Plants PDF

This subject is designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and concepts in the study of biology, particularly heredity and variation, and the diversity of living organisms, their structure, function, and evolution.  1. Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions 2....

This subject is designed to enhance the understanding of the principles and concepts in the study of biology, particularly heredity and variation, and the diversity of living organisms, their structure, function, and evolution.  1. Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions 2. Feedback Mechanisms 1. Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance 2. Sex Linkage 3. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 4. Recombinant DNA 1. Relevance, Mechanisms, Evidence/Bases, and Theories of Evolution 1. Basic Taxonomic Concepts and Principles, Description, Nomenclature, Identification, and Classification Anatomy is the study of the structure and relationship between body parts. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Plant, (kingdom Plantae), any multicellular eukaryotic life-form characterized by: 1. photosynthetic nutrition in which chemical energy is produced from water, minerals, and carbon dioxide with the aid of pigments and the radiant energy of the Sun, 2. unlimited growth at localized regions, 3. cells that contain cellulose in their walls and are therefore to some extent rigid, 4. the absence of organs of locomotion, resulting in a more or less stationary existence, and 5. the absence of nervous systems Plant growth, from seed germination to maturity, involves a combination of cellular responses and molecular interaction. For instance, when you break the stem of kangkong, the kangkong makes a snapping sound due to the turgidity of the plant’s cell from water uptake. Water is essential requirement for plants’ survival. Water uptake allow plants to metabolically utilize the chemical compounds and micronutrients obtained from the surrounding soil. The presence of root hairs in some plants increase the surface area for water absorption. Factors Affecting Plant Growth The important factors affecting the growth of plants include: 1. Temperature: Growth is accelerated with the increase in temperature. 2. Light: Light intensity, duration of light and the quality of light influence many physiological processes occurring in a plant. 3. Water: Water is an essential factor for plant growth. They grow well in a sufficient amount of water. They even respond to the scarcity of water. 4. Soil Nutrients: Plants require an adequate amount of nutrients for proper growth. The quality and quantity of nutrients affect plant growth. 5. Plant Growth Regulators: Various plant growth regulators such as auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, etc. are added to plants to regulate their growth. Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: 1. shoot system 2. root system The shoot system consists of two portions: the vegetative (non- reproductive) parts of the plant, such as the leaves and the stems, and the reproductive parts of the plant, which include flowers and fruits. The shoot system generally grows above ground, where it absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis. The root system, which supports the plants and absorbs water and minerals, is usually underground. Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with tissue systems made of various cell types that carry out specific functions. Plant tissue systems fall into one of two general types: meristematic tissue, and permanent (or non-meristematic) tissue. Cells of the meristematic tissue are found in meristems, which are plant regions of continuous cell division and growth. Meristematic tissue cells are either undifferentiated or incompletely differentiated, and they continue to divide and contribute to the growth of the plant. In contrast, permanent tissue consists of plant cells that are no longer actively dividing. Apical meristems contain meristematic tissue located at the tips of stems and roots, which enable a plant to extend in length. Lateral meristems facilitate growth in thickness or girth in a maturing plant. Intercalary meristems occur only in monocots, at the bases of leaf blades and at nodes (the areas where leaves attach to a stem). This tissue enables the monocot leaf blade to increase in length from the leaf base; for example, it allows lawn grass leaves to elongate even after repeated mowing. Meristems produce cells that quickly differentiate, or specialize, and become permanent tissue. Such cells take on specific roles and lose their ability to divide further. They differentiate into three main types: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Dermal tissue covers and protects the plant, and vascular tissue transports water, minerals, and sugars to different parts of the plant. Ground tissue serves as a site for photosynthesis, provides a supporting matrix for the vascular tissue, and helps to store water and sugars. Plants reproduce by Sexual Reproduction and Asexual Reproduction. Asexual reproduction is the formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent. The new individuals formed are exact genetic copies of the parents. This method of production is quite common in plants, fungi, microbes, and in lower forms of animals called invertebrates. One advantage of asexual reproduction is that an organism in isolation can increase its population even in the absence of a mate. Examples of Asexual Reproduction in Plants 1 - a spore contains haploid cells enclosed in a thick case and held together by a structure called sporangium. Spores are light and can easily be dispersed by wind from one place to another. Upon maturation, the sporangium bursts and releases the spores. The spores germinate into new individuals as they land on an environment with favorable conditions. Examples of Asexual Reproduction in Plants 2 -The roots, stems, and leaves of plants are "special vegetative structures” that naturally give rise to new plant individuals with similar genetic makeup with the parent plants. Examples of Asexual Reproduction in Plants 3 -The tree or shrub is planted and after a year of growth, the branches are cut. Then, a twig called scion from the desired species is inserted in a notch made on the stump called stock. The insertion is done in such a way that the cambiums of the scion and stock are aligned. Examples of Asexual Reproduction in Plants 4 -It is a process whereby a shoot of a parent plant is bent until it came to be covered by the soil. The tip of the shoot remains above ground. New roots and eventually a new plant will grow that can then be separated. -comprises the petals of flowers. -comprises the sepals of flowers. -supports the entire flower. -comprises the essential parts. -they are the reproductive organs of the flower -female reproductive system  STIGMA- covered by a sticky substance so that the pollen grains can adhere to  STYLE- conveyor for the pollen tube  OVARY- house of ovule -male reproductive system  ANTHER- pollen-producing organ of the flower  FILAMENT- stalk that holds the anther Is the transfer of the pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower. To achieve the ideal growth, plants need to have a constant level of essential elements. However, these nutrients are available as irregular patchy distribution in most soils. This leads to limited accessibility of nutrients for plants. To cope up with this, plants trigger physiological and developmental responses to acquire nutrient. Adaptive mechanisms are also utilized by plants to increase or decrease growth in organs that directly or indirectly participate in nutrient acquisition. Example: Proliferation of lateral roots for plants to increase nutrient uptake for nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus deficient soil. Plant alter the growth patterns based on stress conditions such as decline in nutrient availability. Plants also use other means of barrier, such as physical and chemical, for protection against entrance of pathogenic substances. As soon as a pathogen is recognized by the plant system, an inducible defense related genes, formation of compounds with antimicrobial properties, and program cell death. The activation of this response increases the plant’s survival against diseases.  is a collection of plant samples preserved for long-term study, usually in the form of dried and pressed plants mounted on paper. The dried and mounted plant samples are generally referred to as herbarium specimens. You will need the following: ½ Illustration Board Plastic cellophane 12 types of plants Scientific Name: Rosa rubiginosa Family: Rosaceae Common Name: Rose Location: SPAC Complex Plant Description: This includes the plant habit (tree, shrub, vine, herb), height, growth form, color, smells or tastes, bark, branching, leaf orientation, or general volume/size/spread of a plant. Collection Date: Month-Date-Year Collected by: Palomares, RFM Deadline: February 11, 2025, Tuesday  Excellent Good Fair Poor 10 8 6 4 COLLECTION All specimens are expertly Some specimens are generally Some specimens show signs of Many specimens show signs of collected with minimal damage well collected with minimal rough handling or damage to plant rough handling or damage to TECHNIQUE to plant. damage to plant. parts. plant parts. PLANT Specimens are properly pressed Specimens are adequately Specimens are adequately pressed Specimens show signs of and dried with all plant parts pressed and dried with all plant and dried with some plant parts improper pressing or drying. PRESERVATION intact parts intact are show slight distortion. LABELING All specimens are accurately Some specimens are labelled Some specimens are not labelled Most specimens are not labelled including scientific including scientific name, family properly. (scientific name, family labelled properly. (scientific name, family name, common name, common name, location, name, common name, location, name, family name, common name, location, plant plant description, collection date plant description, collection date name, location, plant description, collection date and and the name of collector. and the name of collector) description, collection date the name of collector. and the name of collector) MOUNTING Specimens are neatly mounted Specimens are adequately Specimens shows signs of Specimens are poorly on the cardboard paper, mounted on the cardboard improper mounting with obscured mounted, making it difficult to AND ensuring all plant parts are paper, and some plants parts plants parts or messy presentation. observe plant parts. The PRESENTING visible. The arrangement is may be obscured. The The arrangement lacks neatness arrangement is quite messy aesthetically pleasing and arrangement is generally neat and professionalism. and unprofessional. professional. and presentable. AVAILABILITY There are 12 different plant There are more than 10 different There are more than 8 different There are 6 or less different specimens. plant specimens. plant specimens. plant specimens. OF PLANTS OVERALL The herbarium collection is of The herbarium collection is of The herbarium collection is of fair The herbarium collection is of exceptional quality, good quality, showing proficiency quality, with some areas needing poor quality. Lacking PRESENTATION demonstrate a high level of skill, in collection and preparation improvement in collection and proficiency in collection and precision, and attention to techniques. preparation techniques. preparation techniques. detail.