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# Theoretical Framework of Nursing ## Introduction to Nursing Theory: It's History and Significance ### History of Nursing Theory - History of professional nursing began with Florence Nightingale. - Development of nursing knowledge apart from medical knowledge to guide nursing practice. - Nursing...

# Theoretical Framework of Nursing ## Introduction to Nursing Theory: It's History and Significance ### History of Nursing Theory - History of professional nursing began with Florence Nightingale. - Development of nursing knowledge apart from medical knowledge to guide nursing practice. - Nursing was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through an apprenticeship model of education and individual hospital procedure manual. - Nursing practice reflected its vocational heritage more than its professional vision. - Develop a body of specialized knowledge on which to base nursing practice. - Strong emphasis on practice and worked throughout the century toward the development of nursing as a profession. ### Curriculum Era - Address the question of what content a nurse should study to learn how to be a nurse. - Emphasis was on what courses nursing students should take, with the goal of arriving at a standardized curriculum. - The idea of moving nursing education from hospital-based diploma programs into colleges and universities began to emerge during this era. - Emphasized course selection and content or nursing programs and gave way to the research era. ### Research Emphasis Era - Focused on the research process and the long-range goal of acquiring substantive knowledge to guide nursing practice. - Sought degrees in higher education began to emerge. - Began to participate in research and research courses were included in nursing curricula - Awareness for the need of concept and theory development coincided with two other milestones in the evolution of nursing theory: - The standardization of curricula for nursing master's education by the National League for Nursing accreditation criteria for baccalaureate and high-degree programs. - The decision that doctoral education for nurses should be in nursing. ### Graduate Education Era - Developed in tandem with the research era. - Master's degree programs in nursing emerged to meet the public need for specialized clinical nursing practice. - Included concepts in: - Concept development - Nursing models - Early nursing theorist - Knowledge development process - Baccalaureate degree began to gain wider acceptance as: - Educational level for professional nursing - Academic discipline in higher education - Nurse researchers worked to develop and clarify a specialized body of nursing knowledge with the following goals: - Improving the quality of patient care - Providing a professional style of practice - Achieving recognition as a profession. - Transition from vocation to profession. - Meleis (2007) noted, "theory is not a luxury in the discipline of nursing...but an integral part of the nursing lexicon in education, administration and practice." - Important precursor was the acceptance of nursing as a profession and an academic discipline in its own right. ### Theory Era - A natural outgrowth of the research and graduate education eras. - Emphasis on theory development and testing. - Accelerated as early works developed as frameworks for curricula and advanced practice guides began to be recognized as theory. - Transition from the pre paradigm to paradigm period in nursing. - Fawcett's seminal proposal of four global nursing concepts as a nursing metaparadigm served as an organizing structure for existing nursing frameworks and introduced a way of organizing individual theoretical works in meaningful structure. - Classification of nursing models as paradigms within metaparadigm concepts are as follows: - Person - Environment - Health - Nursing - The said classification united nursing theoretical works for the discipline. - Emphasis shifted from learning about the theorist to the use of the theoretical works to generate: - Research questions - Guide practice - Organize curricula - Theory development emerged as a process and product of professional scholarship and growth and sought higher education among: - Nurse