ring * External oblique muscle * Aponeurosis of external oblique * Inguinal ligament * Spermatic cord **Image 13** Illustration of the deep inguinal ring and the transversalis fascia. Structures labeled are: * Transversalis fascia * Anterior superior iliac spine * Inferior epigastric artery * Deep inguinal ring * Inguinal ligament * Femoral artery and vein * Spermatic cord * Pubic symphysis **Image 14** The image details the superficial inguinal ring and the aponeurosis of the external oblique. Structures labeled are: * External oblique muscle * Anterior superior iliac spine * Aponeurosis of external oblique * Inguinal ligament * Superficial inguinal ring * Spermatic cord * Femoral artery and vein **Image 15** Illustration of the internal oblique muscle and the inguinal canal. Structures labeled are: * Internal oblique muscle * Anterior superior iliac spine * Aponeurosis of internal oblique * Inguinal ligament * Conjoint tendon * Spermatic cord * Femoral artery and vein **Image 16** Illustration showing the transversus abdominis muscle and the inguinal canal: * Transversus abdominis muscle * Anterior superior iliac spine * Aponeurosis of transversus abdominis * Inguinal ligament * Spermatic cord * Femoral artery and vein **Image 17** This image shows the descent of the testis from week 7 (postfertilization) to birth with the following parts: * Parietal peritoneum * Extraperitoneal fascia * Transversalis fascia * Transversus abdominis muscle * Internal oblique muscle * External oblique muscle * Processus vaginalis * Testis * Gubernaculum **Image 18** This image shows an indirect inguinal hernia and labels the following parts: * Inferior epigastric vessels, * Extraperitoneal fascia * Deep inguinal ring * Parietal peritoneum * Conjoint tendon * Superficial inguinal ring * Peritoneal sac * Testis **Image 19** This image shows a direct inguinal hernia and labels the following parts: * Parietal peritoneum * Conjoint tendon * Inferior epigastric vessels * Deep inguinal ring * Extraperitoneal Fascia * Superficial inguinal ring * Peritoneal bulge * Testis **Image 20** This image portrays the indirect hernia **Image 21** This figure illustrates the right inguinal triangle with an internal view, labeling: * Inferior epigastric vessels * Deep inguinal ring * Transversus abdominis muscle * Anterior superior iliac spine * Iliopubic tract * Testicular vessels * External iliac artery * External iliac vein * Ductus deferens * Rectus abdominis muscle * Inguinal triangle * Superficial inguinal ring * Lacunar ligament **Image 22** This is a Laparoscopic view showing the parietal peritoneum with the following: -* Direct Hernia -* Medial -* Lateral -* Inferior epigastric vessels -* Position of deep inguinal ring -* Testicular vessels -* Ductus deferens -* External iliac vessels