Chickpea (Chickpea) and Lupine Past Paper - PDF

# Chick pea الحمص ## Cicer arietinum, L. ## Fam. Fabaceae - chick pea is a winter legume crop, grown annually on about 10 million hectares. - It is grown mainly in America, the Mediterranean Basin, East Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia. - In developed countries, it is an important expor...

# Chick pea الحمص ## Cicer arietinum, L. ## Fam. Fabaceae - chick pea is a winter legume crop, grown annually on about 10 million hectares. - It is grown mainly in America, the Mediterranean Basin, East Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia. - In developed countries, it is an important export crop. - It can be grown without irrigation in areas with rainfall, even if rainfall is low. - It is a drought-resistant crop. - There are about 9 annual and 34 perennial species within the Cicer genus. ## Plant description: ### Root - A taproot with a primary taproot and numerous secondary roots with nodules. - Its depth can reach 1 meter, depending on soil type, variety, and other factors. ### Stem - Erect or spreading. - The plant height is about 100 cm. - It has primary, secondary, and tertiary branches that are usually wider than the main stem. ### Leaflet - Compound pinnate. - Contains 11-18 leaflets. - Opposite. - Ovate with serrated edges. ### Flowers - Solitary, developing in the axils of the leaves. - The corolla is pink in Desi types and white in Kabouli types. - Flower initiation occurs on the main stem and basal branches first. - The number of nodes at the beginning of flowering is approximately 13 for early-maturing plants or 14 or more for late-maturing plants. ### Fruit - A dehiscent pod containing 2-4 seeds. - In some cases, it can contain 6 seeds. - The number of seeds varies depending on environmental conditions. ### Seeds - Globose and irregular. - Have a pointed tip. - The color varies, including black, brown, orange, yellow, white, and green. - The texture can be smooth, rough, or rarely tuberculate. ## Practical exercises: 1. Write the scientific and English names of the crop, its family and its growing season. 2. Explain in a table the weight of the ardeb, the most important varieties, the fruit type, the leaf type, and the pollination type for chickpeas. 3. Mention the major weeds associated with chickpeas and how to control them. 4. Draw the structure of the leaf, flower, and fruit of chickpea. # Lupine الترمس ## Lupinus termis, ## Family Fabaceae ### Introduction - Lupine has been an ancient legume crop grown since ancient times in Egypt. - It was used by Ancient Egyptians and Romans for food and medicinal purposes. - It is an important legume crop for newly reclaimed lands, as it increases their fertility, especially sandy and acidic soils. - Its roots can fix up to 65-150 kg of nitrogen per feddan, varying with variety and species. - Lupine can be used as green manure, silage, or livestock feed, and its seeds can be used as poultry feed. - This is due to its high protein content, ranging from 30-45%. - Egyptian lupine contains a percentage of alkaloids that make its seeds bitter. - These can be removed by soaking in water. - Lupine seeds can also be used in some pharmaceutical industries as a diuretic and anthelmintic. ### Main types of lupine - Different types of lupines have different morphological and chemical compositions of seeds and varieties. - The most important types of Lupine: - *L. Albus* White Lupine - *L. lutenus* Yellow Lupine - *L. angustifolius* Narrow-leaved Lupine - *L. cogentinii* Easy-sand Lupine - *L. mutibilis* ## Plant description: ### Root - A deep taproot with many lateral branches. - The root nodules are unlimited in growth and spherical, belong to *Rhizobium lupinii* type. ### Stem - Erect and branched. - Hollow. - It can reach 100-150 cm in length. - Covered with fine white hairs. ### Leaf - Compound palmately compound. - Consists of 5-8 leaflets. - The leaf has a long petiole. - Leaflets are ovate and oblong without a margin. - All leaflets emerge from one point. ### Inflorescence - Terminal raceme. - White flowers. - Contains 5-20 flowers. - Not all flowers are fertilized. - This is influenced by genetic, environmental, and physiological factors. - Flowers are arranged in a spiral on the raceme. ### Pollination - Self-pollination, but some cross-pollination occurs, reaching up to 4% due to insects. ### Flower - The flower belongs to the legume family and is papilionaceous. - It is hypogynous, zygomorphic, and white. - It can have a faint purple or blue stripe. - It is 5-8 mm long. - It consists of: - **Calyx:** 5 sepals. - **Corolla:** 5 petals (standard, wings, and keel). - The standard is the uppermost petal. - The wings are two lateral petals. - The keel consists of two fused petals. - **Androecium:** 10 stamens. - 9 are united (monadelphous) - One is free. - **Gynoecium:** 1 ovary. - It contains 2 ovules. - It terminates with a style that ends with a stigma. - The style and stamens are located inside the keel. - They emerge from the keel when insects land on it. ### Fruit - A many-seeded legume pod with slight constrictions between seeds. - It is covered with coarse hair. ### Seed - Ivory. - Flattened. - Square. - Rounded corners. - Smooth or wrinkled. - Rich in alkaloids. - Used to treat some diseases. - Contains 30-45% protein. - Contains 9-11% fiber. - Contains 30-33% carbohydrates. - This percentage varies depending on type and variety..