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DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Chapter 2 The System unit Presented and...

DISCOVERING COMPUTERS 2018 Digital Technology, Data, and Devices Chapter 2 The System unit Presented and modified by Hind abdallah Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 1-2 How a Computer Works: 1-Power Supply to Computer Components: - When the computer is connected to a power source and the power button is pressed, alternating current is converted to direct current to supply the computer components with the necessary power. - If there are no errors, signals are sent to the motherboard and processor to start the startup process. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 2 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 1-2 How a Computer Works: 2. Power-on Self Test (POST): - After ensuring that all components are receiving the appropriate power, the computer performs a self-test to ensure that the main components are working properly. - Basic information such as the system time and date and information about the installed devices is loaded. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 3 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 1-2 How a Computer Works: 3. Loading the Operating System: - After passing the self-test, the computer begins loading the operating system through a small program known as the boot loader. - The boot loader loads the operating system into memory, allowing for startup and organizing work between subsystems and applications. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 4 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 1-2 How a Computer Works: 4.Data Input: - Data is entered into the computer via input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, or scanner. - Data can also be entered via internal application programs in the form of programmed instructions. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 5 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 1-2 How a Computer Works: How a Computer Works: 5. *Data Processing*: - Data is processed by the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which is the core of the computer. - The CPU executes instructions and processes data at a very high speed. 6. *Data Output*: - After the data is processed, the results are sent to output units such as a monitor, printer, or speakers. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 6 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 1-2 How does the processor work 1-Data Input: The data processing process begins with entering data into the computer via input devices such as a keyboard, mouse, or scanner. The input data can be text, numbers, images, or any other type of data. 2-Fetch: The CPU fetches instructions and data from RAM. This is done by a program counter that holds the addresses of the instructions. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 7 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 1-2 How a Computer Works: 3-Decode: After fetching the instructions, the CPU decodes them to understand what to do. The instructions are converted into signals that the CPU can understand and execute. 4-Execute: The CPU executes the decoded instructions. These instructions can include arithmetic, logical, or data transfer operations between different parts of the computer. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 8 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 1-2 How a Computer Works: 5-Storage: After executing the instructions, the results are stored in memory or sent to output devices such as a monitor or printer. The processed data is stored in memory for future use. 6-Output: The processed data is output to the user via output devices. Results can be text displayed on the screen, printed reports, or sounds through the speakers. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 9 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of memories in the computer and their functions: Random Access Memory Read-Only Memory (RAM) (ROM) Cache Memory Secondary Storage Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 10 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of memories in the computer and their functions: Random Access Memory (RAM): Stable Random Dynamic Access Memory Random Access (SRAM) Memory (DRAM) Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 11 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of memories in the computer and their functions: Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 12 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types (RAM): 1-Stable Random Access Memory (SRAM): Used in cache memory and is characterized by its high speed but is expensive. 2-Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM): Used in the main memory of the computer and needs to be constantly updated with data. Function: Stores data and instructions that the processor needs quickly to perform operations. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 13 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of memories in the computer and their functions: Read-Only Memory (ROM) PROM EPROM EEPROM - *Function*: Stores the basic programs that the computer needs to start up. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 14 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cache Memory -Definition: A small, fast memory used to store data that is frequently accessed by the processor. - Function: Speed ​up access to frequent data and reduce access time. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 15 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Secondary Storage- Definition: Storage devices used to store data permanently. -Types:- 1- Hard Disks (HDD): Used to store large amounts of data.- 2- Solid State Drives (SSD): Faster than traditional hard drives and used to store data permanently. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 16 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. # Types of storage devices 3. **Memory Cards**: - Used in portable devices such as cameras and smartphones to store data. - Comes in different sizes and capacities, and usually uses flash memory. 4. USB Flash Drives: - Portable storage devices that use flash memory. - Easy to use, and allows data to be easily transferred between devices. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 17 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. # Types of storage devices 5. Optical Discs (CD/DVD/Blu-ray): - Used to store data optically. - Usually used to distribute programs and movies, but is less common in everyday storage. - Function: Store data and programs permanently even after the computer is turned off. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 18 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Difference between ROM and Hard Drive 1. ROM (Read Only Memory): It is a type of permanent memory that retains data even when the device is turned off. It is used to store firmware and the operating system, and its contents cannot be easily modified. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 19 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Difference between ROM and Hard Drive 2. Hard Disk : It is a permanent data storage device used to store large amounts of data and files. - Its contents can be easily modified, and it is used to store the operating system, programs, and personal data. 3. Function: - ROM is used to store basic instructions for operating the device, while hard drive is used to store data and files in general. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 20 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ports and Buses Ports are the connection points used to connect external devices to the computer. There are different types of ports, each with a specific function HDMI Ethernet Audio USB port port port port Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 21 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ports and Buses 1. USB port:- Used to connect a variety of devices such as mice, keyboards, printers, and external hard drives.- It is easy to use and transfers data quickly. 2.. HDMI port: Used to connect the computer to displays and televisions.- It transmits high-quality video and audio Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 22 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ports and Buses 3. Ethernet port:-Used to connect the computer to the Internet or local networks. Provides a fast and stable connection. 4. Audio port:-Used to connect headphones and microphones.- Usually available in the form of a 3.5 mm port. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 23 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ports and Buses Definition of Buses: Buses are paths or communication lines that connect different computer components, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input and output devices. They can be likened to roads that connect parts of a city. function Buses play a vital role in a computer system, acting as a means of transmitting data and signals between different computer components. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 24 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ports and Buses Definition of Buses: Buses are paths or communication lines that connect different computer components, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input and output devices. They can be likened to roads that connect parts of a city. function Buses play a vital role in a computer system, acting as a means of transmitting data and signals between different computer components. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 25 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ports and Buses Address Control Data Bus Bus Bus Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 26 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Ports and Buses 1. Data Bus:- *Function*: Transfers data between the CPU and other components.- *Features*: It can be 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits wide, and the wider the bus, the more data can be transferred at one time. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 27 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Ports and Buses 2. Address Bus:- *Function*: Transfers memory addresses that are used to locate data in memory.- *Features*: The number of wires on the address bus determines the amount of memory the computer can access. For example, a 32-bit address bus can address 4 GB of memory. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 28 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Ports and Buses 3. Control Bus:- *Function*: Transfers control signals between the CPU and other components.- *Features*: Includes signals such as read and write signals, timing signals, and interrupt signals. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 29 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  The role of buses in a computer system- 1*Facilitating communication*:Buses enable communication between different computer components, allowing data and instructions to be transferred quickly and efficiently. - 2*Organizing operations*: Helps organize operations within the computer by transmitting control signals that determine when and how operations are performed.- 3 *Increasing performance*: Contributes to increasing computer performance by providing fast and efficient paths for data transfer. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 30 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  The role of buses in a computer system- 1*Facilitating communication*:Buses enable communication between different computer components, allowing data and instructions to be transferred quickly and efficiently. - 2*Organizing operations*: Helps organize operations within the computer by transmitting control signals that determine when and how operations are performed.- 3 *Increasing performance*: Contributes to increasing computer performance by providing fast and efficient paths for data transfer. Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 31 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.  Assignment 1. How does the system unit affect computer performance? 2. What is the role of the motherboard in the system unit? 3. How can I upgrade the system unit? Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 32 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discovering Computers Enhanced Edition Tools, Apps, Devices, and the Impact of Technology Chapter 2 The System unit Chapter 2 Complete Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted 33 to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.