Bab 3: Movement of Substances Across the Plasma Membrane PDF

chapter 3: movement of substances across the plasma membrane bab 3: pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma Tingkatan https://t.me/biotingkatan4  3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane / Struktur Membran Plasma 3.1.1 Justify the n...

chapter 3: movement of substances across the plasma membrane bab 3: pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma Tingkatan https://t.me/biotingkatan4  3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane / Struktur Membran Plasma 3.1.1 Justify the necessity of movement of substances across a plasma membrane / Mewajarkan keperluan pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma 1. Living cells require substances from the external environment to carry out living processes. Sel hidup memerlukan bahan dari persekitaran luar untuk menjalankan proses hidup. 2. At the same time, the metabolic processes in cells produce waste that need to be disposed of from the cells. Pada masa yang sama, proses metabolisme dalam sel menghasilkan bahan buangan yang perlu disingkirkan daripada sel. 3. Cells must allow some substances to move into and out to maintain the living processes. Bagi meneruskan proses hidup, sel mesti membenarkan sesetengah bahan masuk dan keluar daripada sel. 4. The movement of substances into and out of the cell is regulated by the plasma membrane. Pergerakan bahan masuk dan keluar sel dikawal atur oleh membran plasma. 2 3.1.2 Describe the components of a plasma membrane and its function based on the fluid mosaic model / Memerihalkan komponen membran plasma dan fungsinya berdasarkan model mozek bendalir 3.1.3 Draw and label the components of a plasma membrane based on the fluid mosaic model / Melukis dan melabelkan komponen membran plasma berdasarkan model mozek bendalir 1. According to the fluid mosaic model, protein molecules float within the phospholipid bilayer, forming a mosaic pattern that changes frequently. Menurut model mozek bendalir, molekul protein terapung dalam dwilapisan fosfolipid membentuk satu corak mozek yang sentiasa berubah-ubah. 2. The phospholipid bilayer, proteins and cholesterols are not static but form a dynamic and flexible structure. Dwilapisan fosfolipid, protein dan kolesterol tidak statik tetapi membentuk satu struktur yang dinamik dan fleksibel. 3. This contributes to the ‘fluid’ characteristic of the plasma membrane and makes the plasma membrane more flexible. Sifat ini menyebabkan membran plasma mempunyai sifat ‘bendalir’ dan menjadikan membran plasma lebih fleksibel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKN5sq5dtW4 3  carbohydrate chain rantai karbohidrat phospholipid molecule Extracellular molekul fosfolipid glycolipid glycoprotein dwilapisan fosfolipid glikolipid glikoprotein phospholipid bilayer cholesterol kolesterol Cytoplasm channel protein carrier protein hydrophilic head protein liang protein pembawa kepala hidrofilik transport protein protein pengangkut hydrophobic tail ekor hidrofobik 4  4. Each phospholipid molecule consist of: Setiap molekul fosfolipid terdiri daripada: a. A polar head which is hydrophilic (attracted to water). Bahagian kepala berkutub yang bersifat hidrofilik (tertarik kepada air). b. A nonpolar tail which is hydrophobic (repels water). Bahagian ekor tidak berkutub yang bersifat hidrofobik (tidak tertarik kepada air). 5. The heads of the phospholipid molecule in the outer layer face the extracellular fluid, whereas the phospholipid heads in the inner layer face the cytoplasm. Bahagian kepala molekul fosfolipid di lapisan luar menghala ke arah bendalir di luar sel sementara bahagian kepala fosfolipid di lapisan dalam menghala ke arah siroplasma. 6. The tails of the phospholipid molecule of the two layers face each other. Bahagian ekor molekul fosfolipid kedua-dua lapisan menghadap satu sama lain. 7. There are various types of protein molecules embedded partially or fully within the membrane. Terdapat pelbagai jenis molekul protein yang terbenam sama ada separa atau sepenuhnya di dalam membran. 8. The protein molecules are widely dispersed between the phospholipid bilayer. Molekul-molekul protein ini berselerak secara meluas di antara dwilapisan fosfolipid. 9. The protein molecules with channels or canals are known as channel proteins, whereas the protein molecules that function as carriers are called carrier proteins. Molekul protein yang mempunyai liang atau terusan disebut protein liang manakala molekul protein yang berfungsi sebagai pembawa disebut protein pembawa. 10. Some proteins and lipids have carbohydrate chains attached to them, known as glycoprotein and glycolipid respectively. Sesetngah protein dan lipid mengandungi rantai karbohidrat terlekat padanya dan disebut glikoprotein dan glikolipid. 11. Glycoprotein and glycolipid act as receptors to hormones such as insulin, stabilise the membrane by forming hydrogen bonds with water and act as antigens for cell identification. Glikoprotein dan glikolipid bertindak sebagai molekul reseptor untuk hormon seperti insulin, menstabilkan membran dengan membentuk ikatan hidrogen bersama air dan bertindak sebagai antigen bagi membolehkan pengecaman sel. 12. There are also cholesterol molecules found between the phospholipid molecules. Terdapat molekul kolesterol di antara molekul fosfolipid. 5 13. Cholesterols make the phospholipid bilayer stronger, more flexible and less permeable to water-soluble substances such as ions. Kolesterol menjadikan dwilapisan kuat, lebih fleksibel dan kurang telap terhadap bahan larut air seperti ion. 3.1.4 Describe the permeability of a plasma membrane / Menghuraikan ketelapan membran plasma 1. The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane. Membran plasma ialah membran yang bersifat telap memilih. 2. Selectively permeable membrane only allows free movement of certain molecules across it, and prevent or limit the movement of other substances. Membran telap memilih hanya membenarkan pergerakan bebas sesetengah bahan merentasinya dan menghalang atau mengehadkan pergerakan bahan yang lain. 3. The plasma membrane has a selectively permeable property due to its building structure. Membran plasma mempunyai sifat telap memilih disebabkan struktur binaannya. 4. The phospholipid bilayer and protein determine the membrane permeability towards specific substances. Lapisan fosfolipid dan protein menentukan ciri ketelapan membran terhadap bahan-bahan tertentu. 5. Since the phospholipid bilayers forms the major part of the plasma membrane: Oleh sebab dwilapisan fosfolipid membentuk bahagian utama membran plasma: a. Hydrophobic molecules (nonpolar molecules) that are lipid-soluble can pass through the phospholipid bilayer freely (due to the phospholipid tails that is hydrophobic or nonpolar) Molekul hidrofobik (molekul tidak berkutub) yang larut dalam lipid boleh merentas dwilapisan fosfolipid dengan mudah (disebabkan ekor fosfolipid yang bersifat hidrofobik atau tidak berkutub). b. Phospholipid tails that are hydrophobic prevents hydrophilic molecules (polar molecules) to move through the phospholipid bilayer (due to the phospholipid tail that is hydrophobic or nonpolar). Ekor fosfolipid yang hidrofobik menghalang molekul hidrofilik (molekul berkutub) bergerak melaluinya (disebabkan ekor fosfolipid yang bersifat hidrofobik atau tidak berkutub). 6  3.2 Concept Of Movement Of Substances Across A Plasma Membrane / Konsep Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma 3.2.1 State the characteristics of substances that are able to move across a plasma membrane / Menyatakan ciri bahan yang dapat merentasi membran plasma 1. There are 3 common factors that determine whether a molecule can pass through a plasma membrane, which are: Terdapat 3 faktor umum yang menentukan sama ada sesuatu molekul boleh bergerak merentasi membran plasma iaitu: a. Molecule size Saiz molekul b. Polar molecule Kekutuban molekul c. Ionic charge Cas ion 7  small molecule & ion / molekul kecil & ion lipid soluble molecule / molekul larut lipid small nonpolar molecule / molekul kecil tidak berkutub large molecule molekul besar carrier protein protein pembawa channel protein protein liang 8 3.2.3 Describe by using examples movement of substances across a plasma membrane / Menghuraikan dengan contoh pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma 1. The movement of substances across a plasma membrane occurs through: Pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma berlaku melalui: a. Passive transport Pengangkutan pasif b. Active transport Pengangkutan aktif 1. Passive transport 1. Pengangkutan pasif 1. An analogy of passive transport is like riding a bicycle downhill. Proses pengangkutan pasif boleh dianalogikan seperti mengayuh basikal menuruni cerun bukit. 2. The process does not involve the use of energy. Proses ini tidak melibatkan penggunaan tenaga. 3. Examples of passive transport: Contoh pengangkutan pasif: a. Simple diffusion Resapan ringkas b. Osmosis Osmosis c. Facilitated diffusion Resapan berbantu 9  Simple diffusion Resapan ringkas 1. Is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of high high concentration kepekatan tinggi concentration to an area of low concentration. Ialah pergerakan molekul atau ion dari kawasan berkepekatan tinggi ke kawasan yang berkepekatan rendah. phospholipid bilayer 2. The moving molecules are said to move down the dwilapisan fosfolipid concentration gradient until a dynamic equilibrium is achieved. Molekul bergerak menuruni kecerunan kepekatan sehingga low concentration keseimbangan dinamik tercapai. kepekatan rendah 3. This may occur with or without the presence of a plasma membrane. Hal ini berlaku sama ada melalui membran plasma atau tidak. 4. Example of substances that diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer as simple diffusion: Contoh bahan-bahan yang meresap melalui dwilapisan fosfolipid secara resapan ringkas: a. Lipid soluble molecules Molekul larut lipid i. Fatty acids Asid lemak ii. Glycerol Gliserol b. Oxygen Oksigen c. Carbon dioxide Karbon dioksida 10  Osmosis Osmosis selectively permeable membrane membran telap memilih 1. Is a passive transport process that is similar to diffusion but it involves only water molecules. Ialah proses pengangkutan pasif yang serupa dengan resapan tetapi hanya melibatkan molekul air. 2. Refers to the net movement of water molecules from an area of high water potential (low solutes concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solutes concentration) randomly through a selectively permeable membrane. sucrose molecule Ialah pergerakan bersih molekul air secara rawak dari molekul sukrosa kawasan keupayaan air tinggi (kepekatan bahan terlarut rendah) ke kawasan keupayaan air rendah (kepekatan bahan water molecule terlarut tinggi) merentasi membran telap memilih. molekul air 3. The selectively permeable membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to some solutes such as sucrose molecules. Membran telap memilih adalah telap terhadap air tetapi tidak telap terhadap sesetengah bahan larut seperti molekul sukrosa. 4. The same situation occurs in cells through the phospholipid bilayer. Keadaan yang sama juga berlaku di dalam sel melalui dwilapisan fosfolipid. 11  Facilitated diffusion Resapan. berbantu 1. Lipid-insoluble molecules such as ions, large molecules such as amino acids and glucose are unable to pass through the phospholipid bilayer. Bahan yang tidak larut dalam lipid seperti ion, serta molekul bersaiz besar seperti asid amino dan glukosa tidak dapat bergerak merentasi dwilapisan fosfolipid. 2. These substances move across the membrane with the aid of transport proteins: Bahan-bahan ini bergerak merentasi membran dengan bantuan protein pengangkut: a. Carrier proteins Protein pembawa b. Channel proteins Protein liang 3. This process is known as facilitated diffusion. Proses pergerakan ini disebut resapan berbantu. 4. Facilitated diffusion does not requires energy because the transport proteins transport molecules down a concentration gradient. Resapan berbantu tidak memerlukan tenaga kerana protein pengangkut channel protein carrier protein mengangkut bahan-bahan tersebut menuruni kecerunan kepekatan protein liang protein pembawa 5. The process continues until a dynamic equilibrium is achieved when the concentration of molecules is the same at both sides of membranes. Proses ini berterusan sehingga keseimbangan dinamik tercapai apabila kepekatan bahan adalah sama pada kedua-dua belah membran. 12 6. Channel protein: Protein liang: a. Form channels or canals to allow small-sized solutes and ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane. Mempunyai liang atau terusan untuk membolehkan molekul kecil terlarut serta ion meresap merentasi membran palsma. b. Channels have specific characteristics that only allow specific ions to pass through it. Liang mempunyai ciri dalaman spesifik yang hanya membenarkan ion tertentu melaluinya. 7. Carrier proteins: Protein pembawa: a. Have specific sites and can only bind to a specific molecule. Mempunyai tapak spesifik dan hanya boleh bergabung dengan molekul tertentu sahaja. b. For example, glucose molecules can only bind to the specific site of a glucose carrier protein. Misalnya, molekul glukosa hanya boleh bergabung dengan tapak spesifik para protein pembawa glukosa sahaja. 8. The process of the movement of glucose molecules across a plasma membrane occurs through a facilitated diffusion: Proses pergerakan molekul glukosa merentasi membran plasma berlaku secara resapan berbantu: 13  glucose glukosa Extracellular glucose Glucose binds with concentrations are the specific site of higher than in the carrier proteins. cytoplasm. specific site Glukosa bergabung Kepekatan glukosa di tapak spesifik dengan tapak luar sel lebih tinggi spesifik pada protein daripada sitoplasma. pembawa. carrier protein protein pembawa Carrier proteins return to Carrier proteins change their original shape and shape to allow glucose are ready to transport molecules to pass through other molecules. the carrier proteins and to Protein pembawa enter the cell. kembali ke bentuk asal Protein pembawa berubah dan bersedia untuk bentuk untuk membolehkan mengangkut molekul molekul glukosa melalui yang lain. protein pembawa dan 14 masuk ke dalam sel.  2. Active transport 2. Pengangkutan aktif 1. Movement of substances across a plasma membrane may occur by active transport. Pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma juga boleh berlaku melalui pengangkutan aktif. 2. The characteristics of an active transport are as follows: Pengangkutan aktif mempunyai ciri-ciri berikut: a. The movement of molecule or ion substances across a plasma membrane occurs against a concentration gradient. Pergerakan bahan molekul atau ion merentasi membran plasma menentang kecerunan kepekatan. b. It requires energy from ATP molecules generated during cellular respiration. Memerlukan tenaga daripada molekul ATP yang dijana semasa respirasi sel. c. It requires specific carrier protein with specific sites to bind with certain molecules or ions. Memerlukan protein pembawa spesifik yang mempunyai tapak spesifik untuk bergabung dengan molekul atau ion. d. Carrie proteins also possess receptors to bind with ATP molecules. Protein pembawa juga mempunyai tapak untuk bergabung dengan molekul ATP. i. Carrier proteins change shape when a phosphate group attaches to it. Protein pembawa berubah bentuk apabila kumpulan fosfat bergabung kepadanya. ii. As a result, molecules or ions move across a membrane. Kemudian molekul atau ion bergerak merentasi membran. 3. Active transport results in the accumulation or excretion of molecules or ions in the cell. Pengangkutan aktif mengakibatkan pengumpulan atau penyingkiran molekul atau ion dalam sel. 4. Carrie proteins involved in active transport are known as pumps. Protein pembawa yang terlibat dalam pengangkutan aktif biasanya dikenali sebagai pam. 15 5. For example in animal cells, the carrier proteins that transport sodium ions to extracellular, and potassium ions into the cell are called sodium-potassium pump. Misalnya, dalam sel haiwan, protein pembawa yang mengangkut ion natrium ke luar sel dan ion kalium ke dalam sel disebut pam natrium-kalium. Three sodium ions bind to the carrier ATP molecules decompose into ADP Phosphate bond provide energy and protein. (adenosine diphosphate) and P changes the shape of the carrier Tiga ion natrium bergabung dengan (phosphate). The phosphate group is protein, then sodium ion is transported protein pembawa. bound to the carrier protein. through the carrier protein out of a cell. Tiga ATP terurai kepada ADP Ikatan fosfat membekalkan tenaga dan (adenosina difosfat) dan P (fosfat). mengubah bentuk protein pembawa lalu Kumpulan fosfat terikat kepada protein ion natrium diangkut melalui protein pembawa. pembawa ke luar sel. 16 Two potassium ions from outside the The loss of the phosphate group Potassium ion is transported through cell bind with a carrier protein. The restores the original shape of the carrier the carrier protein into the cell. phosphate group leaves the carrier protein. Ion kalium diangkut melalui protein protein. Kehilangan kumpulan fosfat pembawa ke dalam sel. Dua ion kalium dari luar sel bergabung mengembalikan bentuk asal protein dengan protein pembawa. Kumpulan pembawa. fosfat meninggalkan protein pembawa. 17  6. There is another type of pump known as the proton pump. Terdapat sejenis lagi pam iaitu pam proton. 7. For example, the proton pumps that are found on the epithelial cells lining the stomach cavity. Contohnya, pam proton yang terdapat pada sel epitelium yang melapisi rongga perut. 8. Proton pump causes the acidity of the stomach contents. Pam proton menyebabkan kandungan perut berasid. 9. Energy form the ATP enables the hydrogen ions to be transported by the carrier proteins (proton pump) towards the extracellular fluid. Tenaga daripada ATP membolehkan ion hidrogen diangkut melalui protein pembawa (pam proton) ke luar sel. 10. This cause an accumulation of the hydrogen ions and acid production in the stomach cavity. Hal ini menyebabkan pengumpulan ion hidrogen dan penghasilan asid dalam rongga perut. 18 3.2.4 Compare and contrast passive transport and active transport / Membanding dan membezakan antara pengangkutan pasif dengan pengangkutan aktif 19  3.3 Movement Of Substances Across A Plasma Membrane In Living Organisms / Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Dalam Organisma Hidup 3.3.1 Explain by using examples the process of passive transport in organisms / Menjelaskan dengan contoh proses pengangkutan pasif dalam organisma 1. Gaseous exchange between an alveolus and a blood capillary through simple diffusion 1. Pertukaran gas antara alveolus dan kapilari darah melalui resapan ringkas darah terdeoksigen dari arteri pulmonari deoxygenated blood from pulmonary artery kepekatan gas oksigen rendah darah beroksigen ke vena pulmonari manakala kepekatan gas oxygenated blood to pulmonary veins karbon dioksida tinggi the concentration of gaseous oxygen is low while the kepekatan gas oksigen tinggi manakala concentration of gaseous kepekatan gas karbon dioksida rendah carbon dioxide is high the concentration of gaseous oxygen is high while the concentration of gaseous carbon dioxide is low molekul karbon dioksida meresap keluar dari kapilari molekul oksigen meresap keluar dari alveolus ke darah ke dalam alveolus mengikut kecerunan dalam kapilari darah mengikut kecerunan kepekatan, kepekatan, secara resapan ringkas secara resapan ringkas carbon dioxide molecules diffuses out from the blood oxygen molecules diffuses out of the alveolus into the capillary into the alveolus following the concentration blood capillary following the concentration gradient by 20 gradient, by simple diffusion simple diffusion  2. Reabsorption of water occurs by osmosis through the renal tubule in the kidney 2. Penyerapan semula air berlaku secara osmosis melalui tubul renal di ginjal di dalam tubul renal, keupayaan air adalah tinggi in the renal tubule, the water potential is high di dalam kapilari darah yang mengelilingi tubul renal, keupayaan air adalah rendah in the blood capillaries surrounding the renal tubule, kapilari darah the water potential is low blood capillaries penyerapan semula air berlaku daripada tubul renal ke dalam kapilari darah secara osmosis reabsorption of water from the renal tubule into the surrounding blood capillaries occurs by osmosis 21  3. Absorption of water by a plant root hair cell by osmosis 3. Penyerapan air oleh sel akar rambut tumbuhan melalui osmosis molekul air dari tanah meresap ke dalam sel akar rambut secara osmosis water molecues from the soil solution diffuses into root hair cells by osmosis air water akar rambut root hair sel akar rambut root hair cell partikel tanah soil particles di dalam sel akar rambut, keupayaan air adalah rendah di dalam larutan tanah, keupayaan air adalah tinggi in the root hair cell, the water potential is low in the soil solution, the water potential is high 22  4. Absorption of fructose molecule in the villus by facilitated diffusion 4. Penyerapan molekul fruktosa berlaku secara resapan berbantu di vilus fruktosa diserap daripada lumen usus kecil ke dalam kapilari darah di dalam vilus mengikut kecerunan kepekatan secara resapan berbantu fructose diffuses from the lumen of the small intestine into the blood capillaries of the villus along the concentration gradient by facilitated diffusion di dalam lumen usus kecil, kepekatan fruktosa (hasil pencernaan) adalah tinggi in the lumen of the small intestine, the concentration of fructose (product of digestion) is high lumen kapilari darah lumen blood capillary vilus villus di dalam kapilari darah vilus, kepekatan fruktosa adalah rendah in the blood capillaries of the villus, the usus kecil concentration of fructose is low small intestine / ileum 23  3.3.2 Explain by using examples the process of active transport in organisms / Menjelaskan dengan contoh proses pengangkutan aktif dalam organisma 1. Absorption of glucose and amino acids in the villus 1. Penyerapan glukosa dan asid amino dalam vilus glukosa dan asid amino diangkut daripada lumen usus kecil ke dalam kapilari darah di dalam vilus menentang kecerunan kepekatan secara pengangkutan aktif glucose and amino acids are transported from the lumen of the small intestine into the blood capillaries of the villus against the concentration gradient by active transport di dalam kapilari darah vilus, kepekatan glukosa dan asid amino adalah tinggi di dalam lumen usus kecil, in the blood capillaries of the villus, the kepekatan glukosa dan concentration of glucose and amino acids is high asid amino (hasil pencernaan) adalah rendah in the lumen of the small intestine, the concentration of glucose and amino acids (product of digestion) is low 24  2. Reabsorption of glucose through the renal tubule in the kidney 2. Penyerapan semula glukosa dalam tubul renal di ginjal di dalam tubul renal, kepekatan glukosa adalah rendah in the renal tubule, the concentration of glucose is low di dalam kapilari darah yang mengelilingi tubul renal, kepekatan glukosa adalah tinggi in the blood capillaries surrounding the renal tubule, the concentration of glucose is high penyerapan semula glukosa berlaku daripada tubul renal ke dalam kapilari darah, menentang kecerunan kepekatan secara pengangkutan aktif reabsorption of glucose from the renal tubule into the surrounding blood capillaries against the concentration gradient occurs by active transport 25  3. Transport of sucrose from a leaf to a phloem tissue 3. Pengangkutan sukrosa dari daun ke tisu floem sel mesofil sel rakan mesophyll cell companion cell air water di dalam sel mesofil, kepekatan sukrosa adalah rendah in the mesophyll cell, the concentration of sucrose is low sel tiub tapis di dalam tisu floem, kepekatan sukrosa adalah tinggi sieve tube cell in the phloem tissues, the concentration of sucrose is high pengangkutan sukrosa daripada sel mesofil ke tisu floem berlaku air menentang kecerunan kepekatan, secara pengangkutan aktif water transport of sucrose from the mesophyll cells into the phloem tissues occurs against the concentration gradient by active transport 26  4. Absorption of mineral ions by a plant root hair cell 4. Penyerapan ion mineral oleh sel akar rambut tumbuhan ion mineral diangkut daripada larutan tanah ke dalam sel akar rambut, menentang kecerunan kepekatan secara pengangkutan aktif mineral ions are transported from the soil solution into the root hair cells, against the concentration gradient, by active transport di dalam sel akar rambut, kepekatan ion mineral adalah tinggi in the root hair cell, the concentration of mineral ions are high ion mineral mineral ions akar rambut root hair sel akar rambut root hair cell partikel tanah soil particles di dalam larutan tanah, kepekatan ion mineral adalah rendah in the soil solution, the concentration of mineral ions are low 27  3.3.3 Define hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution & isotonic solution / Mendefinisikan larutan hipotonik, hipertonik & isotonik 1. Generally, there are 3 types of solution: a. Isotonic solution b. Hypotonic solution c. Hypertonic solution 2. Diffusion of water occurs by osmosis from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential across a plasma membrane. Solution Definition Explanation Larutan Definisi Penerangan Isotonic Solution P and Q have the Solutions P and Q are isotonic Isotonik same concentrations of toward each other. No net solutions. movement of water. Larutan P dan Q mempunyai Larutan P dan Q adalah kepekatan bahan terlarut yang isotonik terhadap satu sama sama. lain. Tiada pergerakan bersih air. P Q Hypotonic Solution Q has a low solutes Solution Q is hypotonic to Hipotonik concentration and high water solution P. Water diffuses from potential. solution Q to P by osmosis. Larutan Q mempunyai Larutan Q hipotonik terhadap kepekatan bahan terlarut yang larutan P. Air meresap dari rendah dan keupayaan air larutan Q ke larutan P secara yang tinggi. osmosis. P Q 28  Solution Definition Explanation Larutan Definisi Penerangan Hypertonic Solution Q has a high solutes Solution Q is hypertonic to P. Hipertonik concentration and low water Water diffuses from solution P potential. to Q by osmosis. Larutan Q mempunyai Larutan Q hipertonik terhadap kepekatan bahan terlarut yang larutan P. Air meresap dari tinggi dan keupayaan air yang larutan P ke larutan Q secara rendah. osmosis. P Q 29  3.3.4 Design an experiment to study the effects of different concentrations of solution on animal and plant cells / Mengeksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan larutan yang berlainan kepekatan terhadap sel haiwan dan sel tumbuhan 3.3.5 Communicate about the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on cells based on movement of water molecules / Berkomunikasi tentang kesan larutan hipotonik, hipertonik dan isotonik terhadap sel berdasarkan pergerakan molekul air 1. The cell cytoplasm contains solutes such as glucose and mineral salts. Sitoplasma sel mengandungi bahan terlarut seperti glukosa dan garam mineral. 2. The fluid found in the cell is known as intracellular fluid. Bendalir yang terdapat dalam sel dikenali sebagai bendalir intrasel. 3. Each cell is surrounded by extracellular fluid. Setiap sel juga dikelilingi oleh bendalir ekstrasel. 4. Therefore, the cell will always go through the osmosis process and movement of water across the plasma membrane, depending on the water potential of the extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid. Oleh itu, sel sentiasa mengalami proses osmosis dan pergerakan air merentasi membran plasma bergantung pada keupayaan air dalam bendalir ekstrasel dan bendalir intrasel. 30  Effect of isotonic solution Effect of hypotonic solution Kesan larutan isotonik Kesan larutan hipotonik 1. Water diffuses into and out of the cell 1. When red blood cells are placed in a by osmosis at the same rate. hypotonic solution, water will diffuse Air meresap masuk ke dalam dan ke into the cells by osmosis, causing the luar sel secara osmosis pada kadar cells to swell and finally burst. yang sama. Apabila sel darah merah berada dalam 2. No net movement of water across the larutan hipotonik, air meresap masuk plasma membrane. ke dalam sel secara osmosis, Tiada pergerakan bersih air merentasi menyebabkan sel mengembang dan membran plasma. akhirnya meletus. 3. The cells maintain their normal shape. 2. This is because the plasma membrane Sel mengekalkan bentuk normalnya. is too thin to withstand the osmotic pressure built up in the cells. Ini adalah kerana membran plasma Effect of hypertonic solution adalah terlalu nipis untuk menahan Kesan larutan hipertonik tekanan osmosis yang terhasil dalam sel. 1. When red blood cells are placed in a hypertonic 3. The burst of red blood cells is known solution, water will move out of the cells by osmosis. as haemolysis. Apabila sel darah merah dimasukkan ke dalam Peletusan sel darah merah dikenali larutan hipertonik, air meresap keluar dari sel sebagai hemolisis. secara osmosis. 2. This will cause the cells to shrink. Hal ini menyebabkan sel mengecut. 3. The red blood cells are said to undergo crenation. Sel darah merah dikatakan mengalami krenasi. 31  Effect of isotonic solution Kesan larutan isotonik 1. When the sap of the plant cell and the extracellular solution are isotonic, water potential is the same. Apabila sap sel tumbuhan dan larutan di luar bersifat isotonik, keupayaan air adalah sama. 2. The movement of water diffusion in and out of cells is the same. Pergerakan air meresap ke dalam dan ke luar sel adalah sama. 3. Cells becomes flaccid. Sel berada dalam keadaan flasid. Effect of hypotonic solution Kesan larutan hipotonik 1. When plant cells are placed in an hypotonic solution, water will diffuse into the vacuoles by osmosis. Apabila sel tumbuhan dimasukkan ke dalam larutan hipotonik, air meresap ke dalam vakuol secara osmosis. 2. This will cause the vacuoles to expand and push the cytoplasm and plasma membrane against the cell wall. Ini menyebabkan vakuol mengembang dan menolak sitoplasma serta membran plasma ke dinding sel. 3. In this condition, the cells are said to be turgid. Dalam keadaan ini, sel dikatakan berada dalam keadaan segah. 4. Plant cells do not burst because the cell wall is rigid and strong. Sel tumbuhan tidak meletus kerana dinding sel adalah tegar dan kuat. 5. Turgor pressure is important to plant cells because it gives support and maintains the shape of cell. Tekanan segah adalah penting kepada sel tumbuhan kerana dapat memberikan sokongan dan megekalkan nemtuk sel. 6. Cell turgidity causes guard cell to swell to allow the stomata to remain open for photosynthesis. Kesegahan sel menyebabkan sel pengawal mengembang supaya stoma terbuka untuk fotosintesis. 32  Effect of hypertonic solution Kesan larutan hipertonik 1. When plant cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, water will diffuse out of the vacuoles by osmosis. Apabila sel tumbuhan dimasukkan ke dalam larutan hipertonik, air meresap keluar dari vakuol secara osmosis. 2. Vacuoles and the cytoplasm will shrink, causing the plasma membrane to be pulled away from the cell wall. Vakuol mengecil dan sitoplasma mengecut menyebabkan membran plasma tertarik daripada dinding sel. 3. This process is known as plasmolysis. Fenomena ini dinamakan plasmolisis. 4. Plasmolysis causes leaves and stems to bend downwards and wilt. Plasmolisis menyebabkan daun dan batang terlentur ke bawah. Kelayuan berlaku. 5. Plasmolysed plant cells can regain their turgidity if the cells are returned to a hypotonic solution immediately. Sel tumbuhan yang mengalami plasmolisis boleh menjadi segah semula sekiranya sel tersebut dipindahkan ke dalam larutan hipotonik dengan segera. 6. The cells are said to undergo deplasmolysis. Sel dikatakan mengalami deplasmolisis. 33  3.4 Movement Of Substances Across A Plasma Membrane And Its Application In Daily Life / Pergerakan Bahan Merentasi Membran Plasma Dalam Kehidupan Harian 3.4.1 Conduct an experiment to determine the concentration of cell sap of a plant tissue / Mengeksperimen untuk menentukan kepekatan sap sel tisu tumbuhan 1. The mass of potato increases. 1. The potato does not lose or gain 2. This occurs because the mass. concentration of the sucrose 2. This occurs because the solution is hypotonic to the cell concentration of the sucrose sap of the potato cells. solution is isotonic to the cell sap 3. Water molecules diffuses into the of the potato. potato cells by osmosis. 3. Water molecules diffuses in and 4. The potato cells becomes turgid. out of the potato by osmosis at equal rate. 1. Jisim ubi kentang bertambah. 2. Ini berlaku kerana kepekatan 1. Jisim ubi kentang tidak bertambah larutan sukrosa adalah hipotonik mahu pun tidak berkurang (tiada kepada sap sel, sel-sel ubi perbezaan dalam peratus jisim ubi kentang. kentang). 3. Molekul air meresap masuk ke 2. Ini berlaku kerana kepekatan dalam sel ubi kentang secara larutan sukrosa adalah isotonik osmosis. kepada sap sel, sel-sel ubi 4. Sel-sel ubi kentang berkeadaan kentang. segah. 3. Molekul air meresap masuk dan keluar daripada ubi kentang secara osmosis pada kadar yang sama. 34 1. The mass of potato decreases. 2. This occurs because the concentration of the sucrose solution is hypertonic to the cell sap of the potato cells. 3. Water molecules diffuses out the potato cells by osmosis. 4. The potato cells becomes flaccid. 1. Jisim ubi kentang berkurang. 2. Ini berlaku kerana kepekatan larutan sukrosa adalah hipertonik terhadap sap sel, sel-sel ubi kentang. 3. Molekul air meresap keluar daripada sel-sel ubi kentang secara osmosis. 4. Sel-sel ubi kentang menjadi flasid. 35  3.4.2 Correlate the concentration of cell sap in a plant tissue with the phenomenon of plant wilting / Menghubung kait kepekatan sap sel suatu tisu tumbuhan dengan fenomena kelayuan tumbuhan 1. Excessive use of fertilisers may cause wilting in plants. Sekiranya pembajaan berlebihan dilakukan, tumbuhan akan mengalami kelayuan. 2. Dissolved fertilisers will cause soil water to be hypertonic to the sap cell of roots. Baja larut dalam air tanah menyebabkan air tanah menjadi hipertonik terhadap sap sel akar, 3. Consequently, water will diffuse by osmosis from the roots’ cell sap to the soil, and cells will become plasmolysed. Akibatnya, air akan meresap keluar secara osmosis dari sap sel akar ke dalam tanah dan sel akan mengalami plasmolisis. 4. Cells in plants will recover once they are watered. Sel dalam tumbuhan akan pulih semula apabila disiram air. 5. However, if the period of plasmolysis is prolonged, wilted plants will eventually die. Akan tetapi, sekitanya tempoh plasmolisis adalah panjang, tumbuhan yang layu akhirnya akan mati. 36 3.4.3 Explain by using examples the application of the concept of movement of substances across a plasma membrane in daily life / Menghuraikan dengan contoh aplikasi konsep pergerakan bahan merentasi membran plasma dalam kehidupan harian 1. Isotonic drinks for athletes 1. Minuman isotonik bagi atlet Isotonic drinks for athletes replaces fluids and electrolytes such as potassium and sodium that are lost from the body through sweat. Minuman isotonik bagi atlet mengganti bendalir serta elektrolit seperti kalium and natrium yang hilang daripada badan melalui perpeluhan. 2. Recovery / Rehydration drinks for diarrhea patients 2. Minuman penghidratan semula bagi pesakit cirit-birit Rehydration drinks such as oral rehydration salts (ORS) replace water and electrolytes that are lost in diarrhea patients. Minuman penghidratan semula seperti garam penghidratan oral mengganti semula air dan elektrolit yang hilang dalam pesakit cirit-birit. 37  3. Saline solution in medicine 3. Larutan saline dalam bidang perubatan 1. Saline solution that are being used in medical are isotonic towards the blood plasma. 2. This solution contains 0.85 – 0.90 g of sodium chloride per 100ml of water. 1. Larutan saline yang digunakan dalam perubatan lazimnya larutan yang isotonik terhadap plasma darah. 2. Larutan ini mengandungi 0.85 – 0.90 g natrium klorida per 100ml air. 38  4. Liposomes in medicine, cosmetics & more 4. Liposom dalam bidang perubatan, kosmetik & lain-lain 1. Liposomes are vesicles containing aqueous solutions surrounded by a membrane layer consisting of phospholipids. 2. Liposomes are used to transport medicines that are consumed orally so that they are not destroyed by the gastric juice. 3. By this way, medicines can be send to the targeted cells more efficiently. 4. Liposomes are also used to transport active ingredients in cosmetics such as face creams. 1. Liposom ialah vesikel yang mengandungi larutan akueus dikelilingi oleh lapisan membran yang terdiri daripada fosfolipid. 2. Liposom digunakan untuk mengangkut ubatan yang dimakan secara oral supaya tidak dimusnahkan oleh jus gaster. 3. Dengan cara ini, ubat dapat dihantar ke sel sasaran dengan berkesan. 4. Liposom juga digunakan untuk mengangkut bahan aktif dalam bahan kosmetik seperti krim muka. Ubat atau bahan aktif yang larut air diangkut dalam bahagian hidrofilik. Water-soluble drugs or active ingredients are transported in the hydrophilic part. 39  5. Food preservation (fruit & vegetable & salted fish production) 5. Pengawetan makanan (jeruk buah-buahan & sayur-sayuran serta penghasilan ikan masin) 1. The method of food preservation applied in the food industry is based on the concept of simple diffusion and osmosis. 2. Preservation with salt or sugar: a. Concentrated salt solution or concentrated sugar solution are hypertonic towards the cells of the fish and fruits being preserved. b. Water molecules diffuses out by osmosis from the tissues of the fish and fruit. c. The cells of the fish undergoes crenation while the cells of the fruits undergoes plasmolysis. d. Without water, decomposing bacteria and fungi unable to grow. e. The hypertonic condition causes the bacteria to lose water by osmosis to their external environment and dies. f. Preserved fish and fruits does not rot easily and can be kept for a longer time. 3. Preservation with vinegar: a. Mangoes or vegetables are soaked in vinegar solution which have a low pH. b. The vinegar diffuses into the cells of the mango and vegetables. c. The low pH (acidic) inhibits the growth of bacteria in the manggo and vegetables. d. The mango and vegetables lasts long. 1. Kaedah pengawetan makanan yang diaplikasikan dalam industri pembuatan makanan adalah berdasarkan konsep resapan ringkas dan osmosis. 2. Pengawetan dengan garam atau gula: a. Larutan garam atau gula pekat adalah hipertonik terhadap sel ikan atau sel buah yang diawet. b. Air meresap keluar secara osmosis dari tisu ikan dan buah. c. Sel ikan mengalami krenasi manakala tisu buah mengalami plasmolisis. d. Tanpa air, bakteria dan kulat pengurai tidak dapat tumbuh. e. Keadaan hipertonik menyebabkan bakteria kehilangan air secara osmosis ke persekitaran luar dan akhirnya mati. f. Ikan dan buah yang telah diawet tidak mudah mereput dan dapat disimpan untuk tempoh yang lama. 3. Pengawetan dengan cuka: a. Mangga atau sayur direndam dalam larutan cuka yang mempunyai pH yang rendah. b. Cuka meresap masuk ke dalam sel mangga atau sayur. c. pH rendah (keadaan berasid) menghalang pertumbuhan bakteria dalam mangga dan sayur. d. Mangga dan sayur dapat tahan lebih lama. 40 3.4.4 Communicate about reverse osmosis in water purification / Berkomunikasi tentang proses osmosis berbalik dalam penulenan air 1. Reverse osmosis is a technology commonly used to extract fresh water from seawater using the desalination process. Osmosis berbalik ialah teknologi yang biasa digunakan untuk memperoleh air tawar daripada air laut melalui proses penyahgaraman. 2. In a reverse osmosis equipment, pressure is applied to push the seawater through a semi-permeable membrane. Dalam peralatan osmosis berbalik, tekanan dikenakan ke atas air laut untuk melalui membran telap memilih. 3. The membrane allows water molecules to pass through it but not foreign particles, salt and microorganisms. Membran ini membenarkan molekul air melaluinya manakala zarah bendasing, garam dan mikroorganisma dihalang. 4. As a result, only pure fresh water is released. Maka air yang keluar ialah air tawar yang tulen. 41  Extra notes Nota tambahan 42  Extra notes Nota tambahan 43