Philosophy Reviewer PDF

PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER | 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y 2024-2025 2. Ethics Philosophy - deals with the evaluation of human actions comes from the greek words philo and and nature of moral v...

PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER | 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y 2024-2025 2. Ethics Philosophy - deals with the evaluation of human actions comes from the greek words philo and and nature of moral value sophia meaning to love and wisdom - discourses like feminism (equal respectively opportunities among genders) and law- love of wisdom making the first causes or the highest principles of - SOCRATES pointed out that knowledge is all things not merely theoretical nor speculative but the study of general and fundamental also practical. It means that knowledge on questions about existence, knowledge, rules of right living is not sufficient when it is values, reason, mind, and language not actually being practiced. Four Things to be Considered: - William Du Bois argued that there must be 1. Scientific Approach equal rights between black and white - investigation is systematic Americans (RACISM). - it follows a certain step or procedures 3. Epistemology 2. Natural Light of Reason - concerns itself with the nature, sources, - investigates things neither by using any limitations, and validity of knowledge laboratory instruments or investigative - induction (empiricism) and deduction. tools. INDUCTION (bottom-up) - is a process of - instead, the philosopher uses his natural knowledge-forming by investigating capacity to think or observe the world and particulars (also known as empirical people. evidences) in order to arrive at general idea. 3. Study of All Things DEDUCTIVE (top-down) - process employs - this sets the distinction between generally accepted ideas in order to arrive at philosophy and other sciences specific ideas. - philosophy is not one-dimensional or - Advocates of deductive method are called partial. rather, it is multidimensional or rationalists. holistic - Rene Descartes is well-known rationalist. 4. First Cause or the Highest Principle Pragmatism - an idea which means something is the main - William James and John Dewey are famous and pragmatists. They believe that value in use is first cause why an event or situation took place. the real test of truth and meaning. 4. Logic Holistic Thinking Vs. Partial Thinking - serves as tool to guide one’s arguments or discourses so as to keep them valid and true. Holistic Thinking - Aristotle was the first philosopher who - perspective that considers a large-scale employed logical method. He claimed that patterns in systems truth exists when there is agreement between - big picture mentality and open minded knowledge and reality. This can only take - breaking down a larger systems into its details place when mental ideas correspond to the Partial Thinking objective world. This is where logical - focuses on specific aspects of a situation reasoning comes in. Point of View - Reasoning is the concern of the logician. - perception of an event and phenomenon 5. Aesthetics - shaped by individuals beliefs or experiences - concerns itself with the notion of beauty / criteria of beauty. Branches of Philosophy - gives importance to culture and arts for 1. Metaphysics they manifest social behavior - investigating the unreal entities in terms of - it helps us live more deeply and richly for the real world that we experience through appreciation of work of arts arises our senses. - It keeps us in touch with our culture. - Plato enlighted the field of metaphysics by contrasting reality and appearance MK.CULIBAO | 12 STEM C PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER | 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y 2024-2025 Truth Vs. Opinion  Appeal to Person Truth/Fact - attacking the person presenting the - a statement that can be proven true or false argument instead of the argument itself. - It is objective, evidence based, reality based, Ex. “How can we believe him when he talks presents unbiased words, discovered, states reality, about social distancing, he is a lawyer who is and can be verified. a liar.” - This knowledge is validated which means that it is  Appeal to the Popular / Appeal to People highly based on the facts of reality. (Bandwagon Fallacy) - This fallacy is committed when someone Opinion manipulates peoples' emotions to get them - is a statement or belief which may or may not be to accept a claim as being true. It attempts to backed up by facts, but cannot be proven true or false prove an argument as correct simply because - It is subjective, emotional based, circumstantial many people believe it to be so. based, presents bias word, created, interprets reality, Ex. “I’m sure you want to have an i phone. and cannot be verified. Almost 80% of your schoolmates are using - construed and seen as a collective of feelings, it.” passions, and biases.  Appeal to Ignorance - is based on one's perspective - when the premises of an argument state - is full of personal biases and therefore cannot be that nothing has been proved since the proven with factual evidence, unlike that of truth. conclusion is supported by something which is argued to be true because one cannot prove Argument it false. - It is a group of statements, one or more of which Ex. People for centuries attempt to provide (the premises) is claimed to provide support for, or conclusive evidence for the claims of reason to believe one of the others (the conclusion). astrology, and no one has ever succeeded. Therefore, we must conclude that astrology Fallacies is much nonsense. - as a flaw or error in reasoning.  Begging the Question - logical fallacy refers to a defect in the - it is a fallacy in which a conclusion is taken reasoning of an argument that causes the for granted in the premises. Also called- conclusion(s) to be invalid, unsound, or “circular argument.” weak. Ex. “God exists because the Bible says so. The Bible is inspired. Therefore, we know Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal to force) that God - to force or the threat of force to bring about Exists.” the acceptance of a conclusion  Hasty Generalization Ex. - is committed when one reaches a Person A: To end the drug problem in the generalization based on insufficient country, the big-time drug lords should be evidence. put to jail, Mr. President. Ex. Our neighbor who is a police officer was Person B: I am your president, do not order convicted of being a drug dealer, therefore, me around. If you do not like my programs, all police officers are drug dealers. leave the country!  False Cause  Appeal to Pity/Emotion - occurs whenever the link between - when an arguer attempts to support a premises and conclusion depends on some conclusion by merely evoking pity from the imagined causal connection that probably reader or listener. This pity may be directed does not exist. This fallacy assumes that toward the arguer or some third party. association equals causation. Ex. Ex. The chess team gets better grades than Oh, Officer, there is no reason to give me a the basketball team; playing chess makes traffic ticket for driving without a helmet you brighter than basketball. because I was in a hurry since I bought  Cause and Effect medicine for my wife. MK.CULIBAO | 12 STEM C PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER | 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y 2024-2025 - Assuming that the effect is related to a - are defined with classified origin of species cause because both events occur one after and persons with birth rights. the other. - is someone with an exact origin of his/her Ex. “My teacher didn’t collect the homework classification. two weeks in a row when my friend was - From the biblical perspective, we came absent. Therefore, my friend being absent is from Adam and Eve. For Science, we came the reason why my teacher doesn’t collect from an Ape under the Class: Mamallia the homework.” - typically with a body which is tangible and  Fallacy of Composition has a three components composed of SOUL, - Infers that something is true of a part, is MIND and SPIRIT. true of a whole  Cognitive Self  Fallacy of Division - something within and cannot be physically - Infers that something is true of the whole, seen must also be true on its parts  Fallacy of Equivocation  Physical Self - Using the same term in a different - something can be seen in his/her physical situation with different meaning. appearance  It does not follow  Embodied Spirit - when the conclusion does not follow - It is known to be the driving force behind logically from the previous explanation or what we actually think, do and say. statement. - the reflections of our total being  Appeal to Tradition  Self – awareness - Advancing an idea since it has been - person having a clear perception of practiced for a long time. The idea is oneself, including his or her thoughts, acceptable because it has been true for a long emotions, identity, and actions (Abella, time. 2016).”  Self – determination Human Person as an Embodied Spirit - “the capability of persons to make choices Man - it is generally and commonly define to and decisions based on their own represent the entire human race. preferences, monitor and regulate their Human – A term used to refer for various actions, and be goal oriented and self- classifications and species. For a living man, directed” (Abella 2016) Thus human beings human is under the classification of are free. Mammalia.  Externality Human Being – A term used to separate man - A human person is able to connect and from other Human Classifications like interact with another person, an animal or an animals. inanimate object. Person – Refers to an individual who possess  Dignity self-awareness, self-determination, rational - human person has an inherent value and mind, and the capacity to interact with other importance and with himself/herself.  Transcendence Personhood – A general term refers to the - ability to surpass your limits state of being a person with unique, sacred - You are able to transcend your limit through and ethical status within him/herself. your physical and mental abilities Human Nature - A general term refers to the deepest and natural behaviour of a person Human Person in the Environment that distinguish human from animals. A Environmental Philosophy collective traits that formed and considered - is the discipline that studies the moral the very essence of humanity. Nobody can be relationship of human beings with the considered man without human nature. environment and its non-human contents. Human Person Anthropocentrism MK.CULIBAO | 12 STEM C PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER | 1ST SEMESTER | S.Y 2024-2025 - human-centric - humans the most significant species on the planet - focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive. - This view believes that humans are the most important species on the planet and they are free to transform nature and use its resources. Biocentrism - life-centric - humans are not the only significant species on the planet, and that all other organisms have inherent value and should be protected  Ecocentrism - ecosystem-centric - emphasizes great value on ecosystems and biological communities - This view believes that humankind is a part of a greater biological system or community and that we have a significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.  Environmental Aesthetics - maintaining order in the environment will bring out the natural beauty of surroundings and contribute to the well being of the people and other organisms living in it.  Environmentalism - advocates to address the growing environmental problems.  Environmental Ethics - is a moral approach that analyzes the relationship between humans and the environmentand seeks to address environmental problems brought about by human activities. Prudence and Frugality Prudence - the capacity to direct and discipline one’s activities and behavior using reason. - It is the behavior that is cautious and, as much as possible, keeps away from any risks. Frugality - is the quality of being thrifty - A frugal person always invests time to think carefully just to save a lot of money and, therefore, uses far less money compare to an affluent person MK.CULIBAO | 12 STEM C