Microbiology Notes PDF

1.Micro started 2.Microscopes: Light microscope enlarging ocular lens and objectives lens Bright field microscope requires fixing and staining. 2D most commonly use Dissection microscope 3D & parasitology Dark-Field microscope enhace the contrast Confocal laser light Phase contrast high magnificatio...

1.Micro started 2.Microscopes: Light microscope enlarging ocular lens and objectives lens Bright field microscope requires fixing and staining. 2D most commonly use Dissection microscope 3D & parasitology Dark-Field microscope enhace the contrast Confocal laser light Phase contrast high magnification Flurosescense Microscrope UV ilumination Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 3D image Transmission Electron Microscope 2D, electron beam goes through the specimen 3.(John Needman) Abiogenesis: Life develops from nonliving matter. Movement is Spontaneous Generation 4. Lazzaro Spallanzani opponent from abiogenesis. 4 FLASK/EXPERIMENT 5. Luis Pasteur ended Abiogenesis. S shape experiment (swan neck flask) 6. PROKATYOTES NO-MEMBRANE, NO NUCLEUS. (ARCHAEA, BACTERIA) 7.EUKARYOTE WITH MEMBRANE. (ALGAE, FUNDI, PROTOZOANS 8. Applied Microbiology Food (yogurt, bread), alcoholic beverages (wine and beer), water treatment(indicator organisms), and pharmaceutical(pennincilian) Agriculture (soil microbes, nitrogen cycle), bioremediation (petroleum-digesting bacteria), Energy (fuel cells, ethanol, methane), Forensics (medicine, crimal justice, epidemiology, bioterrosism) 9. ATOM is the smallest particle of an element. ATOM is made of protons (+), neutrons ( NO charge), & electrons(-). ATOMIC NUCLEUS= protones+neutrons = ATOMIC WEIGHT ATOMIC NUMBER = #PROTONES VALENCE ELECTRONES are located in the OUTERMOST SHELL. When this shell is filled, the atom is stable (inert) 2 electrons in the first shell 8 electrons in the next 10. ION IS POSITIVE CATIONS (+) , ION IS NEGATIVE ANIONS (-) 11. ISOTOPES SAME # of protons but DIFFERENT # of neutrons. ATOMIC # is unchanged. ATOMIC WEIGHT is different. 12. CHEMICAL BONDS: MOLECULES chemical bonding between valence electrons of atoms. CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS are made from atoms of different elements. COVALENT BONDS result from sharing of electrons. NONPOLAR equal sharing of electrons. POLAR unequal sharing of electrons. ION BONDS is a transfer from one molecule to another HYDROGEN BONDS WEAK chemical bonds VAN DER WALLS FORCES WEAKEST chemical bonds 13. CHEMICAL REACTIONS: SYNTHESIS (dehydration synthesis). Formation of a larger molecule from smaller ones (anabolism). Removal of H2O HYDROLYSIS breakdown of large molecules (catabolism). Requires H20 14. Substances that dissociate in WATER can form acids, bases, or salts. ACIDS Substances that release hydrogen ions BASES Substances that release hydroxyl ions 15. ABG PH 7.35-7.45 PaCO2 45-35 mmHg HCO3- 22-26 mEq/L PaO2 75-100 mmHg SaO2 94-100% Acute Respiratory Acidosis low PH, high PaCO2, HCO3- no change Acute Respiratory Alkalosis high PH, low PaCO2, HCO3- no change Acute Metabolic Acidosis PH, PaCO2, HCO3- HIGH Acute Metabolic Alkalosis PH, PaCO2, HCO3- LOW 16. WATER SOLUTIONS HYPOTONIC solute concentration in cell higher than outside of the cell HYPERTONIC solute concentration in cell less than outside of the cell ISOTONIC solute concentration equal on inside and outside of cell 17. All ORGANIC MOLECULES have CARBON & hydrogen components. Carbohydrate (sugars): Monomers: Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose) Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joined covalently (sucrose: glucose+fructose), (lactose: glucose+galactose), (maltose: glucose+glucose) Polysaccharides: MANY monosaccharides linked together (starch: storage from glucose in plants), (glycogen: storage from glucose in animals), (cellulose: component of the cell walls of plants, fungi, and most algae) 18. PROTEINS MONOMERS: AMINO ACIDS 20 naturally occurring amino acids Dipeptide 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bon Polypeptide 10 or + amino acids 19. Phospholipid Glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains, phosphate group on one end. Polar heads (charged), non-polar tails (non-charged). This is found on the cellular membrane. 20.DNA deoxyribonucleic acid (storage of genetic information) 21. Membrane proteins: integral proteins (embedded in phospholipid bilayer), peripheral proteins (on the inside or outside of the membrane) Functions of plasma proteins: structural support, transport of molecules across the membrane, enzyme regulators to control chemical reactions, receptors for hormones, surface antigens. 22. Peptidoglycan is found on the GRAM POSITIVE thick layer of the cell wall. Also, found in the GRAM NEGATIVE cell wall (thin) 23. GRAM STAIN STEPS: 1 applicant of the crystal violet, 2 application of iodine, 3 alcohol wash, 4 application of safranin 24. ORGANELLES Nucleus ONLY in eukaryotes, contains DNA, nuclear pores, nuclear envelope, chromatin (euchromatin expressed DNA, heterochromatin NOT expressed DNA) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER protein synthesis, Smooth ER no ribosomes, and synthesis for lipid and carbohydrate Golgi Apparatus modifies, sort, package proteins to go to other parts of the cell. Produces lysosomes and secretory vesicles. Lysosomes breakdown invading microbes Peroxisome removes toxic substances Mitochondria ATP Chloroplasts only found in plants and algea /photosynthesis. Ribosomes make proteins Vacuoles storage 25. Phagocytosis cell eating Pinocytosis cell drinking OSMOSIS diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane Diffusion movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. 26. GLYCOLYSIS COULD be anaerobic or aerobic cellular respiration. First pathway in the cytoplasm. It turns glucose into 2 molecules pyruvic acid. 27. ENZIMES Are biological catalysts Speed up chemical reactions without changing MOST are proteins Have an active site and an allosteric site Enzyme + substrate = product Enzymes are specific for specific substrates (lock key model) Change in the shape of the enzyme will results in enzyme inhibition Enzyme inhibition: competitive inhibition/molecules compete for active site, NONcompetitive inhibition/ substance binds to the allosteric site and changes the configuration of the active side. 28. ETC Electron Transport Chain linked series of proteins found in the mitochondria As each protein in the ETC accepts electrons, it is reduced. Give electrons to next protein (OXIDIZED) and this process gives energy (Exergonic reaction= ATP) 26 ATP produced in ETC 29. ANAEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Lactic acid pathway NO O2, GLYCOLYSIS, FERMATATION Final electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule instead of oxygen AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION Requires O2, GLYCOLYSIS, KREBS CYCLE, ETC 30. FERMENTATION starts with glycolysis, end product varies, lactic acid, ethyl, alcohol, acetic acid, acetone, butyric acid, etc. 31. PHOTOSYNTHESIS convert light energy into chemical energy via ATP used by plants, algae, and some phototrophic bacteria. CARBON DIOXIDE+WATER+LIGHT ENERGY--} GLUCOSE+OXYGEN+WATER 32. mMRA every 3 bases from a base triplet-codon Each codon codes for a specific amino acid 33. CELL CYCLE G1 METABOLIC ACTIVITIES S DUPLICATION OF DNA G2 GROWTH AND PREPARATION FOR MITOSIS M PHASE MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS 34. GRAM STAIN most commonly used for differential stains (4 steps) It gets tested on the cell wall Purple/blue POSITIVE Red/pink NEGATIVE ACID-FAST this technique uses acid instead of alcohol to decolorized(differential stains) ACID-FAST shows red color NON ACID-FAST shows blue color BEST EXAMPLE IS TB (red) 35. MEDIA Physical state liquid, semisolid, solid. Plate, broth, slant Chemical state complex(extracts from animals, plants, yeast, ground-up cells, tissues, and secretions) or synthetic(exact formular, standardized and reproducible) Functional type -general purpose broad spectrum of microbes, brain-heart infusion agar -enriched needs supplements (blood) -selective will isolate a specific type of microorganisms -differential will have variations in colony size, color, color change in media 36.BIOSAFETY LEVELS BSL 1 do NOT cause diseases BSL 2 MODERATE risk BSL 3 POTENTIALLY causing serious diseases, increased training, limited access. BSL 4 HIGH RISK OF AEROSOL. Life threating. ‘’You need space suits’’ 37. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) Gloves, respiratory protection, clothing, eye protection N95 MASK (TB) 38. BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS IN HEALTHCARE SETTINGS