Bacterial Classification PDF

BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION ‫اﶈُﻠﻠﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﻛﺔ‬  Definition of species: The “basic unit” of taxonomy, representing a specific, recognized type of organism For sexually reproducing organisms. ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻧﻮﻋًﺎ ﻣﺤﺪدًا وﻣﻌﺘﺮﻓًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬،‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺘ...

BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION ‫اﶈُﻠﻠﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﻛﺔ‬  Definition of species: The “basic unit” of taxonomy, representing a specific, recognized type of organism For sexually reproducing organisms. ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻧﻮﻋًﺎ ﻣﺤﺪدًا وﻣﻌﺘﺮﻓًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت‬،‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬.ً‫اﳊﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺎ‬ * fundamental definition of “species” has been reproductive compatibility. ‫ﻛﺎن اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ "اﻷﻧﻮا "ع ﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﻮاﻓﻖ اﻹﳒﺎﺑﻲ‬ *This definition fails for many microbial species (including bacteria), because they do not reproduce sexually. ‫ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻴًﺎ‬،(‫ﻳﻔﺸﻞ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﳌﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺔ )ﲟﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ Definition of “species” in microbiology: Classic definition: A collection of microbial strains that share many properties and differ significantly from other groups of strains. ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﳌﻴﻜﺮوﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺘﺮك ﰲ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬:‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻲ‬.‫اﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻷﺧﺮى‬ *Species are identified by comparison with known “type strains”: well-characterized pure cultures; references for the identification of unknown :‫*ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﳌﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ "ﺳﻼﻻت اﻷﻧﻮا "ع اﳌﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ اﳌﻤﻴﺰة ﺟﻴﺪًا؛ اﳌﺮاﺟﻊ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻷﻧﻮاع ﻏﻴﺮ اﳌﻌﺮوﻓﺔ‬ Strain: A population of microbes descended from a single individual or pure culture..‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﳌﻴﻜﺮوﺑﺎت ﺗﻨﺤﺪر ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮد واﺣﺪ أو ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﻘﻴﺔ‬ Different strains represent genetic variability within a species: Biovars: Strains that differ in biochemical or physiological differences..‫ ﺳﻼﻻت ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ أو اﻟﻔﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬:‫اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ Morphovars: Strains that vary in morphology..‫ ﺳﻼﻻت ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬:‫ﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻓﺎرس‬ Serovars: Stains that vary in their antigenic properties..‫ ﺑﻘﻊ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ اﳌﺴﺘﻀﺪﻳﺔ‬:‫اﳌﺼﻠﻴﺎت‬  There are several collections of type strains, including: 1-American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)..(ATCC) ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬-1.(NCTC) ‫ اﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ‬-2 2- National Collection of Type Cultures (NCTC)..(JCM) ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬-3 3-Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM)..(BTCC) ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻠﻐﺎرﻳﺔ‬-4 4-Bulgarian Type Culture Collection (BTCC). * Publication of the second edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology was begun in 2001. The 2nd edition gives the most up-to-date phylogenic classification of prokaryotic organisms, including both eubacteria and archaea..2001 ‫* ﺑﺪأ ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺟﻲ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﳌﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺎم‬.‫ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﻟﻌﺘﻴﻘﺔ‬،‫* ﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ أﺣﺪث ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺗﻄﻮري ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﳊﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﺪاﺋﻴﺔ‬ * In the original 4 volumes of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, bacteria were classified in 33 sections based on phenotypic, not phylogenetic characteristics. ‫ ﰎ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﰲ‬،‫* ﰲ اﺠﻤﻟﻠﺪات اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺮﺟﻲ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﳌﻨﻬﺠﻲ‬.‫ ﻗﺴﻤًﺎ ﺑﻨﺎءً ﻋﻠﻰ اﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻳﺔ وﻟﻴﺲ اﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻟﺘﻄﻮرﻳﺔ‬33 Procaryotae Divisions: Gracilicutes (thin skin): Procaryotes with a Gramnegative cell wall. Firmicutes (thick skin): Procaryotes with a Grampositive cell wall. Tenericutes (soft or tender skin): Procaryotes that lack a cell wall. Mendosicutes (skin with faults): Procaryotes with unusual cell wall..‫ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى ذات ﺟﺪار ﺧﻠﻮي ﺳﻠﺒﻲ اﳉﺮام‬:(‫ﻧﺤﻴﻼت )ﺟﻠﺪ رﻗﻴﻖ‬.‫ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى ذات ﺟﺪار ﺧﻠﻮي إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ اﳉﺮام‬:(‫ ﻓﻴﺮﻣﻴﻜﻮت )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺳﻤﻴﻚ‬.‫ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺪار ﺧﻠﻮي‬:(‫ ﺗﻴﻨﻴﺮﻳﻜﻮت )ﺟﻠﺪ ﻧﺎﻋﻢ أو ﻃﺮي‬.‫ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﻨﻮى ذات ﺟﺪار ﺧﻠﻮي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎدي‬:(‫ ﻣﻴﻨﺪوﺳﻴﻜﻮت )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻴﻮب‬ * The 2nd edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology divides domain Bacteria into 23 phyla. Nine of the more notable phyla are described here..‫ ﰎ وﺻﻒ ﺗﺴﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟُﺸﻌﺐ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻬﺮة ﻫﻨﺎ‬.‫ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ‬23 ‫* ﺗﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ دﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﺟﻲ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﳌﻨﻬﺠﻲ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﺠﻤﻟﺎﻟﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ Phylum Aquiflexa: Phylum Aquiflexa The earliest “deepest” branch of the Bacteria Contains genera Aquiflex and Hydrogenobacter that can obtain energy from hydrogen via chemolithotrophic ‫ﺷﻌﺒﺔ أﻛﻮﻳﻔﻠﻜﺴﺎ‬ pathways. ‫أﻗﺪم ﻓﺮع "أﻋﻤﻖ" ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺴﲔ أﻛﻮﻳﻔﻠﻜﺲ و‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻨﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ اﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﺎن اﳊﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﲔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺎرات ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ Phylum Proteobacteria: Divided into 5 classes: Alphaproteobacteria ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ أﻟﻔﺎ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ Betaproteobacteria ‫* ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ Gammaproteobacteria ‫* ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ Deltaproteobacteria ‫* ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ دﻟﺘﺎ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ ‫* ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ إﺑﺴﻴﻠﻮن ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ‬ Epsilonproteobacteria Phylum Proteobacteria: Significant groups and genera include: Photosynthetic genera such as Rhodospirillum(a purple non-sulfur bacterium) and Chromatium (a purple sulfur bacterium) Sulfur chemolithotrophs, genera Thiobacillusand Nitrogen chemolithotrophs (nitrifying bacteria), genera Nitrobacterand Nitrosomonas Other chemolithotrophs, genera lcaligenes , Methylobacilllus ,Burkholderia (‫ )ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ أرﺟﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‬Chromatium‫ )ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ أرﺟﻮاﻧﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ( و‬Rhodospirillum ‫أﺟﻨﺎس اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ Nitrobacter ‫ أﺟﻨﺎس‬،(‫ وﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ )ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻨﺘﺮﺗﺔ‬Thiobacillus ‫ أﺟﻨﺎس‬،‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﺒﺮﻳﺘﻴﺔ‬ Nitrosomonas‫و‬ Burkholderia‫ و‬Methylobacillus‫ و‬lcaligenes ‫ أﺟﻨﺎس‬،‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‬  Phylum Proteobacteria: 1-The family Enterobacteriaceae, the “Gram-negative enteric bacteria,” which includes genera Escherichia , Proteus , Enterobacter , Klebsiella , Salmonella , Shigella , Serratia , and others. ،Escherichia، Proteus ‫ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﳌﻌﻮﻳﺔ "اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﳌﻌﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﳉﺮام" واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ أﺟﻨﺎس‬-1 Enterobacter، Klebsiella، Salmonella، Shigella، Serratia، ‫وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬. 2-The family Pseudomonadaceae, which includes genus Pseudomonas and related genera..‫ واﻷﺟﻨﺎس ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬Pseudomonas ‫ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ ﺟﻨﺲ‬Pseudomonadaceae ‫ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬-2 3-Other medically important Proteobacteria include genera Haemophilus , Vibrio , Camphylobacter , Helicobacter , Rickessia , Brucella. ‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻃﺒﻴًﺎ اﻷﺧﺮى أﺟﻨﺎس‬-3 Haemophilus، Vibrio، Camphylobacter، Helicobacter، Rickessia، Brucella. Phylum Firmicutes: 1-Low G + C gram-positive” bacteria. 2-Divided into 3 classes: ClassI– Clostridia ; includes genera Clostridium and Desulfotomaculatum, and others. Class II– Mollicutes ; bacteria in this class cannot make peptidoglycan and lack cell walls; includes genera Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, and other. Class III– Bacilli; includes genera Bacillus , Lactobacillus , Streptococcus , Lactococcus , Geobacillus , Enterococcus , Listeria , Staphylococcus , and others. Phylum Actinobacteria: 1-High G + C Gram-positive” bacteria. 2-Includes genera Actinomyces , Streptomyces , Corynebacterium , Micrococcus , Mycobacterium , Propionibacterium..‫ اﳉﺮام‬+ ‫ ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ اﳉﺮام ذات ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﺎلٍ ﻣﻦ اﳉﺮام‬-1 3-Phylum Chlamidiae. ،‫ ﻛﻮرﻳﻨﺒﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﻮم‬،‫ ﺳﺘﺮﺑﺘﻮﻣﻴﺴﺲ‬،‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﺟﻨﺎس اﻷﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﺎﻳﺴﻴﺲ‬-2 4-Small phylum containing the genus Chlamydia..‫ ﺑﺮوﺑﻴﻮﻧﻴﺒﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﻮم‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﻴﺮﻳﻮم‬،‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻛﻮﻛﻮس‬.‫ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬-3.‫ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﲢﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻨﺲ اﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬-4 Phylum Spirochaetes: 1-The spirochaetes. 2-Characterized by flexible, helical cells with a modified outer membrane (the outer sheath) and modified flagella (axial filaments) located within the outer sheath. 3-Important pathogenic genera include Treponema , Borrelia , and Leptospira..‫اﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ اﳊﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ‬-1 ‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺨﻼﻳﺎﻫﺎ اﳌﺮﻧﺔ اﳊﻠﺰوﻧﻴﺔ ذات اﻟﻐﺸﺎء اﳋﺎرﺟﻲ اﳌﻌﺪل‬-2 ‫)اﻟﻐﻤﺪ اﳋﺎرﺟﻲ( واﻟﺴﻮط اﳌﻌﺪل )اﳋﻴﻮط اﶈﻮرﻳﺔ( اﳌﻮﺟﻮدة داﺧﻞ‬.‫اﻟﻐﻤﺪ اﳋﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ و‬Borrelia‫ و‬Treponema ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﺟﻨﺎس اﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮاض اﳌﻬﻤﺔ‬-3 Leptospira. Phylum Bacteroidetes: Includes genera Bacteroides , Flavobacterium , Flexibacterand Cytophyga ; Flexibacterand Cytophygaare motile by means of “gliding motility ‫؛‬Cytophyga‫ و‬Flexibacter‫ و‬Flavobacterium‫ و‬Bacteroides ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﺟﻨﺎس‬ Flexibacter ‫و‬Cytophyga ‫"ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎن ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ "اﳊﺮﻛﺔ اﻻﻧﺰﻻﻗﻴﺔ‬