Art Appreciation GEED 10073 Course Outline PDF

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL GEED 10073 ART APPRECIATION Prepared by ARCHIE C. AREVALO, LPT. Polytechnic University of the Philippines Paranaque City Campus  COURSE OUTLINE Course Title : ART APPRE...

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL GEED 10073 ART APPRECIATION Prepared by ARCHIE C. AREVALO, LPT. Polytechnic University of the Philippines Paranaque City Campus  COURSE OUTLINE Course Title : ART APPRECIATION Course Code : GEED 10073 Instructor: : No. of Hours : 48 hours Credit Unit : 3.0 Course Description : The course is a survey of the conception of humanities as reflected in the historical development of western civilization. This course also discusses Filipino notion of arts with the inclusion of indigenous, ethnic, and pop arts. LEARNING OUTCOMES: ✓ Recognize the most essential concepts in arts as related to philosophy ✓ Construct a critical analysis on different themes and issues in relation to art (including its forms) and the artists ✓ Evaluate the problems addressed in the course content and be critical about the possible solutions on different issues presented Week Topic Activities Materials Introduction ▪ Presentation of topics ▪ Course syllabus 1 ▪ Course Orientation ▪ Instructional material Art and its forms Art and Humanities: Western and Discussion Readings Filipino concepts Group / Collaborative Instructional 2 Art as Humanistic discipline task material The Humanities in Western Text analysis Civilization Essay The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (pagkatao) The Filipino concept of Art Art Appreciation and the Human Faculties Discussion Readings Art and the human faculties Text analysis Module / The Process of Art Essay presentation 3 Appreciation Art and the perception of reality Arts and Philosophy: Art as imitation and representation Discussion Readings Imitation on Theory of Arts Group / Collaborative Module / and Beauty task presentation 4 Philosophical Theory of Text analysis Music Essay Representation theory of Art Romantic Realism in Philippine Art 1| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Art and Philosophy: Formalism, Expressionism and Hedonism Discussion Readings 5 Formalism theory of Art Group / Collaborative Module / Expressionism Theory of Art task presentation Aesthetic Hedonism Text analysis Essay Art and Philosophy: Functionalism, Action Theory and Discussion Readings Institutional Theory Group / Collaborative Module / 6 Aesthetic Hedonism task presentation Action Theory Text analysis Institutional theory Essay Arts and Sciences: Elements, Medium, Design and Technology Discussion Readings The Darwinian theory of Art Group / Collaborative Module / and Beauty task presentation Elements and Media of Text analysis 7 Visual Arts Essay Design and Principles of composition Application of Technology to the Production of Art The Art of Selfie and Groupie Midterm Assessment 8 Tentative Schedule: November 2-8, 2020 Art and Mathematics Aesthetics of Formalism Discussion Readings Aesthetic formalism Group / Collaborative Module / 9 Harmony of Proportion task presentation The Golden Measure Text analysis Mathematical Structure of Essay Music Art and Anthropology: Cultural Relativism Discussion Readings Cultural Relativism in Group / Collaborative Module / Aesthetics task presentation 10 Culture, Beauty and the Text analysis Female Body Essay Aesthetic Relativism in Popular Culture Batok: Art of the Tattoo 2| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Art and Psychology: Perception and Symbolism Discussion Readings Aesthetics of Formalism Group / Collaborative Module / 11 Gestalt Principles Applied to task presentation Visual Arts Text analysis Perception of Space: Essay Perspective Symbolic Meaning: Psychoanalyzing the Art and the Artist Subliminal Suggestions and Escapism in Music Art and History: The Evolution of Styles Discussion Readings ▪ Styles of Classical Art Group / Collaborative Module / 12 ▪ Styles of Modern Art task presentation ▪ Styles of Postmodern Art Text analysis ▪ Philippine Art Styles and Essay Movements Final Assessment / Requirement 13 Tentative Schedule: January 13-19, 2020 ** This course outline adheres to the course syllabus approved by the Department chairperson, revised in April 2017. 3| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. SELF ASSESSMENT RUBRIC Type of Assessment: Essay Criterion Poor (55) Average (92) Good (100) The content is not The content is comprehensive. The Content and incomplete, the insight Information from The content is Development is not clear. The other sources did comprehensive and 50 pts content is from other not support the used proper citation. sources that are not argument. The content is clear. properly cited. Inconsistent in terms (49-50) (1-30pts) of purpose and clarity of the content (31 -48) The structure detracts It is not easy to from the message of follow the The structure / Organization / the writer – poor organization of organization of thought Structure transition or flow of thoughts. The is clear and easy to 30pts ideas transition of ideas read (1-15) needs improvement (19-20) (16 – 28) The paper follows The student did not most of the The paper follows the Format follow the prescribed guidelines, but prescribed format and 10pts format forgot the number of number of pages (1-5) pages (9-10) (6-8) The paper contains Minimal grammatical Rules of grammar are Grammar / Syntax numerous grammatical, errors, but the followed. Language is 10pts punctuation and language still lacks clear and precise spelling errors. clarity (9-10) (1-5) (6-8) Outline: Criterion Points Mark Content and Development 50 pts Organization / Structure 30 pts Format 10 pts Grammar / Syntax 10 pts Total 100 pts 4| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. SELF-ASSESSMENT RUBRIC Type of Assessment: Group dynamics / Group task Criterion Poor Satisfactory Very Excellent (15) (45) Satisfactory (100) (80) Student Student often Student Student shares Insight / Idea comments are share his/her sometimes his/her insights contribution mostly not insights related share his/her related to the task 50pts related to the to the task insights related and consistently task (6-20) to the task. moves the (1-5) (21 – 40) conversation forward. (41-50) Student rarely or Student often Student Use of never attends or makes effective sometimes Collaboration makes effective use of makes effective Student makes time use collaboration collaboration use of effective use of 10pts time with his/ her time with his/her collaboration collaboration time follows fellows time and and always (1-2) (3-5) sometimes facilitates the task facilitates the (9-10) task (6-8) Student is not Student is often Student respects Student respects Initiative respectful and respectful, and his/her fellow his/her fellow and 20pts has no initiative sometimes has and sometimes sometimes in his/her own initiative in initiate the initiate the given task his/her given facilitation of the effective (1-3) task task facilitation of the (4-10) (11-16) task (17-20) Student Student often Student Student Participation participates only participates but sometimes consistently in the task if asked or sometimes participates participates 20pts refuses to needs to be without being effectively without participate asked asked by his/her being asked by (1-5) (6-10) fellows his/her fellows (11-16) (17-20) Outline: Criterion Points Mark Insight / Idea contribution 50 Use of Collaboration time 10 Initiative 20 Participation in the task 20 TOTAL 100 5| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  LECTURE I ART AND ITS FORMS LEARNING OUTCOMES: ✓ To determine what art is ✓ To recognize different Art forms ✓ To differentiate western and Filipino view of Art ✓ To explain the relationship of Art / humanities in Filipino personhood (Pagpapakatao) ✓ To analyze some central issues concerning Art and its production WHAT IS ART? ✓ Originated from the Latin word Ars or Artes, which can be translated in English as Art (Skills), a craft. ✓ Oxford: Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual, auditory, or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the author’s imaginative. Conceptual idea or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. “Art can connote a sense of trained ability or mastery of a medium and it can be defined as an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and observations.” - Breskin, Vladimir ART FORMS We may classify the arts in four general categories: 1. Performing Arts 2. Visual Arts and Crafts 3. Literary Arts These categories maybe further subdivided by discipline, style of work, historical periods and contexts, etc. VISUAL ARTS PAINTING PRINT MAKING MEDIA OIL Silkscreen Photography Acrylic Etching Graphic design Watercolor Collagraphy Computer Arts DRAWING Engraving Animation SCULPTURE Film making Pencil Clay Videography Charcoal Found objects Pen & Ink Wire Conte Assemblage Oil Pastel Ceramics 6| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. LITERARY ARTS PERFORMING ARTS WRITING DANCE OTHER MIXED Poetry Fiction Movements Storytelling Non-fiction Performance Mime Playwriting Choreography Oral History Screenwriting Folkloric Spoken Word Memoir MUSIC THEATER Vocal Performance Acting Songwriting Directing Instrumental Performance Composition Choral performance Humanities ✓ The modern conception of humanities has its origin in the Classical Greek paideia (education or learning), a course of general education dating from the sophist in the mid- 5th Century BCE, which prepared young men for active citizenship in the polis, or city state. ✓ It might also be traced from Cicero’s humanitas (human nature), a program of training for orators in 55th BCE. ✓ Studia humanitatis (studies of humanity), a classical renaissance expression, was used by 15th century Italian humanists to denote secular and scholarly activities which were humane (such as the study of classical literature, grammar, Philosophy, History etc.) ✓ The study of humanities now can be described as a study of how people process, understand and understand the world, especially our experiences of the world. ✓ The study of humanities focuses on human values and the ability of humans to express itself. “It is not subject matter but method of investigation that best characterizes the humanities. the physical sciences aim to move from particular instances to general laws, the human sciences are “idiographic”—they are devoted to the unique value of the particular within its cultural and human contexts and do not seek general laws.” - Heinrich Rickert Art and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao) Art is always in relation to our selfhood or personhood. Philippine Arts, especially the traditional ones, reflect the attribute and orientation of the Filipinos. According to Felipe M. De Leon in his article, Philippine Arts in its Context, Filipinos are highly relational / communal people and this orientation can be seen in some of the artworks. “The traditional arts most sensitively reflect this communal orientation. Being the most lucid and expressive symbols of a culture’s values, the arts are the most powerful instruments of inquiry into the essential character of a culture. It is undeniable that the 7| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  following basic concepts and attributes of art and the contexts of artistic creation, expression and experience could only have arisen in communal or integral Filipino cultural setting.” Attributes of Integral Art According to Felipe M. De Leon ✓ Integration of the Arts with other Values and Functions ✓ Unity of the Arts ✓ Art is integrated with everyday life and not regarded as separate activity ✓ Equality of opportunity for participation in the artistic, creative process ✓ The artists is not separate from his audience or society ✓ Flexibility of material, technical, formal requirements ✓ Use of available resources for artistic creation ✓ Emphasis on the creative process rather than the finished product ✓ Simultaneity of conception and realization “The Filipino cultural substratum, however, does not succumb that easily to foreign influences no matter how dominant. The cultural matrix of Philippine art remains communal except among Filipino artists thoroughly educated in the West. Hence, contemporary artists in the Philippines – even those schooled in Western classical-romantic, realist, impressionist, post- impressionist, cubistic, surrealist, expressionistic, abstractionist, constructivist, photorealist, pop- op, avant-garde or post-modern thought – will exhibit formal tendencies clearly rooted in traditional art. Western influences on Philippine art constitute some kind of a thin veneer or mask that disguises indigenous qualities rooted in the communal tradition.” Prof. Felipe M. de Leon Philippine Art and its context (2011) LET’S DO THE ACTIVITIES Answer the following guide questions: 1. What is Art? 2. What are the Humanities? 3. Why do we have to study Humanities, especially Arts and Philosophy? 4. Read and write an insight paper on Felipe M. De Leon’s article “Philippine Arts and its Context”. 8| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. SOURCES Humanities. Britanica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/humanities (Accssed July 20. 2020) What are the Humanities. Standford Humanities Center. https://shc.stanford.edu/what-are-the- humanities (Accessed July 20, 2020). Strauss, Valerie. Why we still need to study the Humanities in the STEM word. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2017/10/18/why-we-still-need- to-study-the-humanities-in-a-stem-world/ (Accessed July 20, 2020). De Leon, Felipe M. Philippine Arts and its Context. National Center for Culture and the Arts. https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/in-focus/philippine-arts-in-context/ (Accessed July 20, 2020). 9| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  LECTURE II ART APPRECIATION AND THE HUMAN FACULTIES LEARNING OUTCOMES: ✓ To explain what art appreciation is ✓ To determine the connection of the study of art in other humanities disciplines such as philosophy ✓ To examine the human faculties as basis for the art appreciation ✓ To judge an artwork based on different human faculties and level of appreciation ✓ To demonstrate art as reality to the renaissance and other styles of art ✓ To write an analysis on the given topic THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN ARTISTIC CREATIVITY According to Gillian M. Moriss-Kay, in her article The Evolution of Human Artistic Creativity, we can trace the human creativity and appreciation of art back at least 30,000 years (Paleolithic era). The origins of art are therefore much more ancient and lie within Africa, before worldwide human dispersal. The earliest known evidence of ‘artistic behavior’ is of human body decoration, including skin coloring with ochre and the use of beads, although both may have had functional origins. Art, in its many forms, is practiced by almost all human cultures and can be regarded as one of the defining characteristics of the human species. In all societies today, the visual arts are intimately intertwined with music, dance, ritual (marking life landmarks, death, religion and politics) and language (poetry, song and storytelling). Vocalization, ritualized movement and visual display are part of animal courtship and dominance competition as well as human ritual and communication, so it is likely that the roots of music, dance and body decoration lie deep in the evolutionary history of the animal kingdom. Nevertheless, with the evolution of human cognition, they were deployed in new ways, with complex symbolic meaning becoming attached to them. Gillian M. Moriss-Kay, Oxford University ✓ Gillian M. Moriss-kay also claims in her article that the long held-view that modern behavior of man, including art, began when homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Europe around 45,00 years ago, characterized by the development of human cognition. (during the upper Paleolithic era). ✓ There was also an evidence for pre-hominin of color appreciation and enjoyment of the creative process, which revolves on their experience of things, natural environment and other objects. ✓ Art is a wonderfully enjoyable aspect of human culture but not essential to survival, so why did artistic creativity arise? 10| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  ✓ Gillian M. Moriss-kay also claims in her article that the long held-view that modern behavior of man, including art, began when homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Europe around 45,00 years ago, characterized by the development of human cognition. (during the upper Paleolithic era). ✓ There was also an evidence for pre-hominin of color appreciation and enjoyment of the creative process, which revolves on their experience of things, natural environment and other objects. ✓ art is a wonderfully enjoyable aspect of human culture but not essential to survival, so why did artistic creativity arise? WHAT IS A HUMAN BEING? ✓ Human being is a rational and creative being, by using the different faculties – mind, will, and senses; he/she is able to understand, create and express himself/herself though art. 11| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. 12| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. VISUAL LITERACY ✓ Art is a human language. It is a form of communication ✓ Everything we see is an image. PROCESS LOOK SEE DESCRIBE ANALYZE INTERPRET ART APPRECIATION ✓ It refers to the genuine appreciation of art. It also includes the understanding or analysis of art – its elements and contents etc. ✓ When looking in art, Man can either see simply what is psychological – optical and neurological – functions permit, or he/she can see in terms of, and within the different frame of: 1. Interest 2. Taste 3. Training / Education 4. Necessity HABITUS AND CULTURAL LITERACIES ✓ Some that might also affect our conception or appreciation of art are the habitus and cultural Literacy ✓ Habitus may also be related to what Allen Bordieu calls “Distinction”. This distinction is also related to the notion of taste, which means having a refined, educated and sophisticated and aesthetic worldview. ✓ Distinction would not only dispose people to see this photograph as meaningful or beautiful, however; it would also supply them with the knowledge and ability that would make such a perspective possible and provide it with legitimacy. ✓ Literacy is the ability to use values, genres, knowledge and discourses that characterize cultural field. ✓ Cultural literacy presupposes an understanding of how to think and see in a manner that is appropriate to the imperatives and contexts of the moment 13| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. RENAISSANCE ART During the two hundred years between 1400 and 1600, Europe witnessed an astonishing revival of drawing, fine art painting, sculpture and architecture centered on Italy, which we now refer to as the Renaissance (rinascimento). It was given this name (French for 'rebirth') as a result of La Renaissance - a famous volume of history written by the historian Jules Michelet (1798- 1874) in 1855 - and was better understood after the publication in 1860 of the landmark book "The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy" (Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italian), by Jacob Burckhardt (1818-97), Professor of Art History at the University of Basel. School of Athens (1509-1511) Rafaello Sanzio de Urbino 14| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. THE ORIGINS OF RENAISSANCE ART The origins of Renaissance art can be traced to Italy in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. During this so-called “proto-Renaissance” period (1280-1400), Italian scholars and artists saw themselves as reawakening to the ideals and achievements of classical Roman culture. Writers such as Petrarch (1304-1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) looked back to ancient Greece and Rome and sought to revive the languages, values and intellectual traditions of those cultures after the long period of stagnation that had followed the fall of the Roman Empire in the sixth century. CHARACTERISTICS OF RENAISSANCE ART ✓ Renaissance art, as it has been stated, is characterized by the re-establishing western art and going back to the classics – Greek and roman culture, philosophy, literature and language. ✓ Latter part of the renaissance period, artists try to reinvent this classical motivated art styles, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo and Rafaello Sanzio de Urbino. \\ 15| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Guernica (1937) Oil painting on Canvas Pablo Picasso A large Oil painting on Canvas created by Pablo Picasso in 1937, a most moving and powerful anti-war painting in the history. The painting depicts the bombing of Guernica, a town in northern Spain, by Nazi Germany and the Fascist Italy. LET’S DO THE ACTIVITIES! Answer the following questions: 1. Why do we create Art? 2. How do the frames, such as Interest and training, and habitus affect the way we conceive and appreciate art? 3. What are the levels of human faculties? 4. How do we conceive art through these different faculties? 5. What is Renaissance art? 6. Is art a reality or just a representation of one’s reality? SHOWCASE YOUR TALENT! Create an artwork – in your chosen medium/form, that represents your current condition. 16| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. SOURCES Gombrich, Ernest (1960). “Pygmalion’s Power,” excerpt from Art and Illusion: A Study on the Psychology of Pictorial Representation, pp. 80-83. Moriss-Kay, Gillian. The Evolution of Human Artistic Creativity. Journal of Anatonomy 216 (2010), pp. 158-176. Orate, Allan (2000). “Art and Perception of the World,” in UE Today, Vol. 12, No. 2., pp. 7-8 & 14. Italian Renaissance Art. http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/renaissance-art.html (Accessed July 20, 2020). Renaissance Art. History. https://www.history.com/topics/renaissance/renaissance-art (Accessed July 20, 2020). OC Guide to Visual Elements. https://www.occreates.com/guide-to-visual-elements-a-series/ (Accessed July 20, 2020). 17| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  LECTURE III ART AS IMITATION AND REPRESENTATION LEARNING OUTCOMES The Student must be able ✓ To Explain the relationship of the study of art in the field of Philosophy ✓ To Identify the artworks, styles, artitsts and philosophers who abide with the imitation and representation theory of art ✓ To Discuss the difference between imitationism and representationism ✓ To show imitation as a philosophical basis of Ancient Greek Arts and some classical musical composition ✓ To create an artwork that applies imitationism or representationism theory of Art ✓ To write an analysis on the given topic IMITATION THEORY OF ART Plato had a huge contribution in different fields of study. Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher born around 427 to 327 BCE, claims that beauty is truth and reality. But reality does not really exist in the sensible world, in the world where we live (World of senses) because things in the world are continuously changing and temporal. The reality are the transcendental forms or universal ideas existing in the metaphysical world of being. What we perceive in our physical world of becoming are appearances, shadows, images or reflections of reality. The real beauty, then, is not a physical thing, but the idea of beauty. To experience the reality of beauty is for the philosophers to know its idea in their minds, and not simply to perceive its reflection in this world. Plato asserts that the essence of art does not exist in the sensible world where things are just imitated. Art, according to him, is an imitation of this world. Plato suggest that there are three levels of reality, let say for instance, a table. There are three kinds of table (1) the idea of a table in the world being which makes up its reality known by rational man, (2) the sensible and physical chair in this world constructed by a carpenter and (3) the drawing or painting of a chair produced by an artist, or a painter in the world of art. 18| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  In the book The Republic, Plato claims that art deceives man and alienates him from his reality. Art is dangerous because it makes us ignorant by leading our minds two times farther away from truth, since art is an imitation of an imitated reality. Plato’s theory of art is known as Imitationism, which defines art as an imitation of the appearance reality. It is also interpreted as representationism in which art becomes a copy of nature or reality itself. ARISTOTLE THEORY OF ART Aristotle, student of Plato and an Ancient Greek Philosopher, also agrees with Plato that Art is an imitation of things, but he disagrees with Plato in his assertion of perfect forms as reality. He asserts that reality is inherent in man’s world. Following these insights of imitaitonism and representationism, Leonardo also notes that “Art is a window of nature” and Shakespeare writes that “Art is putting mirror up to nature.” 19| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. AESTHETICS Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy that deals with the conception of beauty and art. This area of philosophy can be traced back from the assertions and inquiries of the Ancient Greek philosophers, and further broadened in eighteenth century, to include the notion of the sublime (the feeling of awe and admiration). Traditionally, the philosophy of art concentrated on its definition, but recently this has not been the focus, with careful analyses of aspects of art largely replacing it. Philosophical aesthetics is here considered to center on these latter-day developments. Thus, after a survey of ideas about beauty and related concepts, questions about the value of aesthetic experience and the variety of aesthetic attitudes will be addressed, before turning to matters which separate art from pure aesthetics, notably the presence of intention 20| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE Allegory of the cave shows the life of three prisoners who live inside the cave, where they see shadows. Imitation of the real object and believe that the shadows are their reality. Plato suggests that man should contemplate on higher and eternal forms, the IDEAS instead of the appearance and imitations. The allegory also shows the nature of belief and knowledge. PLATO’S IMITATIONISM ✓ Things in this world are beautiful as appearances of the reality or idea of beauty or the universal form of beauty existing in the world of being. ✓ Art is beautiful as imitations of things in this world. ✓ Art is the imitation of the appearance of reality. 21| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. PYTHAGORAS ON MUSIC (COSMOS) Pythagoras asserts that Music and Mathematics are the purifiers of the soul. Pythagoras, and his disciples, discovered that the intervals between notes and can be expressed in numerical terms. For Pythagoras, music and mathematics are fields worth to study. He asserts that the divine principles of the universe, though imperceptible by the senses, can be expressed in terms of relationships of numbers. Legend states that one day Pythagoras was walking past a smithy’s workshop, listening to the sound of the blacksmith’s hammers on the anvil. He turned his attention to the percussive sound that was produced and noted that some strikes sounded much higher than others. He was certain that there was a mathematical explanation for the different pitches he was hearing. So he entered the smithy’s shop and observed that they were using different sized hammers. Some of the hammers were large and others smaller, but they were ratios of each other: one being twice the size of another one, one being two-thirds the size of the last. Pythagoras declared these relationships as absolute intervals of music. Pythagoras also asserts that the universe itself, including all planets and heavenly bodies therein, rang out notes of vibration based on their orbit and distance to each other. We humans simply lack the ability to hear the music of the spheres 22| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  “Music is the Imitation of Cosmic Sound.” Pythagoras The eyes are made for astronomy, the ears for harmony, and these are sister sciences. Pythagoras Listen! Corelli: Sonata XII : La Follia: · Music of the Spheres Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKj2DzFt1zQ PLATO ON MUSIC (EPISTEMOLOGICAL) Plato, in his book The Republic, asserts the importance of studying music for the rational soul. Gymnastics is for the body as music is for the soul. - Plato According to Plato, there are levels of knowledge. The lowest is the study of Art and Literature, as these disciplines only constitute imitation which belong to the realm of ignorance; while the highest is the study of mathematics and philosophy, as these disciplines constitute the perfect forms/ideas. Plato’s notion of the World of Ideas and World of senses are some of his essential theories not only in the field of metaphysics but also in Epistemology and Aesthetics. 23| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. Theological Theory of Music ST. AUGUSTINE ON MUSIC Ariana Philipps, in her article Exaltation of the Rational: The Treatment of Music by Plato and Aristotle, asserts that St. Augustine is concerned with the place of music both in the private life of a Christian and within the church. In fact, he recognizes the importance of music in revelation of truth, as he experienced the feeling before his conversion. “The music surged in my ears, truth seeped into my heart, and feelings of devotion overflowed” (Augustine, Confessions. 9.6) Augustine also asserts that Music brings man closer to God. He instructs people to sing wordlessly, but with jubilation, that the heart may rejoice without words. “Singing is praying twice over” LISTEN! Lead me, Lord (Madrigal singers) Composed by Arnel de Pano Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTqj3jCwG7w ART FORMS BASED ON IMITATIONISM 24| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. ART AS REPRESENTATION Aristotle asserts that all kinds of arts have their own techniques and rational principles, and it is through mastery of these that the artists or the craftsman brings his conceptions to life. Art and its representations, of things and nature, are fuller and more meaningful. Art is free to represent all manner of things, either those things maybe in past, present or future. 25| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. 26| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. FABIAN DELA ROSA ✓ Fabian Dela Rosa is considered as one of the greatest artists of his time. Most of his paintings and artworks show realist perspective. He is recognized as the Master of Genre. ✓ He was given a scholarship grant to study arts in Europe and became the director of UP School of Fine Arts in 1926. ✓ Dela Rosa have produced about 1000 artworks. One of his greatest work is The Fishermen’s Hut on Balut Island and Women in working in the rice field. 27| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Women Working in the Rice Field (1902) Fabian Dela Rosa FERNANDO AMORSOLO ✓ He is the nephew of Fabian Dela Rosa, the master of genre. ✓ Amorsolo is one of the most popular painter in the country, recognized as the first Philippine National Artist. ✓ Considered as Grand old man of Filipino painters, Master of Tropical Scenery and the First Filipino Impressionist. ✓ Despite the family’s financial difficulties, in 1914, he finally earned his degree, with honors, as a member of the first graduating class of the University of the Philippines School of Fine Arts. 28| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Antipolo Fiesta (1947) Fernando Amorsolo LET’S DO THE ACTIVITIES! 29| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. Write your insights on the following topic 1. Imitation theory of Art according to the ancient Greek Philosophers 2. Conception of beauty – Relativism and absolutist perspective 3. Plato’s Allegory of the Cave in relation to the conception of Art and Beauty. 4. The relevance of music 5. Romantic Realism in Philippine Art – Fernando Amorsolo Showcase your talent! Create an artwork, in your chosen medium or artform, that represents a certain person, thing, scenery, landscape. etc. 30| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. SOURCES Goodrich, Lloyd; Baur, John I. H. (1961). American Art of Our Century. New York: Frederick A. Praegar. p. 121. Hanfling, Oswald. Philosphical Aesthetics: An Introduction (1992) Orate, Allan C. (2010). “Lecture Notes on Aesthetics: Theories of Art and Beauty,” from Blended Learning Modules. Philipps, Ariana. Exaltation of the Rational: The Treatment of Music by Plato and St. Augustine. The Pulse 4, no. 1 Plato, “Allegory of the Cave” in Republic, VII 514 a, 2 to 517 a, 7. Translation by Thomas Sheehan. Stewart, James. Timeline 002: Pythagoras and the Connection between Music and Math (Accessed July 28, 2020). Aesthetics. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/aestheti/ (Accessed July 28, 2020). A Small Collection of Fernando Amorsolo’s Paintings. The Kahimyang Project. https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1372/a-small-collection-of-fernando-amorsolos- paintings (Accessed July 28, 2020). Fernando C. Amorsolo Art Foundation. http://www.fernandocamorsolo.com/feature.html (Accessed July 28, 2020) Today in Philippine History, May 5, 1869, Fabian Cueto de la Rosa was born in Paco, Manila. The Kahimyang Project. https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1114/today-in-philippine- history-may-5-1869-fabian-cueto-de-la-rosa-was-born-in-paco-manila (Accessed July 28, 2020) Vicente Manansala. https://www.geringerart.com/artists/vicente-manansala/ (Accessed July 28, 2020). VIDEOS Corelli: Sonata XII : La Follia: Music of the Spheres. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKj2DzFt1zQ Lead me, Lord (Madrigal singers) Composed by Arnel de Pano. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kTqj3jCwG7w 31| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  LECTURE IV FORMALISM, EXPRESSIONISM AND AESTHETIC HEDONISM LEARNING OUTCOMES The student must be able ✓ To determine the relation between the study of art and study of philosophy ✓ To Explain the comparison and similarities of Formalism, Expressionism and Hedonism theory of Art ✓ To Identify artworks, styles and artists that follows the formalist, functionalist, expressionist and hedonistic approach in art ✓ To Apply the theories to the analysis of art ✓ To evaluate artworks based on formalist, expressionist and hedonistic principles ✓ To write an analysis on the given topics FORMALIST THEORY OF ART Formalism in aesthetics has traditionally been taken to refer to the view in the philosophy of art that the properties in virtue of which an artwork is an artwork—and in virtue of which its value is determined—are formal in the sense of being accessible by direct sensation (typically sight or hearing) alone. It claims that art is the combination of perceptual elements. Contrary to the view of Representationism, Formalism asserts that art is non-figurative because it does not contain representation. The aesthetic of art is in its form per se. 32| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. Clive Bell ✓ An English Art Critic – formalist. ✓ Well known for his art theory – Significant Form ✓ Art for Art Sake What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions? What quality is common to Sta. Sophia and the windows at Chartres, Mexican sculpture, a Persian bowl, Chinese carpets, Giotto’s frescoes at Padua, and the masterpieces of Poussin, Piero della Francesca, and Cezanne? Only one answer seems possible – significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions. These relations and combinations of lines and colors, these aesthetically moving forms, I call “Significant Form”; and “Significant Form” is the one quality common to all works of visual art. - Clive Bell “Beauty is to be found in the formal qualities and arrangement of paint on canvas. Nothing more is required to judge the value of a work.” Woman of Color Pacita Abad (1946 – 2004) Ivatan and Filipino Visual Artist “Artists need to look at nature and things only as forms made up of spheres, cylinders, cones.” - Paul Cezanne (1839 – 1906) Form Representation Line Mother / Woman Shape Child Color 33| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Impression III (Concert) Kadinsky, 1911 He painted this after attending a concert by Schonberg 34| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Improvisation no. 30 (Canons) Kadinsky, 1913 He painted this because of the constant talk about the incoming war. Composition no. 3 (1923) Kadinsky He painted this after a lot of preliminary sketches SYNAESTHESIA The ability to perceive colors or sound simultaneously by two senses. A person with Synaesthesia may hear color or may see sound. Yellow is the color of middle C on a brassy trumpet; black is the color of closure, and the end of things; and that combinations of colors produce vibrational frequencies, akin to chords played on a piano.” - Kadinsky EXPRESSIONIST THEORY OF ART Objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person. In expressionist art, color in particular can be highly intense and non- naturalistic, brushwork is typically free and paint application tends to be generous and highly textured. Expressionist art tends to be emotional and sometimes mystical. It can be seen as an extension of Romanticism. 35| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. Expressionism is a modernist movement that emerged in early 20th-century Germany. Artists working in this style distort the reality of their subjects in order to “express” their own emotions, feelings, and ideas. VINCENT VAN GOGH Vincent van Gogh, one of the most well-known post- impressionist artists, for whom color was the chief symbol of expression, was born in Groot-Zundert, Holland on March 30, 1853 Van Gogh's finest works were produced in less than three years in a technique that grew more and more impassioned in brush stroke, in symbolic and intense color, in surface tension, and in the movement and vibration of form and line. Van Gogh's inimitable fusion of form and content is powerful; dramatic, lyrically rhythmic, imaginative, and emotional, for the artist was completely absorbed in the effort to explain either his struggle against madness or his comprehension of the spiritual essence of man and nature. In spite of his lack of success during his lifetime, van Gogh’s legacy lives on having left a lasting impact on the world of art. Van Gogh is now viewed as one of the most influential artists having helped lay the foundations of modern art. The subtle aspects create the illusion that the building is an actual residence for the five figures. This portrayal of ordinary peasant life did not come in a burst of creativity; Van Gogh had planned out the painting of The Potato Eaters far in advance and had inspiration to create a multiple figure painting as far back as 1883. After completing various sketches and trial paintings of the piece, Van Gogh sent reversed lithograph prints to two art dealers of the time and one of his fellow colleagues, while still planning to create a final draft of the sketch in paint. Van Gogh soon developed a sense of confidence that his finished painting would become an accurate interpretation of what he saw it as. The Potato Eater (1885) Vincent Van Gogh 36| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. 37| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. EDVARD MUNCH Munch is best known as being a Norwegian born, expressionist painter, and printer. In the late 20th century, he played a great role in German expressionism, and the art form that later followed; namely because of the strong mental anguish that was displayed in many of the pieces that he created. Many of Munch's works depict life and death scenes, love and terror, and the feeling of loneliness was often a feeling which viewers would note that his work patterns focused on. These emotions were depicted by the contrasting lines, the darker colors, blocks of color, somber tones, and a concise and exaggerated form, which depicted the darker side of the art which he was designing. Munch is often and rightly compared with Van Gogh, who was one of the first artists to paint what the French artist called "the mysterious centers of the mind. 38| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. PERIOD OF CLASSICAL MUSIC LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was a German composer and pianist, who is arguably the defining figure in the history of Western music. Ludwig Van Beethoven was born in December 1770, but no-one is completely sure on which date. He was baptized on the 17th. The earliest recorded piece that Beethoven composed is a set of nine piano variations, composed in 1782. Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he met influential composers like Haydn and began to compose in earnest. By 1796, he had begun to suffer from tinnitus and was losing his hearing. Beethoven composed his Piano Sonata No. 14 ('Moonlight') in 1802. The Third Symphony, known as the 'Eroica', was completed in 1804. It went on to redefine the symphony as a genre Listen! Moonlight Sonata no. 14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlJHNufol8Q AESTHETIC HEDONISM Aesthetic hedonism holds that aesthetic value is a special kind of hedonic value—that is, an item's aesthetic value is simply its power to please us in a certain way. If we construe hedonism broadly, it would be fair to say that contemporary aesthetic value theory has been thoroughly dominated by a hedonist consensus. This is hardly surprising. Boasting a generous share of intuitive plausibility, hedonism could arguably lay claim to being the commonsense view of aesthetic value. After all, who would deny that our encounters with the aesthetic are often a source of great enjoyment and, occasionally, of transcendent delight? From here, it is a short step to the hedonist doctrine that an item's aesthetic value is constituted by its relation to such pleasure or valuable experience. - Servaas Van der Berg. Aesthetic Hedonism and its Critics. Philosophy Compass (2019). 39| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. LET’S DO THE ACTIVITIES! Write an insight on the following topics / questions 1. Formalist Theory of Art 2. The difference between Representationist and Formalist Theory of Art 3. Expressionist Theory of Art 4. Look at the panting of Van Gogh - Starry Night, and listen to the song Starry, Starry Night composed by Don McLean. What do you feel? Write a short reflection SHOWCASE YOUR TALENT! Create an artwork – any medium or form, that expresses your thought, feeling or emotion. SOURCES Van der Berg, Servaas. Aesthetic Hedonism and its Criticis. Philosophy Compass (2019). Aesthetic Hedonism. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/aes-form/#H2 (Accessed July 30. 2020). Edvard Munch. https://www.edvardmunch.org/anxiety.jsp (Accessed July 30, 2020). Expressionism. https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/e/expressionism (Accessed July 30, 2020). Expressionism. Brittanica. https://www.britannica.com/art/Expressionism (Accessed July 30. 2020). Wassily Kadinsky. https://www.wassily-kandinsky.org/ (Accessed July 30, 2020). The Origins of Expressionism. https://mymodernmet.com/what-is-expressionism/ (Accessed July 30, 2020). The VanGohh Gallery. https://www.vangoghgallery.com/painting/ (Accessed July 30, 2020). VIDEOS Moonlight Sonata no. 14. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlJHNufol8Q Starry, Starry Night. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxHnRfhDmrk 40| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  LECTURE V FUNCTIONALISM, ACTION THEORY AND INSTITUTIONAL THEORY LEARNING OUTCOMES The student must be able to ✓ To determine the relation between the study of art and study of philosophy ✓ To explain functionalism, action theory and institutional theory of Art ✓ To evaluate artworks based on functionalism, action theory and institutional theory of art ✓ To apply the theories to the analysis of art ✓ To write an analysis on the given topics FUNCTIONALISM THEORY OF ART Functionalism asserts that the value of artworks is determined by and therefore reducible to their practical function or purpose. In "pure art," artworks such as paintings, poems, plays and partitas are produced with the sole purpose of providing aesthetic experiences. In architecture and industrial design, objects are created with the intention to satisfy not only aesthetic criteria but also, primarily, criteria of utility and practical function. This combination gives rise to the crucial issue of how the two types of value relate to each other. Is practical function independent of aesthetics or are they in some way connected? This was a central issue in the functionalist movement in architecture and design, one of the most influential artistic and cultural movements of the early twentieth century. The term 'functionalism' is ambiguous, not least since the functionalist movement contained diverse and partly contradictory artistic and social tendencies Functionalism is as old as the functionalist perspective of the Ancient Greeks. In the Symposium (Xenophon). Critoboulus asserts that one can distinguish a beautiful project based on its specific function. CRITOBOULUS: I know, at any rate, that a shield is beautiful, as well as a sword and a spear. SOCRATES: And how is it that, although none of these is similar to the other, they are all beautiful? CRITOBOULUS: If, by Zeus, they've all been wrought with a view to the tasks for which we acquire them, or if they've been well adapted by nature with a view to the things we need, then these are beautiful. 41| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. Functionalist’s movements famous assertion is that was art’s form follows function, whose one of the advocates was the American Architect Louis Sullivan. He made an analogy with the forms and function, which all of us can find in nature. The form of the eagle’s wing has been determined by its function, and the same apples to other objects in nature. Form ever follows function. In an artwork, functionalism believes that the function itself is more important than the appearance, what makes the art beautiful is its use or function. THE REDUCTION THESIS The most far-reaching variant of functionalism can be called the "reduction thesis." It consists in the claim that there is nothing to aesthetics (beauty) in addition to what follows from function. This has also been called "austere functionalism;" it implies that aesthetic considerations are altogether unnecessary, since aesthetics will be automatically taken care of if function is dealt with adequately FUNCTIONS OF ART PERSONAL FUNCTION Created artworks that serve’s its purpose based on the artist’s perspective or the one who perceive the artwork itself. The personal functions of art vary from one person to another, artist to artist etc. some create artworks that gives them pleasure, as a therapy while others want to express their thought through their arts. For example: Music is a means of an artist to express his feelings and ideas. We cannot deny that some artforms serve as means of expression for us. 42| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. SOCIAL FUNCTION We can consider that the art has a social function if it addresses aspects of collective life as opposed to one person’s viewpoint or experience. Viewers can often relate in some ways to social art and are sometimes even influenced by it. Art also depicts the socio-political conditions and issues of times. Art is always related to every aspect of social life. Credits : https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-01-14/group-exposes-social-woes-and-promotes-philippine-culture-through-street- art#:~:text=Ang%20Gerilya%20dedicated%20this%20artwork%20in%20support%20of%20the%20campaign 43| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. MONETARY VALUE OF ART One of the important issues concerning art and the artists themselves is the monetary / material value of artworks. We cannot deny the fact that our artists need to sell their artworks to support their needs. They must also be compensated because being an artist requires mastery, it is also a noble profession, like any other professions. But the question now are, what or who dictates the price of an artwork and what makes an art more or less expensive? Watch this! Why Makes Art so Expensive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGIuBJLd37I INSTITUTIONAL THEORY OF ART The property that all works of art have in common is their existence within the institutional context of the “artworld” The art world is defined as an informal institution which embodies and encompasses the various formal and informal institutions within particular “artworld systems,” each of which fosters and supports the production and appreciation of a particular kind of art. Throughout several centuries stretching back to the era of philosophers such as Plato, stakeholders in the art world have struggled to find a true definition of art. In the eighteenth century, a cluster of disciplines, including sculpture, painting, architecture, music and poetry, were classified as belonging to the umbrella category of fine ‘arts’ Understanding Institutional Theory https://www.herald.co.zw/understanding-institutional-theory/ 44| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. ACTION PAINTING Action painting, sometimes called Abstract Expressionism, evolved in the 1940s and 1950s, during a time of unrest following World War II. There was much anxiety about the potential impact of the Cold War, and the possible spread of Communism worldwide. The action painting movement reflected this turmoil of the time. It was also known as 'gestural painting', because it involved the vigorous, sweeping application of paint to the canvas. This style was more about the physical act of painting, and showing the emotion of the artist, rather than accurately depicting realistic scenes and recognizable forms. When looking at an action painting, your eyes tend to constantly move back and forth across its surface, as you take in the expressive and unconventional effects the artist has created. Source: Action Painting Defined. https://study.com/academy/lesson/action-painting-definition- characteristics.html ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM / PAINTING Abstract painting conveys its subject without the use of such identifiable objects and is more open to your own interpretations. Watch this! Action Painting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVtt-klbpCk HAROLD ROSENBERG ✓ American writer, educator, and art critic. ✓ Rosenberg coined the term Action Painting in 1952, known as abstract expressionism. The canvas began to appear as an arena in which to act…. What was to go on the canvas is not a picture but an event.” 45| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  ART OF PAINTING The process of putting, dripping, pouring and splashing paints on the canvas. INSTITUTIONAL THEORY OF ART This “artworld” determines whether a thing is a work of art. The institutions that support and analyze the works of art are museums, universities / academies, galleries and critics. There are certain conventions that defines what art is. Source: GMA Network https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/571952/ admission-to-national-museum-now-permanently-free-to-all/story/ 46| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. CRITICISM ON INSTITUTIONAL THEORY Catherine Lord, a professor and art critic, argues that: ✓ If a work of art is defined as institutional, then the practice of making works of art is essentially conservative. ✓ If the institution is conservative, then the institutional definition precludes creativity.. ✓ If a work of art is defined as institutional, then the institutional definition precludes creativity. ✓ The making of a work of art involves freedom, creativity, originality and spontaneity. ✓ A work of art is not to be defined as institutions, universities / academies, galleries and critics. There are certain conventions that defines what art is. Peggy Zeglin Brand. Lord, Lewis and the institutional Theory of Art. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism Vol. 40, no. 3 (1993). George Dickie defines “institution” as an established, continuing, traditional practice perhaps complete with a unique history. The particular institution of art encompasses bundle of systems, comprised of persons with learned roles and patterns of behavior. Although the definition he proposes is comprised of necessary and sufficient conditions, he holds that his definition does not preclude the actual creative activity of artists. Rather it allows for the constant expansion of the boundaries of art by its very looseness, its informal character does not preclude experimentation in which subsystems become new artforms, and subsequently, almost anything is allowed to become an art Catherine Lord’s contention that institution is essentially conservative , self-perpetuating, and at times punitive, leads her conclude that the practice of creating works of art, as an institution, is similarly constituted. Watch this! The Institutional theory (Art World) - Extract from "What is Art“ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOOvIHVOIcU Question: Is this a work of Art or not? 47| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. LET’S DO THE ACTIVITIES Share your insights on the following topic: 1. Functionalism theory of Art 2. What do you think makes an artwork less or more expensive? 3. Abstract Expressionism 4. Institutional Theory of Art: Is art only confined through the institution or convention of the society Show your talent! Do / create an action painting. Use watercolor and an Oslo paper. SOURCES Ove’ Hansson, Sven. Aesthetic Functionalism. Contemporary Aesthetics Vol 3 (2005) Brand, Peggy Zeglin. Lord, Lewis and the institutional Theory of Art. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism Vol. 40, no. 3 (1993). Action Painting Defined. https://study.com/academy/lesson/action-painting-definition- characteristics.html (Accessed August 2, 2020). The Most Important Functions of Art. https://www.thoughtco.com/what-are-the-functions-of-art- 182414#:~:text=The%20functions%20of%20art%20normally,about%20these%20functions%2C %20here's%20how. (Accessed August 2, 2020) Understanding Institutional Theory. https://www.herald.co.zw/understanding-institutional-theory (Accessed August 2, 2020). VIDEOS Action Painting. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OVtt-klbpCk Sand art by Fatmir Mura-Love. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zphbnum0_BY The Institutional theory (Art World) - Extract from "What is Art “. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOOvIHVOIcU Why Makes Art so Expensive. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGIuBJLd37I 48| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  LECTURE VI ART AND SCIENCES: ELEMENTS, MEDIUM, DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY LEARNING OUTCOMES The Student must be able ✓ To relate the relationship of the study of art to the field of applied sciences. ✓ To Identify the artwork styles that uses the principles of science. ✓ To explain the biological theory of Art and Beauty ✓ To apply modern technology in Art production ✓ To examine the emerging art forms in the contemporary era The Darwinian Theory of Art and Beauty DENNIS DUTTON (1944-2010) American philosopher of Art Web entrepreneur Media Activist “Art is a need built into human biological system through a complex, subtle evolutionary adaptation.” “The experience of beauty is one of the ways that evolution has arousing and sustaining interest or fascination, even obsession, in order to encourage us toward making the most adaptive decisions for survival and reproduction.” (Dutton in Ted Talk) 49| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. Denis Dutton uses Charles Darwin’s Natural Selection Theory to demonstrate how beauty is not necessarily in the eye of the beholder, but hereditary. Dutton explains that beauty has instinctual components i.e. man is drawn to landscapes with low grassy areas, interspersed trees, water, animal and bird life, and a path or riverbank that extends off into the distance. This idolized landscape found in pictures, postcards, and public parks, closely represents the land our ancestors lived on. Not only that, but individuals who were raised in parts of the world where this landscape fails to exist still were drawn to its beauty. Before humans were even able to speak, they carved tear-drop shaped Acheulean hand Axes (found in Olduvai Gorge East Africa, dating back to 2 million years ago) as decoration. The men who carved the most elegant stones were linked with having desirable qualities such as After million and thousands of years of intelligence, fine motor control human evolution, the ACHEULEAN HAND and good planning abilities - like a AXES have gradually developed into much more complex and finer WORKS OF ART. peacock that shows its tail to attract peahen. With this, Art provides us certain value and purpose. Art may affect each individual person differently. 50| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Through artwork can one see other’s value and meaning. This maybe the cause for Picasso’s affairs. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Spanish painter The women in Picasso’s life who became his model 1 2 3 4 1] Woman reading 1923 – first wife, Olga 2] Green leaves and Bust 1932 – Mistress, Marie Therese (sold 106.5 Million dollars in 2010 3] Portrait Fracois Gilot 1946 – His Mistress 4] Jacqueline with Flowers 1954 – second wife 51| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Elements and Media of Visual Arts It is important to note the different out of which the work of Art is made MEDIA OF ART Painting Surface (Canvas), Pigment (Oil paint) Sculpture/ Architecture Stone, Wood, Metal, Glass Music Human Voice, Musical Instrument Dance Motion of the Human Body Literature Written or Oral Language Drama Theater: Action and Spoken Language Motion picture/Cinema/ Movie: Film ELEMENTS OF ART Painting/ VISUAL ELEMENT: Sculpture Points ---------------→ POINTILISM (DIVISIONISM) Most basic element. It by GEORGE SEURAT is a has no dimension style of painting that uses point as the fundamental structural element. Lines ----------------→ Ways of producing a line One dimensional. 1. Actually drawing a line = Calligraphy Structurally, it is a path 2.Intersection of Colors = Painting of moving point, or 3.Intersection of Contours = Architecture points in a series Shape --------------→ Ways of making shape Boundary or edges of 1. Boundary of a line that close into itself an object (Polygon) 2.Boundary of Color in painting 3. Boundary of Contour in sculpture Size Value ----------------→ Shading and Shadowing The application of Dark and light in a painting Color May be considered as the most beautiful visual element Texture Sense of Touch Architecture FORMAL: Lines, Shape, Size, Color, Space FUNCTIONAL: Roof, Wall, Floor 52| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Music AUDITORY: Rhythm, Pitch, Melody, Harmony, Dynamics, Tempo, Timbre Dance KINESTHETIC: Body, Action, Space, Time, Energy Literature LITERARY: Character, Theme. Plot, Point of View, Setting, Conflict, Tone Drama PERFORMATIVE: Actor, Acts, Script, Dialogue, Scene, Props, Theater Design and Principles of composition To achieve formal design, the following principles are applied: HARMONNY → VARIETY → BALANCE → DOMINANCE 1. Harmony and variety are achieved by moderation. Having just enough. Not much nor less. Monotony and redundancy are the result of either lack or excess. Having too much or too less. 2. Balance is the EQUALITY in attention or attraction of visual elements in the picture-plane Vertical (Suggests life) Symmetrical =Same elements on both sides Asymmetrical = Different elements on both sides Horizontal (Suggests Peace and Rest) Radial (Suggests movement) 53| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  3. Dominance is a way of emphasizing an element over the others. Centralizing (Placing at the center of the picture plane the part to be emphasized) Highlighting (Use of standing size or color on the part to be emphasized) Focusing (Using elements to create movement directed towards the part to be emphasize Application of Technology to the Production of Art ART + TECHNOLOGY Walter Benjamin (1935) “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” Influence on art is the invention of camera in photography and motion pictures. Ed Shanken (2009) “Art in the Information Age: Technology and Conceptual Art” Influence on art is the invention of computers and information technology. 54| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. “Reproduction detaches the reproduced object from the domain of tradition. By making many reproductions it substitutes a plurality of copies for a unique existence.” Art has lost its authenticity by being mass reproduced. (Benjamin, 1935) Mechanical Reproduction Ancient Greek sculptures (600-100 BC) were mass produced by POUNDING and STAMPING. ENGRAVING AND WOODCUT ETCHING - The process of using strong acid to cut into the unprotected parts of a metal surface to create a design 55| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  LITHOGRAPHY- Printing technique where the image is drawn with oil, fat, or wax onto the surface of a limestone plate PHOTOGRAPHY Advances in electronics, computing, and telecommunications, and especially the advent of the Internet, have provided tools that enable artists to interrogate the conventional materiality and semiotic complexity of art objects. Information processing technology influences our notions about creativity, perception, and the limits of art.... It is probably not the province of computers and other telecommunication devices to produce works of art as we know it; but they will, in fact, be instrumental in redefining the entire area of esthetic awareness. (Shanken, 2009) 56| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  The Art of Selfie and Groupie SELFIE GROUPIE A self-portrait photograph, typically taken A groupie is when a person takes a photo of with a digital camera or camera phone oneself with other people using a camera or a with self-fronting lens held in the hand or phone (especially for posting it on a social media supported by a selfie stick (especially for website). posting it on a social media website). The word “selfie” first appeared in an Australian Internet Forum in September 2, 2002. Proclaimed as the Word of the Year in 2013 by the editors of Oxford English Dictionary These ideas of drawing oneself is not new; but with the advance of technology, this is now made easier and more popular especially in the Social Media platforms. LET’S DO THE ACTIVITIES! Write a brief insight on the following: 1. How do you think Art may have evolved without the advancement of Science? 2. Do you agree that the end of Art will also be the end of Science and vice versa? 3. Which for you can be used as basis for giving a certain thing a value? Utility or Beauty? 4. Can an artist make a remarkable piece without understanding the function of the body for instance? 5. How much further do you think can Selfie and Groupie evolve as we advance? SHOW YOUR TALENT! Think of how you can recycle the available trash at home or community. Make a VLOG on how you have transformed the trash into a beautiful work of Art. 57| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. SOURCES: Benjamin, Walter. “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” Illuminations Edited by Hannah Arendt and trans. By Harry Zohn. New York: Schocken Books, 1969. Shanken, Edward A. “Art in the Information Age: Technology and Conceptual Art”. Leonardo, (Vol. 35, No. 4, 2002), pp. 433-438. Cruz, Edgar Gomez et al. Selfies Beyond Self-Representation: The (Theoretical) F®ictions of a Practice. Journal of Aesthetics & Culture, Vol. 7, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jac.v7.2803 VIDEOS: “Darwinian Theory of Beauty” in http://www.ted.com/talks/denis_dutton_a_darwinian_theory_of_beauty.html “Darwinian Theory” in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PktUzdbBqW. “Michelangelo and the Science of Fresco Painting: Chemistry meets Art” in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUddM_Y_snQ. “Lithography Printing process” in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NeIuYLaw9ks “Software of Creating Digital Art” in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqSJf58_k7g. 58| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  LECTURE VII ART AND MATHEMATICS: AESTHETICS AND FORMALISM LEARNING OUTCOMES The Student must be able ✓ To relate the study of Art to Mathematics ✓ To Identify the artworks, styles, artists and philosophers who were influenced with Formalism ✓ To explain aesthetical formalism as mathematical theory of Art and Beauty ✓ To analyze the mathematical structure of music ✓ To apply the formalist theory in art production Aesthetic formalism “Formalism in aesthetics has traditionally been taken to refer to the view in the philosophy of art that the properties in virtue of which an artwork is an artwork—and in virtue of which its value is determined—are formal in the sense of being accessible by direct sensation (typically sight or hearing) alone.” Theoretical Basis of Aesthetic Formalism FORM MATTER Substance Accidents (Chair + ness, Table + ness) Essence + (Blue, Wooden) Sense Data SUBSTANTIAL FORM PRIME MATTER HYLEMORPHISM (Ultimate Composition of All Things) 59| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. The Form of Beauty 1. Fundamental Principle: Order and Structure Order Structure (Whole divided into parts) (Parts composing the whole) Part Part Part WHOLE 1 2 3 WHOLE Part Part Part 1 2 3 2. Specific Principle: Proportion and Integrity Proper Proportion Overall Integrity (Relation of parts with one another) (Relation of whole with itself) BEAUTIFUL Proportional Integral UGLY Disproportional Disintegral 60| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  3. Individual Principle: Simplicity Less Number of parts/ Less Number of Connections Would you agree? No Order, No Structure (UGLY) 61| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  With order, no structure (BEAUTIFUL) Dali Galatea of the Spheres (1952) Influenced by the Molecular Theory in Chemistry Simple (Absolutely and Perfectly Beautiful) Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Therese 1452 Disintegral 62| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Harmony of Proportion Which body do you think is proportional? “Beauty is the harmony of proper proportion” 63| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man was based on the book by MARCUS VITRUVIUS entitled De Architectura, 15 BC. The Vitruvian Man (L'Uomo Vitruviano) is a drawing by Leonardo da Vinci around 1490. It is accompanied by notes based on the work of the architect Vitruvius. The drawing, which is in pen and ink on paper, depicts a man in two superimposed positions with his arms and legs apart and inscribed in a circle and square. The drawing and text are sometimes called the Canon of Proportions or, less often, Proportions of Man. It is kept in the Gabinetto dei disegni e stampe of the Gallerie dell'Accademia, in Venice, Italy, under reference 228. Like most works on paper, it is displayed to the public only occasionally. Perfect proportion of man according to Vitruvius 1. The length of the outspread arms is equal to the height of a man 2. From the hairline to the bottom of the chin is one-tenth of the height of a man 3. From below the chin to the top of the head is one-eighth of the height of a man 4. From above the chest to the top of the head is one-sixth of the height of a man 5. From above the chest to the hairline is one-seventh of the height of a man. 6. The maximum width of the shoulders is a quarter of the height of a man. 7. From the breasts to the top of the head is a quarter of the height of a man. 8. The distance from the elbow to the tip of the hand is a quarter of man’s height 9. The distance from the elbow to the armpit is one-eighth of the height of a man. 10. The length of the hand is one-tenth of the height of a man. 11. The root of the penis is at half the height of a man. 12. The foot is one-seventh of the height of a man. 13. From below the foot to below the knee is a quarter of the height of a man. 14. From below the knee to the root of the penis is a quarter of man’s height 15. The distances from below the chin to the nose and the eyebrows and the 16. Hairline are equal to the ears and to one-third of the face. The Golden Measure The earliest known systematic cult based on the rule of numbers was that of the Pythagoreans (from the name of Pythagoras). Pythagoras was a Greek who thrived in the 6th century BCE The Pythagoreans were especially fascinated by the presence of numbers in the natural world. Perhaps their most spectacular discovery was that musical harmony is related to simple whole-number ratios. Pythagoras 570-490 BC Samos ULTIMATE REALITY NUMBER Eternal, Unchanging, Indestructible 64| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Golden Section: Division of a line so that the whole is to the greater part as that part is to the smaller part Golden Ratio/ Proportion: Geometric relation of two quantities in which the ratio of the sum of the quantities to the larger quantity is equal. Golden Rectangle: Rectangle whose side lengths are in the golden ratio. Golden Spiral: Spiral that traces the golden rectangle Golden measure applied to the façade of Parthenon 65| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Golden Measure in Leonardo’s Vitruvian Man Golden measure in Leonardo’s Monaliza Mathematical Structure of Music RHYTHM (LENGTH) : Longness and Shortness of Tones PITCH (HEIGHT) : Highness and Lowness of Tones DYNAMIC (VOLUME) : Loudness and Softness of Tones TEMPO (SPEED) : Fastness and Slowness of Tones 66| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Mathematics of Rhythm (Indicators of Rhythm) TIME SIGNATURE VALUE OF NOTES 67| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Mathematics of Pitch (Position of Notes on the Staff) The names of notes were based on the composition by Guido de Arrizo (991-1033) 68| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. Try to compute using the value of Notes *The values of notes are always equivalent to 1 for every measure 69| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Mathematics of Harmony (Harmonic Notes) Guitar Piano 70| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. Search on www.youtube.com and appreciate the music Piano Sonata in C# Minor (Moonlight Sonata) by Ludwig Van Beethoven Ave Verum Corpus by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart LET’S DO THE ACTIVITIES! 1. Do you like mathematics as a subject? If NO, Why? 2. Can the way we perceived things still be beautiful without the bias of mathematical formalism? 3. Can you think of a thing which is not proportionate, but you think is still beautiful? 71| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT. SHOW YOUR TALENT! Write a Haiku about your current feeling. SOURCES: ________. “Aesthetic Formalism” https://iep.utm.edu/aes-form/ _________. “Pythagoreanism” https://www.britannica.com/topic/number-symbolism/Pythagoreanism ________.“Vitruvian Man” in http://en.wikipedia.org.wiki/Vitruvian_Man. Panofsky, Erwin. “The History of the Theory of Human Proportion as a Reflection of the History of Styles” Meaning in the Visual Arts. Australia: Penguin Books, 1955. Pp. 117-134. VIDEOS: “Donald Duck and the Golden Mean Ration” in http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query+golden+ratio+donald+duck “How to draw the Human Face” in http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE2-CGTtQzc 72| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  LECTURE VIII ART AND ANTHROPOLOGY: CULTURAL RELATIVISM LEARNING OUTCOMES The Student must be able ✓ To relate the study of art to the field of Anthropology ✓ To explain the aesthetical value of cultural relativism ✓ To Identify the artworks, styles, and artists who were influenced by Cultural relativism ✓ To discover the cultural norms of Beauty from different societies in the world ✓ To identify the difference between craft and art based on the perspective of different societies and cultures CULTURAL RELATIVISM 73| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1788) A French philosopher-composer who wrote about nature, hygiene, and morality. A man who is living quite the opposite of what he writes, he still became known among the common people for his move to challenge the traditional rules of his time. He argued in his Social Contract that the world is unjust because the rules were only written to support the interest of the rich, and not for the common good. He challenged the order of society of his time, from which it gives opportunity for the common people to participate and for this reason became famous among them. Theory on the Origin of Society STATE OF NATURE: People are equal, self-sufficient, and contented People against each other No recognized system of law and justice in it SOCIETY: People live in Community Man must enter a contract Certain powers need to be conferred: Culture, Tradition, Law, Custom, Convention JUDGMENT OF MORALITY: Concept of Beauty Ethnocentric 74| A r t A p p r e c i a t i o n Archie C. Arevalo, LPT.  Franz Boas (1848-1942) A German-born American anthropologist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who the founded the relativistic, culture-centered School (Cultural Relativism) of American Anthropology. He specialized mainly on North American Indian cultures and languages. He was responsible in developing Anthropology as a profession in the United States. He became a teacher of many known Anthropologists including: A.L. Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Melville Herskovits, and Edward Sapir. (Britannica) CULTURAL RELATIVISM Reject Comparative Approach in Anthropology Favors Inductive Method: “Collect data first, theorize later.” Reject Cultu