Geological Hazards PDF

**GEOLOGIC HAZARDS -** it may result in the loss of livelihood, or environmental damage. **Geologic hazards phenomena can occur suddenly, or slowly.** 1\. **[EARTHQUAKES] - LIQUEFACTION (SOILS), TSUNAMIS, GROUND SHAKING** - sudden release of slowly accumulating strain energy along a fault w...

**GEOLOGIC HAZARDS -** it may result in the loss of livelihood, or environmental damage. **Geologic hazards phenomena can occur suddenly, or slowly.** 1\. **[EARTHQUAKES] - LIQUEFACTION (SOILS), TSUNAMIS, GROUND SHAKING** - sudden release of slowly accumulating strain energy along a fault within the earth\'s crust. - Areas of surface or underground fracturing that can experience earthquakes are known as **earthquake fault zones.** - Square kilometers and major damage. **2. [VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS] - LAVA FLOWS, ASH FALL, LAHARS** - happen when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent. - 1,500 potential active volcanoes. - spew hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava and rock that can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in heavily populated areas. **3. [MASS MOVEMENT] -- LANDSLIDE, MUDSLIDE AND AVALANCHES Landslide** - movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. - \"landslide\" encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. - **Debris flows** (*commonly referred to as mudflows or mudslides*) and rock falls are examples of common landslide types. **Mudslide - Debris flows** = *mudslides*, are a common type of fast-moving landslide that tends to flow in channels. **Sign of Impending Geological Hazard** **Signs of Landslide** - New cracks or unusual bulges in the ground, street or sidewalks. - Rapid increase in creek water levels, possibly accompanied by increased soil content. - Unusual sounds, such as trees cracking or boulders knocking together, might indicate moving debris **Signs of an Earthquake** **Signs to look for that an earthquake may happen soon (within days):** 1. Higher water table levels not attributed to rain or snow melt-off, possibly bubbling in wells, or quicker river pace. 2. Strange variations in temperature (very warm one day and very cold the next for example). 3. Strange behavior out of animals which might include: **Signs of Volcanic Eruption** - Magmatic eruptions involve the rise of magma toward the surface, which normally generates detectable earthquakes. - Steam-blast eruptions, however, can occur with little or no warning as superheated water flashes to steam. **Notable precursors to an eruption might include:** An increase in the frequency and intensity of felt earthquakes Noticeable steaming or fumarolic activity and new or enlarged areas of hot ground Subtle swelling of the ground surface Small changes in heat flow Changes in the composition or relative abundances of fumarolic gases\ **Geological Maps -** is the representation, about a topographic map, of the different types of rocks that outcrop in the terrestrial area and the types of contacts among them. - the tectonic structures (folds and faults), fossil beds, fountains, mineral resources, etc. - **Color** - represent the different geologic units, which are simply the type of rock formations of a certain age. - **Line and Symbols** - something you might notice about a geologic map are all the different lines. - Each type of line identifies a different feature on the map. - **Folds** - are another kind of geologic feature you\'ll find on the map, and these are features such as basins and domes. **Mitigation Strategies to Prevent Loss of Lives and Properties** - Prevention and mitigation strategies should be based on the risk assessment and can be considered in relation to: land use planning and building codes essential infrastructure structural works landscape and environment. LESSON 2: HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARDS - **Hydrometeorological hazards** are caused by extreme meteorological and climate events such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes, landslides, or mudslides. **HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL** is a process or phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage. **Examples of Hydrometeorological Hazard in the Philippines** **Typhoon -** is can be identified by increased ocean swell, barometric pressure drops, wind speed, and heavier rainfall. **Floods/Flash Floods** Flash floods are inundation of land areas which are not normally covered by water. Floods - are hydrological phenomena and they are also caused by storm surges, and tsunami. **Storm Surge -** is a rise of seawater above normal sea level on the coast, generated by the action of weather elements such as cyclonic wind and atmospheric pressure. **Lightning Storms/Thunderstorms -**is a weather condition that produces lightning and thunder, heavy rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds and possibly a tornado. **El Niño -** is a flow of unusually warm water along the western coast of South America that causes many changes in weather in other places. **La Niña -** community's economy can be destroyed, and may take a long time to recover. The normal routine of manufacturing, delivering, and selling of goods can be put to a standstill. **Lesson 3 - FIRE HAZARDS** Fire - the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products. **FIRE TRIANGLE -** represents the three elements needed for fire to occur; **heat**, **fuel**, and **oxygen**. Fuel + Oxygen + Heat = Fire --------------------------- **Fire Tetrahedron** - is a triangular pyramid, a visual aid that reminds us of the four important ingredients required to initiate and sustain fire which requires; **1. Fuel** **2. Oxidizing Agent** **3. Heat** **4. Uninhibited chemical chain reaction** When all four ingredients are present in the right amount, a fire will occur naturally. Therefore, removing at least one of the ingredients can prevent or extinguish any fire. **THREE MAIN WAYS IN WHICH HEAT CAN BE TRANSFERRED:** **CONDUCTION**- Involves direct contact substances, typically solids, for heat to be transferred. **CONVECTION**\ ○ Involves the flow of liquids and gases in the transfer of heat.\ ○ liquid and gasses + heat = expand **RADIATION**- Is a manner of heat transfer that involves only electromagnetic waves, like sunlight, or in case the fire- flame. It does not require direct contact or liquid or gas for heat to be transferred. **CHEMICAL CHAIN REACTION** - This reaction can occur when all three of the above elements are present in the proper conditions and proportions. **STAGES OF FIRE**\ **INCIPIENT STAGE**\ ○ At this stage, all four requirements for a fire have been combined.\ ○ The fire is so small that it can still be controlled by a portable fire extinguisher or small hose line, or it may even go out on its own.\ **GROWTH STAGE** - the shortest of the four stages. it takes place when heat release rate increases of the burning of additional fuel.\ **FULLY-DEVELOPED FIRE STAGE**\ ○ fire has consumed almost all of the available combustible material.\ ○ Oxygen is being consumed rapidly\ ○ maximum temperatures are reached.\ **DECAY STAGE** - lasts longest,\ - takes place when oxygen and fuel begin to diminish.\ - The fire consumes the remaining fuel. **NATURAL CAUSES OF FIRE:**\ Lightning\ volcanic activities\ Spontaneous combustion **HUMAN-MADE CAUSES OF FIRE:**\ cooking equipments heaters Smoking in bedrooms candles curious children faulty wiring barbeques flammable liquids lighting **TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER\ ** **WATER AND FOAM** - only used to put out class A fires\ **CARBON DIOXIDE** - can be used to put out class B and C fires.\ **DRY CHEMICAL** - can be used to put out class A, B and C fires\ **WET CHEMICAL** - can be used to put out class A and K fires\ **CLEAN AGENT** ○ aka *halogenated* extinguishers,\ - can be used to put out class A, B and C fires\ **DRY POWDER** - only used to put out class D fires\ **WATER MIST** - can be used to put out class A and C fires\ **What should you DO and NOT DO during a fire incident?**\ check the door\ P.A.S.S.\ stay low\ "stop, drop, and roll"\ National Emergency Hotline 911 **LESSON 4: CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (DRRM)** **Disaster risk reduction (DRR)** is a term used for reducing and preventing disaster risks. **DISASTER IMPACTS**\ Loss of life Injury Disease Negative effects on human, physical, mental and social well-being Damage to property Destruction of assets Economic disruption and economic degradation **Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)** is concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through analysis and management of the causal factors of disasters. IT LEADS TO;\ reduced exposure to hazards\ lessening of vulnerability of people and assets effective management of land and the environment\ Improved preparedness for adverse events **DRRM** **Disaster Risk Reduction Management** - refers to a range of activities that maintain control over a disastrous and emergency situation.\ - provides a framework for helping 'at-risk' persons avoid or recover from the impact of the disaster.\ - collective term for all activities that contribute to increasing capacities and lead to reducing immediate and long-term vulnerabilities.\ - is designed to avoid the creation of new risks, to deal with current risks, and to prevent greater loss by spreading risk **COMPONENTS OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION TAKEN BEFORE A DISASTER HAPPENS\ \ RISK IDENTIFICATION** stage identifies the hazards; potential threats are identified based partly on experience and records. This step is necessary in prioritizing targets of mitigation measures\ **RISK ANALYSIS** aims to establish the magnitude and the likelihood of occurrence of the event. This step is necessary in prioritizing target areas of mitigation measures.\ **RISK PRIORITIZATION** step analyzes and identifies priority subjects (hazards, areas, and elements at risk) requiring treatment\ **RISK TREATMENT** stage identifies the cause of the risk, identifies and evaluates treatment strategies, and prepares and implements treatment plans.\ **MONITORING AND EVALUATION** overseas the implementation progress of the disaster risk management process. This stage also conducts periodic investigation of progress and analysis of impact and achievement. **COMPONENTS OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION** 1. **MITIGATION** - refers to the action that are to be taken before the occurrence of an event Mitigation phase is for reducing the overall risk and impacts. It includes the steps like: ✔ Vulnerability Assessment, Risk Assessment, Hazard Assessment\ - involves promoting a multi sector approach in disaster risk management and integration of DRR in all the development activities\ - includes maintenance of public infrastructure.\ 2. **PREPARATION** is also done before the occurrence of an event/disaster. All kinds of plans like vulnerability management plans, emergency preparedness plans, evacuation plans etc., are prepared.\ It includes actions like: Preparation of disaster relief plan, Conduction of awareness and education programs for general public, Sharing of the risk portfolio with the related partners and the institutions, Development of early warning system\ 3. **RESPONSE** - refers to the activities that are done after the event or disaster has occurred\ - Saving human life is major concern at this stage. Response actions include: Evacuation, Emergency services (food, shelter, medical attention, etc.), Provision for medical help, Coordination action between the local and international actions, National and international support, Proper mobilization of aids and grants provided\ 4. **RECOVERY** - is a post disaster action. It includes activities like: Create emergency relief fund, Rehabilitate the victims, Reconstruction of the damages properties or make arrangement (through loans), Psychological counselling. **LESSON 5: MANAGING DISASTER RISK TO DIFFERENT HAZARDS** **DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT**- refers to a systematic approach that provides strategies, policies and mechanisms to minimize the impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.\ - It aims to formulate related activities and preventive measures for disaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation, as well as recovery and rehabilitation. **GOALS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT**\ Proactive plans to mitigate various business risks\ Minimizing loss via more effective preparedness and response\ Creating more effective and durable recovery **EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CONSIST OF FIVE PHASES:**\ 1. **PREVENTION** - was recently added to the phases of emergency management.\ - It focuses on preventing human hazard, primarily from potential natural disasters or terrorist attacks.\ 2. **MITIGATION**\ - Disaster mitigation measures are those that eliminate or reduce the impacts and risks of hazards through proactive measures taken before an emergency or disaster occurs.\ 3. **PREPAREDNESS** - focuses on preparing equipment and procedures for use when a disaster occurs.\ 4. **RESPONSE** - may commence with Search and Rescue but in all cases the focus will quickly turn to fulfilling the basic humanitarian needs of the affected population.\ 5. **RECOVERY** - starts after the immediate threat to human life has subsided.\ - The immediate goal: is to bring the affected area back to normalcy as quickly as possible. **DISASTER PREPAREDNESS** - lessen the impact of disasters on vulnerable populations, to prepare an organization for an influx of activity, and to design a coordinated plan that reduces the waste of resources, time, and efforts.\ IN PREPARING EMERGENCY PLAN YOU NEED TO INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: Contact number of your family member\ Hotline of the Barangay, Municipality or City PNP and BIR\ Hospitals and other emergency hotlines that can help during emergency cases.\ Emergency kit\ Important documents\ Evacuation plan/ place\ Have understanding about emergency drill **LESSON 6: SURVIVAL KITS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS** **ENVIRONMENTAL LAW** - a complex combination of state, federal, and international treaty law pertaining to issues of concern to the environment and protecting natural resources. **SURVIVAL KIT** - package of basic tools and supplies prepared as an aid to survival in an emergency.\ **SAFETY KITS BUG-OUT BAG** 1\. **SHELTER --** tents, sleeping bag, tarp\ 2. **WATER** - According to the Philippine Red Cross, a person can survive without food intake for 5 days as long as there is water intake. Prepare clean water in clean airtight containers for washing, drinking and cooking: 1 gallon or equivalent of 4 liters per person per day (1 liter for drinking and 3 liters fo ssanitation)\ - Stored water must be changed to maintain its freshness, effectiveness and avoid contamination.\ 3. **FOOD** - Store only non-perishable food like canned foods.\ - According to the Philippine Red Cross, food should be sufficient for three days\' consumption by everyfamily member.\ - Include also eating and drinking utensils.\ 4. **TOOLS** - Maps with indication of evacuation sites and routes\ - Emergency Number to call, Whistle, Flashlight with extra batteries (or self-powered flashlight), List of Emergency numbers to call, Multi-purpose knife, Matches or lighter and candles, AM radio transistor with extra batteries or self-powered, Blankets, Sleeping bag\ 5. **FIRE STARTING** -- Matches, Lighter, Candle\ 6. **LIGHT AND SIGNALING INSTRUMENTS** -- Flashlight, Mirror, Whistle\ 7. **FIRST AID KITS** - Disposable Gloves, Adhesive Strips, Sterile medical tap, Thermometer, Bandage, First aid manual, Pain reliever and antibiotics ✔ Anti-diarrhea medication, Prescription medication (if needed)\ 8. PERSONAL EFFECTS AND HYGIENE KIT - Extra Clothing (Short and long-sleeved shirts, pants, jackets, socks, etc.), Undergarments, Antibacterial soap ✔ Toothbrushes, Comb, Tissue paper\ 9. **OTHERS** - Important documents Birth certificates, passport, marriage contract, diploma, insurance certificates, land titles, etc.\ - Keep these in a plastic envelope or any waterproof container, Money should be in the form of cash and loose change (ATM machines may not be working), Batteries, Emergency charger, Clothes **MOST IMPORTANT PHILIPPINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW** **REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000**\ - law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment.\ - ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products.\ **REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004**\ - The law aims to protect the country\'s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household activities).\ - provides a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders. **REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999**\ - law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts to the economy.\ **REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT OF 1990**\ - law aims to regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present unreasonable risk to human health. **PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF 1978**\ - established in 1978 with the enactment of Presidential Decree no. 1586 to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of rational and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection.\ - EIA is a planning and management tool that will help government, decision makers, the proponents and the affected community address the negative consequences or risks on the environment.\ - The process assures implementation of environment-friendly projects TERMS\ **[Debris]** is rubble, wreckage, ruins, litter and discarded garbage/refuse/trash, scattered remains of something destroyed, discarded, or as in geology, large rock fragments left by a melting glacier etc. - **[Eruption -]** An issue forth suddenly and violently, outburst and outbreak. - **[Geology -]**The science that deals with the dynamics and physical history of the earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the physical, chemical, and biological changes that the earth has undergone or is undergoing. - **[Map -]** a symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface - **[Mitigation -]** the act of lessening or easing the harshness of a punishment, a fine, or someone\'s pain. - **HAZARD** - Potential source of harm - **OXIDATION** - used to describe reactions in which an element combines with oxygen. - **BACKDRAFT** - an explosion that occurs when oxygen is rapidly introduced into a superheated, but oxygen-poor, confined space. **COMBUSTIBLE** - material that can be easily ignited and burned. - **KAINGIN** - farming system based on shifting, or slash and burn clearing of forest for the planting of agricultural and agro-forestry crops. - **WILDFIRE** - unplanned fire that burns in a natural area such as a forest, grassland, or prairie. Wildfires are often caused by human activity or a natural phenomenon such as lightning, and they can happen at any time or anywhere. - **Barometer** - a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment. - **Hydrology** - study of water on the Earth's surface and beneath the surface of the Earth. - **Meteorological** - forecasting the weather. - **Phenomena** - A remarkable or exceptional person; prodigy; wonder. - **DISASTER** -- A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. - **DISASTER RISK** -- The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period. - **DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT** -- The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster order. - **DISASTER RISK REDUCTION** -- the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposures to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events - **PREVENTION** -- The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. - **MITIGATION** -- structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental degradation - **PREPAREDNESS** -- The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions. - **DISASTER RISK** - is widely recognized as the consequence of the interaction between a hazard and the characteristics that make people and places vulnerable and exposed. - **HAZARD** - is any source of potential damage, harm or adverse health effects on something or someone. - **RISK MANAGEMENT** - is the process of identifying, assessing and controlling threats to an organization's capital and earnings.