CNS Major Landmarks PDF

CNS MAJOR LANDMARKS neuraxis line drawn through the center of the length of the CNS - (kung saan naka locate cns) POSITION Location ng head anterior located near or toward the head. (locate harap ng muka) posterior...

CNS MAJOR LANDMARKS neuraxis line drawn through the center of the length of the CNS - (kung saan naka locate cns) POSITION Location ng head anterior located near or toward the head. (locate harap ng muka) posterior located near or toward the tail. (locate likod ng ulo) Horizontal line (brain midpart) - rostral "Toward the beak": direction along the neuraxis toward the front of the face. (gitna ng brain papunta sa face) caudal "Toward the tail": direction along the neuraxis away from the front of the face. (gitna ng brain papunta sa back ng head) Spinal Cord Position (baba ng brain) perpendicular line / dorsal Toward the back": direction perpendicular the neuraxis toward the top of the head or the back. (half ng spinal cord sa likod part) ventral Toward the belly direction perpendicular to the neuraxis toward the bottom of the skull or the front surface of the body. (half ng spi Body location lateral Toward the side of the body, away from the middle. (side to side ng body) medial Toward the middle of the body, away from the side. (lengthwise ng body) | ipsilateral Located on the same side of the body. (same side of body) contralateral Located on the opposite side of the body. (opposite movement - left right) SLICES OF BRAIN Types of Slice in brain cross section slice taken at right angles to the neuraxis. (straight cut that expose loob ng brain) frontal section slice through the brain parallel to the forehead. (slice front brain-bandang noo - front and back) horizontal section slice through the brain parallel to the ground (pahiga cut- upper and lower brain) sagittal section slice through the brain parallel to the neuraxis and perpendicular to the ground. (splits brain to left and right section) midsagittal plane plane through the neuraxis perpendicular to the ground; divides the brain into two symmetrical halves (shows the three MENINGES meninges three layers of tissue - encase CNS 3 LAYERS dura mater outermost- tough and flexible. arachnoid membrane middle layer of the meninges- located between outer dura mater and inner pia mater. pia mater clings to the surface of the brain, thin and delicate. Fluid that fills brain subarachnoid space fluid-filled space that cushions the brain- located between arachnoid membraneand the pia mater. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clear fluid, similar to blood plasma,- filts the ventricular system of the brain and the subarachnoid space surround MENINGITIS Inflammation of the meninges and childhood. - occurs between 3 mths & 2yrs - Caused by a variety of bacteri viruses that invade the CNS By nose and throat, - Bacterial meningitis, brain swells, ventricles enlarge and the b SIGNS High fever Stiff neck Drownsiness Intense headache Loss of sensory motor functions Coma FLUIDS IN BRAIN ventricle hollow spaces within the brain, filled with cerebraspinal fluid Fluids in brain Lateral ventricles two ventricies located in center of telencephalon (Forebrain) third ventricle located in the center of diencephalon. (Forebrain) fourth ventricle located between cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in center of metencephalon (hindbrain) Cerebral aqueduct- narrow tune interconnecting the thrd and fourth ventricles of brain, located in center of mesencephalon. (midbrain) - choroid plexus highly vascular tissue protrudes into the ventricies and produces cerebrospinalfluid Cerebrospinal Fluid clear, colorless liquid fills the ventricles and canals of the CNS and bathes its external surface. Brain produces 500ml of CSF per day 40% formed in the subarachnoid space external to the brain 30% by ependymal lining of the brain ventricles 30% by choroid plexus begins with filtration of blood plasma through capillaries of the brain has more sodium and chloride less potassium, calcium and glucose, little protein Purposes of CSF Buoyancy -1,500 g to 50g Protection Protects brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted Chemical Stability Rinses metabolic wastes from the nervous tissue HYDROCEPHALUS Abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain resulting to blockage in its route of flow and reabsorption Obstruction occurs most commonly in the interventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct and apertures of the fourth ventricles cause the entire head to enlarge Draining fluid from ventricles into a vein of the neck Brain's Blood Supply Blood Blood reaches the brain either through the carotid arteries on either side of the neck or through vertebral arteries entering through Once inside skull, carotid arteries branch to form the anterior and middle cerebral arteries. Vertebral arteries give rise to a basilar artery, which joins the carotid arteries at the base of the brain to form the circle of Willis. posterior c Blood Vessels (CV) carotid artery two major blood vessels- travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain. vertebral artery One of important blood vessels that enters the brain from the back ot the skull. SPINAL CORD AND BONES SPINAL CORD - long, conical structure, approx. thick as adult's little finger. - primary function - direct sensory and motor information between brain and peripheral nerves (nervous system outside the brain and spinal co (33all) vertebral column bones of the spinal column - protect and enclose the spinal cord. Bones (Cer Tho Lum Sac Coc) (8) cervical nerve - serve area of head, neck, and arms. (12) thoracic nerve - serve the torso. (5) lumbar nerve - serve lower back and legs. (5) sacral nerve - serve backs of the legs and the genitals. (4) Coccygeal nerve most caudal of the spinal nerves white matter area of neural tissue - made up of myelinated axons. gray matter area of neural tissue - made up of cell bodies. -- dorsal horns Gray matter in the spinal cord - contains sensory neurons. -- ventral horns contains motor neurons. REFLEX reflex involuntary action or response. spinal reflex patellar reflex knee- jerk reflex; tapping below the knee produces a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh, causing the foot to kick.  withdrawal reflex pulls a body part away from a source of pain. MAIN PARTS OF BRAIN HINDBRAIN MYELENCEPHALON I Medulla Oblongata - control vital processes like heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure. Reticular Formation -"reticulum" or network- physiological functions- pain sensitization, alertness, fatigue, sleep, and motivation METENCEPHALON Pons-means "bridge" - handles unconscious processes Cerebellum-"little brain"- muscle control MIDBRAIN TEGMENTUM-ventral portion of the midbrain - Periaqueductal gray matter - Red nucleus and substantia nigra TECTUM- dorsal portion of mesencephalon - Super colliculi (visual) - Inferior colliculi (auditory) FOREBRAIN divides again later in embryological development. two resulting divisions: diencephalon and telencephalon. Thalamus diencephalon - processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory. Hypothalamus Group of nuclei of diencephalon - situated beneath thalamus - Regulation of autonomic nervous system - Control the anterior and posterior pituitary glands Four Fs: feeding, fleeing, fighting and mating Basal ganglia collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres - control of voluntary movement Caudate Nucleus- make up BG putamen - nuclei contained in BG globus padidnus nuclei making up BG subthalamic nucleus - small nucleus nucleus accumbens - important in rewards and addiction Limbic System collection of forebrain structures - emotional behavior, motivated behavior, and learning. CORTE forebrain most rostral of 3 major divisions of the brain: telencephalon and diencephalon. cerebral hemisphere One of 2 major portions of the forebrain, covered by the cerebral cortex. subcortical region located within brain, beneath the cortical surface. sulcus Agroove in the surface of the cerebral hemisphere, smaller than fessure fissure Amajor groove in the surface of the brain, larger than sulcus. gyrus convolution of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, separated by sulci or fissures. primary visual cortex region of posterior Occipital lobe visual system. Prefrontal cortex region of the frontal lobe rostral to motor association cortex; - more involved in formulating plans and strategies. Corpus callosum large bundle of axons that interconnects corresponding regions of the association cortex on each side of the brain- allow cingulate gyrus functions in emotion and behaviour. arch-shaped limbic system group of brain regions- process and regulate emotion and memory hippocampus forebrain structure of the temporal lobe- memory and learning amygdala structure in interior of the rostral temporal lobe, containing a set of nuclei- center for emotions  LOBES (REGION OF CEREBRAL CORTEX) primary motor cortex contains neurons that control movements of skeletal muscles. frontal lobe front - Decision-making - problem-solving - Attention - Emotional and behavioral control. -Speech production. - Personality - Intelligence. - body movements parietal lobe above temporal lobe. - Sensory information (touch, pressure, pain, position, vibration, temperature) processing. - Spatial processing and spatial manipulation temporal lobe below parietal lobe - language comprehensive Occipital lobe back of brain. - Visual processing and interpretation. - Visual data collection regarding color, motion and orientation. - Object and facial recognition. - Depth and distance perception. - Visual world mapping. Peripheral NS role - carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and brain and bring back to the body commands for appropriate respons three structural divisions: the cranial nerves, the spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system CRANIAL NERVES (3O, TFVGVSH) Olfactory - smell Optic - vision Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens - eye movements Trigeminal- touch, pain, jaw muscles Facial Vestibulocochlear- body balance Glossopharyngeal - taste, Muscles of throat and larynx Vagus - internal organs Spinal Accessory- neck muscle Hypoglossal- tongue movements Autonomic Nervous System biofeedback set of techniques - enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure. Sympathetic NS - carries signals that put your body's systems on alert (ex. Naiihi) Enteric NS - control digestive act. Parasympathetic NS- carries signals that relax those systems. (iihi) Natural Selection and Evolution Natural Selection- ability of an organism with one genetic makeup to reproduce more successfully than organisms with other types of gen Fitness - favorable traits would become more common and unfavorable traits would become less common in subsequent generations due Hominin- Homo sapiens is the only surviving member. Chordates- phylum of animals that possess true brains and spinal cords. known as vertebrates. Homosapiens- species of modern humans