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# The Laws of Thermodynamics ## Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. ## First Law of Thermodynamics The change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer *int...

# The Laws of Thermodynamics ## Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. ## First Law of Thermodynamics The change in internal energy of a system equals the net heat transfer *into* the system *minus* the net work done *by* the system. $\Delta U = Q - W$ ## Second Law of Thermodynamics ### Clausius statement Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer body without some other change occurring in conjunction. ### Kelvin statement It is impossible, by means of inanimate material agency, to derive mechanical effect from any portion of matter by cooling it below the temperature of the coldest of the surrounding objects. ### Entropy statement In all natural thermodynamic processes, the sum of the entropies of the interacting systems increases. $\Delta S \ge 0$ ## Third Law of Thermodynamics As temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a minimum or zero value.