Introduction to Environmental Science and Engineering [PDF]

MODULE 01 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PRESENTATION PREPARED BY: JOHN VINCENT G. TONGOL, RCE  OBJECTIVES Define terms that are related or within the study of Environmental Science and Engineering Enumerate and explain the scope of the...

MODULE 01 INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING PRESENTATION PREPARED BY: JOHN VINCENT G. TONGOL, RCE  OBJECTIVES Define terms that are related or within the study of Environmental Science and Engineering Enumerate and explain the scope of the environment Differentiate environmental science with environmental engineering THE SCIENCE OF ENVIRONMENT  THE SCIENCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT  The science of environment is a multi-disciplinary science.  It comprises of various branches of studies like chemistry, physics, medical science, life science, agriculture, public health, sanitary engineering etc.  It is the science of physical phenomena in the environment  It studies the sources, reactions, transport, effect and fate of physical a biological species in the air, water, and soil and the effect of from human activity upon these  ENVIRONMENT  Environment is the surrounding external conditions influencing development or growth of people, animal or plants; living or working conditions etc.  It is the interaction between biotic or living organisms (e.g., humans, animals, plants) and abiotic or non-living things (e.g., Earth, wind, water, Sun).  ENVIRONMENT  It can be concluded that environment comprises various types of forces such as physical, intellectual, economic, political, cultural, social, moral, and emotional  Environment is the sum total of all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behavior and the growth, development and maturation of living organisms.  The term environment is used to describe, in the aggregate, all the external forces, influences and conditions, which affect the life, nature, behavior and the growth, development and maturity of living organisms  SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENT SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENT ATMOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE LITHOSPHERE BIOSPHERE  THE ATMOSPHERE  Etymology: Greek words: (1) “atmos” – vapor or air ; (2) “sphere” – ball, globe  The atmosphere implies the protective blanket of gases, surrounding the earth:  It saves it from the hostile environment of outer space.  It absorbs most of the cosmic rays from outer space and a major portion of the electromagnetic radiation from the sun.  It transmits only here ultraviolet, visible, near infrared radiation (300 to 2500 nanometers) and radio waves. (0.14 to 40 meters) while filtering out tissue-damaging ultraviolet waves below about 300 nanometers (nm).  It sustains life on the earth.  THE ATMOSPHERE COMPOSITION OF EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE Nitrogen Oxygen Other Gases 1% 21% 78% THE ATMOSPHERE  THE ATMOSPHERE: (1) TROPOSPHERE  Reaches 12 km from the Earth’s surface  The thinnest layer of the atmosphere  Comprises roughly 80% of the weight of the atmosphere  THE ATMOSPHERE: (2) STRATOSPHERE  Reaches 50 km from the Earth’s surface  Where the Ozone Layer is located  Ozone Layer – a protective layer of O3 compounds that prevent ultraviolet radiation in directly entering the Earth’s surface  THE ATMOSPHERE: (3) MESOSPHERE  Extends between 50 km and 70 km from the Earth’s surface  Coldest layer of the atmosphere  THE ATMOSPHERE: (4) THERMOSPHERE  Contains only 0.001% of the gases in the atmosphere  Hottest layer of the atmosphere  Contains the Ionosphere, where aurora phenomena occur  THE ATMOSPHERE: (5) EXOSPHERE  Outermost layer of the atmosphere  Extends as far as 6000 miles out into the space  THE HYDROSPHERE  Etymology: Greek words: (1) “hydro” – water ; (2) “sphere” – ball, globe  The Hydrosphere comprises all types of water resources oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, reservior, polar icecaps, glaciers, and ground water.  In nature, 97% of the earth’s water supply is in the oceans,  About 2% of the water resources is locked in the polar icecaps and glaciers.  Only about 1% is available as fresh surface water-rivers, lakes streams, and ground water fit to be used for human consumption and other uses.  THE WORLD’S WATER RESOURCES  About 𝟕𝟏% of the Earth's surface is water-covered.  Oceans: ~𝟗𝟔. 𝟓% of all Earth's water  Water also exists:  in the air as water vapor,  in rivers and lakes,  in icecaps and glaciers,  in the ground as soil moisture and in aquifers.  The vast majority of water on the Earth's surface is saline water in the oceans.  The freshwater resources, such as water falling from the skies and moving into streams, rivers, lakes, and groundwater, provide people with the water they need every day to live.  Water sitting on the surface of the Earth is easy to visualize, and your view of the water cycle might be that rainfall fills up the rivers and lakes. But, the unseen water below our feet is critically important to life, also.  THE WORLD’S WATER RESOURCES  If all of Earth's water (oceans, icecaps and glaciers, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and water in the atmosphere was put into a sphere, then the diameter of that water ball would be about 860 miles (about 1,385 kilometers). The volume of all water would be about 332.5 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠 (𝑚𝑖 3 ), or 1,386 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 (𝑘𝑚3 ). A cubic mile of water equals more than 1.1 trillion gallons. A cubic kilometer of water equals about 264 billion gallons (1 trillion liters).  About 3,100 𝑚𝑖 3 (12,900 𝑘𝑚3 ) of water, mostly in the form of water vapor, is in the atmosphere at any one time. If it all fell as precipitation at once, the Earth would be covered with only about 1 inch of water.  Each day, 280 𝑚𝑖 3 (1,170 𝑘𝑚3 ) of water evaporate or transpire into the atmosphere.  Of the freshwater on Earth, much more is stored in the ground than is available in rivers and lakes. More than 2,000,000 𝑚𝑖 3 (8,400,000 𝑘𝑚3 ) of freshwater is stored in the Earth, most within one-half mile of the surface.  But, if you really want to find freshwater, most is stored in the 7,000,000 𝑚𝑖 3 (29,200,000 𝑘𝑚3 ) of water found in glaciers and icecaps, mainly in the Polar Regions and in Greenland.  THE WORLD’S WATER RESOURCES Water Source Water Volume Water Volume Percent of Percent of (𝒎𝒊𝟑 ) (𝒌𝒎𝟑 ) Freshwater Total Water Oceans, Seas, & Bays 321,000,000 1,338,000,000 -- 96.5400 Ice caps, Glaciers, & Snow 5,773,000 24,064,000 68.70 1.7400 Groundwater 5,614,000 23,400,000 -- 1.6900 Fresh 2,526,000 10,530,000 30.10 0.7600 Saline 3,088,000 12,870,000 -- 0.9300 Soil Moisture 3,959 16,500 0.050 0.0010 Ground Ice & Permafrost 71,970 300,000 0.860 0.0220 Lakes 42,320 176,400 -- 0.0130 Fresh 21,830 91,000 0.260 0.0070 Saline 20,490 85,400 -- 0.0060 Atmosphere 3,095 12,900 0.040 0.0010 Swamp Water 2,752 11,470 0.030 0.0008 Rivers 509 2,120 0.006 0.0002 Biological Water 269 1,120 0.003 0.0001  THE LITHOSPHERE  Etymology: Greek words: (1) “lithos” – rock, solid rock ; (2) “sphere” – ball, globe  Lithosphere is the outer part of the solid earth.  It consists of:  Crust – both oceanic and continental  Lithospheric Mantle or Outermost layer of the mantle – about 60 miles (100 kilometers) in thickness  It consists of minerals occurring in the earth’s crusts and the soil  (e.g. minerals, organic matter, air, and water.)  THE BIOSPHERE  Etymology: Greek words: (1) “bios” – life or living ; (2) “sphere” – ball, globe  Biosphere indicates the realm of living organisms and their interactions with environment, via atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.  *** Further discussion on “Ecology.” ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE  Science is systematized knowledge derived from and tested by recognition and formulation of a problem, collection of data through observation, and experimentation.  Social Science deals with the study of people and how they live together.  Natural Science deals with the study of nature and physical world. It includes such diverse disciplines as biology, chemistry geology physics, and environmental science.  ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE  Environmental science in its broadest sense encompasses all the fields of natural science.  Environmental Science is defined as the branch of biology focused on the study of the relationships of the natural world and the relationships between organisms and their environment.  It is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological, and information sciences to the study of environment, and the solution of environmental problems.  It is the study of living organisms and how they interact with our environment. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING  ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING  Engineering is a profession that applies science and mathematics to make the properties of matter and sources of energy useful in structures, machines, products, systems, and processes.  ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING  Environmental Engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthful water, air, and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and remediate polluted sites.  It is the branch of engineering that is concerned with protecting people from the effects of adverse environmental effects, such as pollution, as well as improving environmental quality.  Like many fields of engineering, environmental engineering involves the planning, design, construction and operation of equipment, systems, and structures for the benefit of society.  ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING  Environmental engineering is manifested by sound engineering thought and practice in the solution of problems of  provision of safe, palatable, and ample public water supplies;  the proper disposal of or recycle of wastewater and solid wastes;  the adequate drainage of urban and rural areas for proper sanitation;  the control of water, soil, and atmospheric pollution, and  the social and environmental impacts of these solutions THANK YOU!