Growth & Development Lecture 1 PDF

Lecture No.1 1. Define growth, development and maturation. 2. Identify types of growth and development. 3. Mention principles of growth and development. 4. Identify the patterns of Growth and Development 5. Enumerate factors influencing growth, development and maturation through the life span. 6...

Lecture No.1 1. Define growth, development and maturation. 2. Identify types of growth and development. 3. Mention principles of growth and development. 4. Identify the patterns of Growth and Development 5. Enumerate factors influencing growth, development and maturation through the life span. 6. State the developmental age periods. 2 Growth is an increase in the size, weight and height of an individual. It is a quantitative change that can be easily measured in metric or imperial units (physical changes). Development is an improvement of one’s abilities and skills that cannot be measured in metric or imperial units (changes in skills & abilities including emotional & intellectual progress) Maturation: an increase in competence and adaptability. Its involves growth in ability to perform skills, to think, to relate to people, to trust, to have confidence in oneself.  Domains of growth Domains of development 1. Motor: gross & fine motor skills (e.g. 1. Physical such as: weight, sitting, walking, running…..etc). height, head and chest circumferences. 2. Intellectual-Cognitive (Behavioral): change in mental activities (reasoning, 2. Physiologic such as vital mental thinking, remember, language). signs. 3. Moral-Emotional e.g. love, fear……..etc. 3. Sensation : (vision, touch, hearing, taste and smell 4. Social: changes in individual’s personality; relations; gender roles e.g. self concept, friendship, development sense of trust. 1. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT: Includes muscle coordination and control, growth in size and in proportion. Examples: a child rolling over, lifting its head, or sitting up. 2. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT: The ability of the brain to take in and process information. Examples: a child recognizing their name, or recognizing a parent 3. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: A child learning and discovering the expectations and rules for interacting with others. Examples: a child smiling at mother, a child learning to share a toy with a friend. 4. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT: The ability to understand feelings and how to respond to them appropriately. Example: a child feeling jealousy due to a new baby in the family, a child feeling love 5. MORAL DEVELOPMENT: Identifying personal values. Examples: right or wrong, behaving according to what others need, respecting human rights…etc 1. Principle of continuity: It starts with conception and ends with death 2. Principle of lack of uniformity in the developmental rate : Not all body parts grow in the same rate at the same time. 3. Principle of individual difference: Each child grows in his/her unique and personal way 4. Principle of uniformity of pattern: directions and sequence of development which is uniform over the world and there is no difference among them. In humans, physical development are categorical as two standard pattern of development: (A) Cephalocaudal (from head to toe) and (B)proximodistal(from inward to outward). 5. Principle of proceeding general to specific responses 7 6. Principle of integration : there is a movement from the whole to parts and from the parts to the whole and in this way it is integration of the whole and its parts. 7. Principle of interrelation: What is achieved or not achieved in one or the other dimension in the course of gradual and continuous process of development that surely affects the other dimensions development. 8. Principle of predictability 9. Principle of spiral versus linear advancement: The child makes advancement during particular period but takes rest in the next following period to consolidate his development. In advancing further he turns back and then moves forward again like a spiral. 10. Principle of interaction: growth and development takes place due to the interaction of child (heredity) with the environment. 8  Heredity /Genetics The genetic inheritance of an individual is established at conception. * It remains unchanged throughout life and determines such characteristic as: a- gender. b- Physical Characteristics (e.g., eye colour, potential height) c- Temperament (e.g., response to stimuli in the environment) d- learning style An individual may also inherit a genetic abnormality, which may result in disability or illness at birth or later in life 9  Gender (Sex) On average, girls are born lighter and shorter than boys. Boys tend to keep this height and weight advantage until pre puberty, at which time girls surge ahead because they begin their puberty growth spurt 1-2 year earlier than boys. By the end of puberty (14 to 16 years), boys again tend to be taller and heavier than girls. 10  Intelligence Children with high intelligence do not generally grow faster physically than other Children but they do tend to advance faster in skills. That because they spends time with books or mental games rather than with games that develop motor skills 11  Temperament* Its affects how children react to new situations; is an inborn characteristic set at birth. Understanding that children are not all alike will help the parents to deal with their children some adapt quickly to new situations and others adapt slowly, and some react intensely and some passively. Temperament Types :Flexible (easy), Fearful (slow to warm), and Feisty (difficult) *For more information go to the file attached with this presentation 12  Environmental factors:  A-Prenatal environment.  B- Post natal: *external environment (climate and season, and child ordinal position in the family; Illness, injury). family violence, child abuse, parental attention and affection, education, peer pressure, media, family size  Cultural Influences (impact of child-rearing practices (Parenting styles)  Socioeconomic status (access to healthcare; education; nutrition) 13  Prenatal period  Middle Childhood Conception to birth School age  Neonatal Period 6-12 years Birth to 1 month  Late Childhood  Infancy 1 month to 1 year Adolescent 13-19 years  Early Childhood Toddler  Adulthood 1-3 years Early 20-40 Preschool Middle 40-65 3-6 years Late > 65  Assessment: Monitoring milestones, such as height, weight, and developmental tasks.  Intervention: Suggesting age-appropriate activities and nutritional guidance; encouraging play that promotes cognitive and motor skills, providing guidance on healthy eating habits, and offering emotional support & health education.  Support: Helping families understand developmental stages and providing emotional support.  Anticipatory Guidance: Preparing parents for future developmental stages.  A help address National Health Goals ( Reducing growth restriction among low-income children; Reducing the prevalence of developmental disabilities; Reducing childhood obesity). Tools For Assessing Growth & Development Growth Chart: Anthropometry (Weight; Length/Height; Head Circumference). Values of these measures are plotted on percentile charts, and compared with those of the general population. Those whose wt. or ht. falls below the 5th percentile are underweight or small in stature. Those whose measurements are above the 95th percentile are overweight or large in stature. Development: History of Milestones of Development. Direct observation. Development Charts (Denever Developmental Screening Test II-DDST-II).  Quick method for checking a child’s developmental progress. Very commonly used screening tool Applicable for children from birth until 6 years of age. 10-20 minutes to administer The items are arranged in order of difficulty and are divided into four major behavioral areas: personal-social, fine motor adaptive, language, and gross motor. Identifies children at 25,75, and 90% completion of task Scored as concern if child completing task in shaded area (75-90%) Scored as failure if not completed by time 90% complete https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=ShIDbcz Referrals warranted for one failure or two concerns HOyo  Human growth and development is a complex and ongoing process that involves a mix of physical, cognitive, emotional, social, and moral changes.  Hormones influence growth and development. The degree of influence of the individual hormones varies during the different stage of growth and development.  The assessment of growth and development is an integral part of pediatric health care. However, the examiner must keep in mind that our development is influenced by a wide range of factors, including our genetics, our environment, and our culture & that may cause the child to deviate from the norm.