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# Philosophy Final Exam Study Guide ## Meno **pt. 1** * **Question of virtue** - what is virtue? (Single quality or for all individuals?) how do we acquire virtue? * **A good definition must** - be universal & state the essence of the concept * **Universal vs. Particular** - universal = abstract...

# Philosophy Final Exam Study Guide ## Meno **pt. 1** * **Question of virtue** - what is virtue? (Single quality or for all individuals?) how do we acquire virtue? * **A good definition must** - be universal & state the essence of the concept * **Universal vs. Particular** - universal = abstract concept/essence (virtue) * **Particular** = concrete instances of the concept (special virtues - courage) * **Knowledge vs. opinion** - knowledge = true, justified, reliable understanding, * **true opinion** = accurate belief w/o justification (guessing correctly) * **False opinion** = incorrect belief * **Self-Conscious Ignorance** - recognizing our own ignorance = virtue that leads to a desire for knowledge → first step towards wisdom * **Meno's Paradox (Debater's Argument)** - how can you search for something if you don't know what it is? If you don't know it, you won't recognize it when you find it, if u already know it, why search? * **Doctrine of Recollection** - all knowledge is retained in a past life, you'll recognize it when you encounter it * **Final Answer of Dialogue** - virtue cannot be taught; it's a gift from the gods. Significance: some truths are beyond virtue is possessed through everyone ## Plato: Republic * **Allegory of the Cave** - prisoners in a cave only see shadows (illusions). One escapes & sees the real world (truth/knowledge) * Represents philosophers journey from ignorance to enlightenment * **3 Parts of the Soul:** * **Rational** - governs reason & wisdom * **Spirited** - drives courage & ambition * **Appetitive** - seeks physical desires & pleasures * **Justice** = achieved when rational part governs the other 2