Chemistry Notes PDF
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This document provides notes on various chemistry topics such as atomic structure, chemical formulas, types of reactions, and acids and bases.
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Structure of the atom Particle Type Charge Location Mass Proton +1 In nucleus 1 amu Neutron 0 In nucleus 1 amu Electron -1 Circling Nucleus 0 Bohr diagrams Atoms normally have the same number of protons and electrons and have no overall charge Atomic \# = \# protons = \# electrons An ion is...
Structure of the atom Particle Type Charge Location Mass Proton +1 In nucleus 1 amu Neutron 0 In nucleus 1 amu Electron -1 Circling Nucleus 0 Bohr diagrams Atoms normally have the same number of protons and electrons and have no overall charge Atomic \# = \# protons = \# electrons An ion is any atom that has gained or lost electrons Atoms that gain electrons become negative ions (non metals) Atoms that lose electrons become positive ions (metals) Ionic compounds form between metal and a non-metal and are held together by ionic bonds Molecular compounds form between 2 non-metals and are held together by molecular bonds (H2O, CO2) Writing chemical formulas -- (MgCl2, Al2S3) May use Lewis diagrams to help Naming ionic compounds Write the name of the metal (first element) as it is and drop the ending of the second element (non metal) and add 'ide' in its place Polyatomic Ions Group of non-metals that stick together and behave as a single atom in many situations To name polyatomic compounds you write the name of the metal first then the name of the polyatomic ion follows Counting Atoms Example: C6H12O6 = 24 atoms total ( 6 C, 12 H, 6 O ) Types of chemical reactions Synthesis: A + B AB Decomposition: AB A + B Single displacement: A + BC AC + B Double displacement: AB + CD AD + CB Combustion: Complete: Fuel + Oxygen CO2 + H2O + energy Incomplete: Fuel + Oxygen (limited) CO2 + H2O + CO + C + energy Law of conservation of Mass In any chemical reaction mass is never created or destroyed. It is only rearranged (no new atoms -- same ones in new arrangement) Balancing chemical equations Use balancing t-chart Practice!! Acids and Bases pH scale Phenolpthalein indicator -- turns pink in base Litmus paper -- RBB BAR Acids Taste sour Begin with Hydrogen Bases Taste bitter Feel slippery End in OH