Tuberculosis (TB) PDF

Tuberculosis (TB) Definition Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs and is caused by a type of bacteria. It spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or spit. Causative Agent Micro-bacterium tuberculosis human Micro-bacterium bovis c...

Tuberculosis (TB) Definition Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs and is caused by a type of bacteria. It spreads through the air when infected people cough, sneeze or spit. Causative Agent Micro-bacterium tuberculosis human Micro-bacterium bovis cow (type bovis founded in the milk) Micro-bacterium Avian bird Reservoir Primarily humans, in some areas, diseases cattle, swine and other mammals are infected. Incubation Period 2- 10 weeks, latent infection may persist for a lifetime. Signs And Symptoms Symptoms of active TB include: ⮚ fever ⮚ coughing that lasts three or more weeks ⮚ coughing up blood ⮚ unintentional weight loss ⮚ fatigue ⮚ night sweats ⮚ chills ⮚ loss of appetite ⮚ chest pain ⮚ shortness of breath ⮚ swollen lymph nodes How Is TB Transmitted? Poor country low socioeconomic poor ventilation area No exposure sunlight Most common area Prison especially overcrowding area, wet area, humidity area Two Form TB Latent TB you have a disease but without any clinically symptom, not contagious can’t spread other people, Chest x ray normal. Active TB you have a disease but with the severe clinical symptom, Separate disease, Abnormal chest X ray, cough. ❖ Target Organ It’s A Lung ❖ Pulmonary Target Organ It’s extra pulmonary This can include the lymph nodes, spine, kidneys, and even the brain Prevention Importance of BCG vaccination. Public health education for parents and caregivers. Socio-economic improvement Good ventilation good housing building Treatment Most important 2 month 18 months. Active disease First 2 months aggressive treatment applied Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB)+B6 17 weeks =4m1week applied Isoniazid, Rifampicin. TB-DOTS Same time, same hours, same day, same dose. Multi resistance drug duration treatment 20 to 30 month. Diagnosis Tuberculin test+ and IGRA stands for Interferon Gamma Release Assay. test, -,+. (Mantoux test.or skin test or TT test, PPD test). sputum (coughed-up mucus) culture 1. A small amount of TB protein is injected just under the skin on your forearm. 2. After 48 to 72 hours, a healthcare provider checks for any reaction at the injection site. 3. A positive result indicates exposure to TB germs, but further tests are needed to determine the status of infection. Interpretation Size of Induration: 1. 5 mm or more: Positive for people with HIV, recent TB exposure, or immunosuppression. 2. 10 mm or more: Positive for people with other risk factors (e.g., close contact with TB patients, healthcare workers). 3. 15 mm or more: Positive for individuals with no known risk factors. TUBE FOR SPUTUM TEST BUNSEN BURNER FUME HOOD FINAL STAGE High Risk Groups First 6-12 months after infection. Highest in children under 3 years old. High among adolescents, young adults, very old, immunosuppressed. Increased by HIV infection.