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# Instrument Description The document describes different types of arguments and fallacies. ## Argument Types * **Modus Ponens**: A mode of affirmation. It affirms the antecedent (P → Q), so Q is affirmed. * **Modus Tollens**: A mode of negation. It denies the consequent (~Q), so the antecedent...

# Instrument Description The document describes different types of arguments and fallacies. ## Argument Types * **Modus Ponens**: A mode of affirmation. It affirms the antecedent (P → Q), so Q is affirmed. * **Modus Tollens**: A mode of negation. It denies the consequent (~Q), so the antecedent (P) is denied. ## Fallacies * **Fallacy of Affirming the Consequent**: Associated with invalid arguments, where premises are true, but the conclusion is false. The consequent (Q) is affirmed, but the antecedent (P) is not necessarily true. Formula: (P → Q), Q, ∴ P * **Fallacy of Denying the Antecedent**: Associated with invalid arguments, where premises are true, but the conclusion is false. The antecedent (P) is denied, but the consequent (Q) is not necessarily false. Formula: (P → Q), ~P, ∴ ~Q ## Additional Information * The text mentions that fallacies are often associated with seeming good arguments, but can be flawed in their structure. * Formal fallacies are highlighted as a specific type of error. **Note**: The document uses logical symbols, which are represented in the transcription. For example, the symbol for "if...then" is represented as (P → Q).