Fuels & Energy (ESE) Notes PDF

DR NIDHI SHARMA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 2 COURSE OUTCOME (C 203.3) Classify different kinds of fuels on the basis of calorific value and can define need for alternative energy sources 3  Programme Outco...

DR NIDHI SHARMA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR 2 COURSE OUTCOME (C 203.3) Classify different kinds of fuels on the basis of calorific value and can define need for alternative energy sources 3  Programme Outcomes (POs) Engineering Graduates will be able to: PO 1: Engineering knowledge PO 2: Problem analysis PO 3: Design/development of solutions PO 4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: PO 5: Modern tool usage PO 6: The engineer and society PO 7: Environment and sustainability PO 8: Ethics PO 9: Individual and teamwork PO 10: Communication PO 11: Project management and finance PO 12: Life-long learning 4  Unit 3: Fuels and Energy 6 Hr Introduction (definition, classification of fuel based on chemical reactions and characteristics of an ideal fuel), Calorific value (CV): Higher calorific value (HCV) and Lower calorific value (LCV), proximate analysis of coal. Introduction to Paris Agreement Solar Energy: Introduction, construction and working, Research (Students will explore various researches for answering the challenges in implementation of PV Solar Cell Technology), Scope of entrepreneurship in the recycling of used solar panels Battery Technology: Introduction, classification. Construction, working and applications Lithium-cadmium ion batteries, comparison and characteristics of different types of batteries. (Students will explore different types of batteries including Li-Ion, Na-Ion, Ni-Fe, Na-NiCl2 , Al-ion, Carbon foam batteries) Fuel Cells: Introduction, Construction, working & applications of H2-O2 cell. 7/10/2023 5  FUEL A chemical fuel is defined as a combustible substance, containing carbon as main constituents, which on proper burning gives large amount of heat, which can be used economically for domestic and industrial purpose. 1. Classification of Fuel (based on physical state and occurrence) Chemical Fuel Primary/ Secondary/ Natural Derived Liquid Gaseous Liquid Solid Eg. Tar, Eg. Coal gas, Eg. Crude Gaseous Solid water gas, Eg. Wood , Kerosene, Oil, Bio-gas, Peat, Eg. Natural e.g,. Coke, Diesel, Vegetable Producer Lignite, Gas Charcoal Petrol, oil Gas, LPG Bituminous Synthetic coal, Dung Gasoline 2. Classification of Fuel (based on chemical reaction) Fuel SPONTANEOUS OXIDATION REDUCTION NUCLEAR COMBUSTION REACTION Oxidation in the absence Spontaneous Oxidation in of atm. oxidation – Fission Fusion presence of Oxygen eg. reduction 233 H-H fusion oxygen eg. 92U Rocket wood Fuel , cells  Calorific Value Calorific value is defined as the amount of heat liberated when a unit mass of fuel is burnt completely in presence of air or oxygen. Units of Calorific Value : System Unit of calorific Value (Solid/ liquid) Unit of calorific Value (Gas) C.G.S Cal/ gm Cal/ lit M.K.S. Kcal/kg Kcal/m3 SI J/kg J/m3 British B.Th.U/ lb (B. Th. U/ Pound) B.Th.U/ ft3 (B. Th. U/ cubic feet) 1 cal/gm = 1 kcal /kg = 1.8 B.T.U /lb = 4.187 J /gm 1kcal/m3 = 0.1077 B. Th.U/ft3 = 4.18 kJ/m3 Characteristics of good fuel: 1. High calorific value: Amount of heat liberated on complete combustion of 1gm of substance. As the amount of heat liberated and the temperature attained, depends upon the calorific value of the fuel, a good fuel should possess high calorific value. 2. Moderate Ignition point: It is a minimum temperature at which fuel catches fire. If it is low then there is chances of fire hazards during storage and transportation and whereas high ignition temperature although it is safe for storage and transportation gives difficulty in the ignition and burning of fuel. Hence it should be moderate. 3. Moderate velocity of combustion : if it is low then the required temperature will not attained quickly and if it is high then liberated heat is not utilized properly. Therefore it should be moderate. 7/10/2023 10 4. Low moisture content – Moisture content in fuel decreases the calorific value of fuel, as during combustion, part of heat liberated is utilized in evaporation of moisture and formation of steam. It increases weight of fuel increases the cost of fuel. Hence moisture content should be low. 5. Low ash content – Non combustible matter present in coal is converted to ash. More the non combustible matter more will be ash. Lesser will be combustible matter less will be the calorific value. Ash forms clinkers, blocking air circulation and hindering complete burning of fuel this further reduces heat output of fuel. Ash contributes additional cost for storage , handling and disposal 6. Product of combustion should not be harmful- Fuel on burning should not give out objectionable, harmful gases like CO, SO2, H2S etc. which may be harmful to health or cause pollution. 7/10/2023 11 7. Low cost- Fuel should be readily available at cheap rate. 8. Easy storage and transportation – A good fuel must be easy to store and transport at low cost 9. Combustion rate should be easily controllable combustion of good fuel should be easy to start up and stop whenever required. 7/10/2023 12 Sr. No. Criteria Solid Fuel Liquid Fuel Gaseous Fuel 1 Calorific Value (C.V.) Low Higher Highest 2 Ignition Point (I.P.) Very high Moderate Very low 3 Cost Very cheap costly Costly 4 Noncombustible matter (ash) High Negligible Nil 5 Rate of Combustion Not controllable Controllable Controllable 6 Transportation Laborious but hazard Easy Easy but risk of hazard free (piping) 7 Air requirement fro complete Large excess Small excess Just sufficient combustion 8 Use in I.C. engine Cannot be used Convenient Can be used 9 Volatile matter Large Negligible Nil 10 Moisture High Nil Nil 11 Smoke (pollution) Considerable Lower Nil 12 Thermal efficiency Low High High 13  Calorific Values – Amount of heat obtained on complete combustion of unit mass of a solid or liquid fuel or unit volume of gaseous fuel at STP. Importance - Gives idea about efficiency of fuel to produce heat on combustion. Calorific value is of two types as follows:- 1) Higher calorific value. (HCV) or Gross calorific value. (GCV) It is the amount of heat liberated when a unit mass of fuels burnt completely in the presence of air or oxygen and the products of combustion are cooled to room temperature. Here it includes the heat liberated during combustion and the latent heat of steam. Hence its value is always higher than lower calorific value. 2) Lower calorific value. (LCV) or Net calorific value. (NCV) It is amount of heat liberated when a unit mass of fuel is burnt completely in the presence of air or oxygen and the product of combustion are let off completely into air. It does not include the latent heat of steam. Therefore it is always lesser than HCV. NCV = HCV – Latent heat of steam. NCV = GCV - [(9*Mass of hydrogen) * (latent heat of steam)] NCV = HCV – 0.09 × % H2 × 587 cal/g 7/10/2023 14 15 Proximate Analysis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qu1v60L1Chk determination of percentage of Moisture, Volatile Matter, Ash and Fixed Carbon. 1) Moisture % Method - a known weight of powdered and ir dried coal sample is taken in a crucible and it is place in an oven for 1 hour at 1100C , then it coal is cooled in a dedicator and weighed out. If the initial weight of the coal is in grams and final weight is in gms. The loss of weight(m-m1) corresponds to moisture in coal Formla A coal sample weighing 1 gm, looses 0.09 gm weight on heating at 110 0 C for 1 hour calculate % moisture. 7/10/2023 16 2) Determination of percentage of % Volatile matter (V.M.) Crucible with lid and moisture free coal is kept at 925º ± 20 C in Muffle Furnace for 7 minutes V.M. is the thermally decomposed coal during burning of coal, that escapes without combustion, in the form of smoke. Principle: at 925 temp coal undergoes thermal decomposition to produce volatile matter wt of coal after VM loss= m2 1.0 gm of a coal sample is heated to remove all moisture. Then the residual coal looses 0.21 gm weight when heated in muffles furnace at 950 0C calculate % volatile matter. 7/10/2023 17  3) Ash % Principle; Inorganic matter in coal gets oxidized to form metal oxide and silica which is non- combustible and left as ash Method ;The residual coal in the above experiments is heated and burnt in a open crucible at above 750 0C for half hour. The coal gets burnt. The ash left in crucible is cooled in a dissector and weighted (m3 gms). Formula Numericals 1 gm of coal sample is ignited at 750 0C in a muffle furnace the residue weighed is 0.15 gm. Calculate the % ash 7/10/2023 18  Significance / Importance of Proximate Analysis- Moisture i. Decreases calorific value of coal largely as it does not burn and takes away heat in the form of latent heat. ii. Increases ignition point of coal iii. Hence the coal with Lower the % moisture, better the quality of coal Volatile matter i. Decreases calorific value, increases pollution, ii. Elongates flame iii. It forms smoke and pollutes air 15-25 % volatile matter content is desirable or suitable for making hard and strong coke. Lesser the % V.M., better the quality of coal. 7/10/2023 19  Ash i. Reduces calorific value as ash is non burning part of coal ii. Ash disposal is a problem, iii. Ash fuses to from clinker at high temperature that blocks air supply Lesser the % ash, better the quality of coal. Fixed Carbon Carbon is the burning part in coal and higher the FC% , higher is the calorific value. Hence a good quality coal contains high FC%. 7/10/2023 20  4) Determination of percentage of Fixed carbon % F.C. % = 100 ─ (moisture% + V.M.% + Ash%) 7/10/2023 21  Introduction to Paris Agreement 7/10/2023 22  The Paris Agreement's central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Paris Agreement, in full Paris Agreement Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, also called Paris Climate Agreement or COP21, international treaty, named for the city of Paris, France, in which it was adopted in December 2015, which aimed to reduce the emission of gases that contribute to global warming. The Paris Agreement set out to improve upon and replace the Kyoto Protocol, an earlier international treaty designed to curb the release of greenhouse gases. It entered into force on November 4, 2016, and has been signed by 195 countries and ratified by 190 as of January 2021 What are the 3 goals of the Paris Agreement?: scale up their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions; build resilience and decrease vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change; uphold and promote regional and international cooperation. 23 5 key points in Paris Agreement on climate change 1. Limit temperature rise 'well below' 2 C : The agreement includes a commitment to keep the rise in global temperatures "well below" 2 degree, compared to pre-industrial times, while striving to limit them even more, to 1.5 degrees. Scientists consider 2 C the threshold to limit potentially catastrophic climate change. 2. First universal climate agreement : It's the world's first comprehensive climate agreement, with all countries expected to pitch in. Under the previous emissions treaty, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, developing countries were not mandated to reduce their emissions. Canada signed on to Kyoto, but later backed out in 2011. 3. Helping poorer nations : The deal also calls on developed nations to give $100 billion annually to developing countries by 2020. This would help these poorer countries combat climate change and foster greener economies. The agreement promotes universal access to sustainable energy in developing countries, particularly in Africa. 24  It says this can be accomplished through greater use of renewable energy. 4. Publishing greenhouse gas reduction targets : Countries will be tasked with preparing, maintaining and publishing their own greenhouse gas reduction targets. The agreement says these targets should be greater than the current ones and "reflect the highest possible ambition." These targets will be reviewed and revised every five years starting in 2023. The agreement also says that each country should strive to drive down their carbon output "as soon as possible." 5. Carbon neutral by 2050? : The deal sets the goal of a carbon-neutral world sometime after 2050 but before 2100. This means a commitment to limiting the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity to the levels that trees, soil and oceans can absorb naturally. Scientists believe the world will have to stop emitting greenhouse gases altogether in the next half-century in order to achieve this goal. 25  Solar Energy: Introduction, construction and working, Research (Students will explore various researches for answering the challenges in implementation of PV Solar Cell Technology), Scope of entrepreneurship in the recycling of used solar panels https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/what-is-solar-energy 26 Solar energy solar energy, radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. This energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage. 27 Solar cell construction: The construction of a solar cell is shown below. The principle layer of this cell includes an anti-reflective cover glass. This glass guards the semi-conductor materials against the sunlight. In this cell, small grid patterns with slight metallic strips are available under the glass. So that the top layer of this cell can be formed by using the glass, metallic strips and anti-reflective coat. The most important part of the cell is the middle layer where solar energy can be formed through the effect of photovoltaic. It consists of two semiconductor layers which are made up of p-type and n-type materials. The base layer of this cell consist of two parts. A rear metallic electrode is beneath the p-type semiconductor and it works with the metallic grid to generate an electric current in the pinnacle layer. A reflective layer is the last layer in this cell used to decrease the loss of light within the system. Based on the application, solar cells utilize various materials based on their application and cost. 28 29  A solar cell is made of two types of semiconductors, called p-type and n-type silicon. The p-type silicon is produced by adding atoms—such as boron or gallium—that have one less electron in their outer energy level than does silicon. Because boron has one less electron than is required to form the bonds with the surrounding silicon atoms, an electron vacancy or “hole” is created. The n-type silicon is made by including atoms that have one more electron in their outer level than does silicon, such as phosphorus. Phosphorus has five electrons in its outer energy level, not four. It bonds with its silicon neighbor atoms, but one electron is not involved in bonding. Instead, it is free to move inside the silicon structure. P-n junction: it is formed by combining n- type and n- & p- type semiconductors together in very close contact. Near the junction of the two layers, the electrons on one side of the junction (n-type layer) move into the holes on the other side of the junction (p-type layer). This creates an area around the junction, called the depletion zone, in which the electrons fill the holes , this zone keeps other charges from the p- & n- type layers from moving across it. 30 Solar cell working: When sunlight strikes a solar cell (photovoltaic cell), part of light particles ( photons) is absorbed by the cell, due to this electron is knocked loose from a silicon atom, and a positive ‘hole’ remains. When photon hit the solar cell , freed electron attempt to unite the hole on the p – type layer. The p-n junction , a one way – road, only allow the electrons to move in one direction. Hence if an external conductive path is provided , electron will flow through this path to their original (p-type) side to unite with holes, creating a flow of electricity. The electric power that can be extracted from a photovoltaic cell is proportional to its area and to the intensity of the sunlight that hits the area, and is measured in watts. 31 Advantage of solar power: Solar energy has a number of inherent advantages: Renewable: Solar energy is a fully renewable energy resource No Fuel Costs: There are no fuel costs associated with solar energy, which will save money Environmentally Friendly: Unlike with other energy sources, such as fossil fuels, solar energy doesn’t release any harmful natural gases or hazardous by- products 32  Disadvantages of Solar Energy 1. The high initial costs of installing panels : The most commonly cited solar energy disadvantage, cost, is declining as the industry expands. The initial cost to buy and install the equipment is not cheap. 2. Solar energy storage is expensive : Batteries are one of the more expensive components of your system. Unlike solar panels, they do wear out and need careful maintenance to lengthen their lives. (advanced Lithium ion batteries offer greater power at a lower cost. Nickel-based batteries have an extremely long life. New technologies, like flow batteries, promise scale and durable power storage.) 3. Solar panels are dependent on sunlight : It’s obvious that solar panels need sunlight to generate electricity. They won’t produce electricity at night when you need it for light and they can be inefficient during storms and gloomy days. Your solar energy system needs batteries if you plan to fully depend on solar energy to power your home. 33 Scope of entrepreneurship in the recycling of used solar panels 34  Battery Technology: Introduction, classification. Construction, working and applications of Lithium-ion batteries, comparison and characteristics of different types of batteries. (Students will explore different types of batteries including Li-Ion, Na-Ion, Ni-Fe, Na-NiCl2, Al-ion, Carbon foam batteries) 35 Lithium-Ion Battery – Introduction In the batteries, lithium ions move from the negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging. Lithium-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as the material at the positive electrode and typically graphite at the negative electrode. The batteries have a high energy density, and low self-discharge. Lithium batteries were proposed by British chemist and co-recipient of the 2019 Nobel prize for chemistry M. Stanley Whittingham, ISRO’s VSSC has successfully developed and qualified lithium-ion cells of capacities ranging from ‘1.5 Ah to 100 Ah’ for use in satellites and launch vehicles. According to ISRO, with the successful deployment of indigenous lithium ion batteries in various missions, VSSC is planning to transfer this technology to the industries to establish production facilities for producing lithium ion cells to cover the entire spectrum of the country’s power storage needs. 36 Lithium-ion Battery Working : https://youtu.be/q-wsVXDklKE The rechargeable lithium-ion battery is made of one or more power-generating compartments called cells. Each cell has essentially three components.- positive electrode, negative electrode and electrolyte. A positive electrode connects to the battery's positive terminal. A negative electrode connects to the negative terminal. And a chemical called an electrolyte in between them. The positive electrode is typically made from a chemical compound called lithium-cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) or lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4). The negative electrode is generally made from carbon (graphite). The electrolyte (LiAsF6 / PC) varies from one type of battery to another. Separator : Polypropene 37  The electrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode to the cathode. The movement of the lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode which creates a charge at the positive current collector. The electrical current then flows from the current collector through a device being powered (cell phone, computer, etc.) to the negative current collector. The separator blocks the flow of electrons inside the battery. 38  While the battery is discharging and providing an electric current, the anode releases lithium ions to the cathode, generating a flow of electrons from one side to the other. When plugging in the device, the opposite reaction happens, the cathode releases lithium ions and anode receives them. This is how the Lithium-ion battery works. Advantages of Lithium-ion Battery: Generally, they are much lighter than other types of rechargeable batteries of the same size. They hold their charge. A lithium-ion battery pack loses only about 5 percent of its charge per month. Long cycle and extend shelf-life; maintenance-free. They can handle hundreds of charge/discharge cycles. Simple charge algorithm and reasonably short charge times Low self-discharge (less than half that of NiCd and NiMH) 39  Limitations of Lithium-ion Battery Requires protection circuit to prevent thermal runaway if stressed Degrades at high temperature and when stored at high voltage No rapid charge possible at freezing temperatures (